Xerus (spacecraft)
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The XCOR Lynx was a proposed
suborbital A sub-orbital spaceflight is a spaceflight in which the spacecraft reaches outer space, but its trajectory intersects the atmosphere or surface of the gravitating body from which it was launched, so that it will not complete one orbital r ...
horizontal-takeoff, horizontal-landing (HTHL),
rocket-powered A rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket engine for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly sized jet aircraft, but typicall ...
spaceplane that was under development by the California-based company XCOR Aerospace to compete in the emerging suborbital spaceflight market. The Lynx was intended to carry one pilot, a ticketed passenger, and/or a payload above altitude. The concept was under development since 2003, when a two-person suborbital spaceplane was announced under the name Xerus. In January 2016, XCOR changed plans for the first flight of the Lynx spaceplane. It was initially planned for the second quarter of 2016 from the Midland spaceport in Texas, but, in early 2016, it was pushed to an "undisclosed and tentative" date at the Mojave spaceport. In May 2016, XCOR announced development of the Lynx had been halted with layoffs of approximately one-third of the staff; the company intended to concentrate on development of their liquid hydrogen rocket under contract with United Launch Alliance, instead. Following the bankruptcy of XCOR Aerospace in 2017, the assets of the company were sold to the nonprofit organization Build A Plane, which will focus on education rather than suborbital flight.


History


Xerus

In 2003, XCOR proposed the Xerus (pronunciation: zEr'us)
suborbital spaceplane A spaceplane is a vehicle that can fly and glide like an aircraft in Earth's atmosphere and maneuver like a spacecraft in outer space. To do so, spaceplanes must incorporate features of both aircraft and spacecraft. Orbital spaceplanes ten ...
concept. It was to be capable of transporting one pilot and one passenger as well as some science experiments. It would even be capable of carrying an upper stage which would launch near apogee and, therefore, would potentially be able to carry satellites into low Earth orbit. As late as 2007, XCOR continued to refer to their future two-person spaceplane concept as ''Xerus''.


Lynx

The Lynx spaceplane was initially announced in March 2008, with plans for an operational vehicle within two years. In December 2008, a ticket price of (equivalent to in ) per seat was announced, with flights intended to commence in 2010. The build of the Lynx Mark I flight article did not commence until mid-2013 and XCOR claimed that the first flight would take place in 2015. In July 2015, ticket prices increased by 50% to (equivalent to in ). In November 2015, three co-founders left their existing positions with the company to start Agile Aero. Dan DeLong (Chief Engineer) and Aleta Jackson left the company entirely, while
Jeff Greason Jeff Greason is a co-founder and Chief Technologist of Electric Sky, a company developing the ability to wirelessly transmit power to moving vehicles. He also serves as chairman of the board of the Tau Zero Foundation. Career Greason has been ...
, the former CEO, remained on the Board of Directors until he resigned in March 2016. Greason cited problems with the Lynx vehicle body, although the engine had been a success. As of mid 2016, development was suspended in favor of a ULA contracted hydrolox engine, the 8H21. Passengers who had hoped to make flights in the Lynx included the winners from the
Axe Apollo Space Academy The Axe Apollo space campaign was a private space venture which planned to provide sub-orbital spaceflight for 23 people on board the Lynx, a spacecraft still in development at the time of the launch of the venture. It was initiated as part of a m ...
contest and Justin Dowd of Worcester, Massachusetts, the winner of another contest called the Race for Space. Metro International's Race for Space newspaper contest. By July 2015, the passenger ticket was projected to cost . As of December 2015,
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was reportedly selling tickets for flights on the XCOR Lynx starting in 2016. In May 2016, the company halted development of the Lynx spaceplane and pivoted company focus toward development its LOX/
LH2 Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2) is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H2 form. To exist as a liquid, H2 must be cooled below its critical point of 33  K. However, for it to be in a fully liq ...
engine technology, particularly on a funded project for United Launch Alliance. The company
laid off A layoff or downsizing is the temporary suspension or permanent termination of employment of an employee or, more commonly, a group of employees (collective layoff) for business reasons, such as personnel management or downsizing (reducing the ...
more than 20 people of the 50–60 persons on board prior to May.


Description

The Lynx was intended to have four liquid rocket engines at the rear of the fuselage burning a mixture of LOX- Kerosene, each engine producing of thrust.


Mark I Prototype

*Maximum Altitude: *Primary Internal Payload: *Secondary payload spaces include a small area inside the cockpit behind the pilot or outside the vehicle in two areas in the aft fuselage fairing. *Aluminum LOX tank * speed of ascent *4 G re-entry loading


Mark II Production Model

*Maximum Altitude: *Primary Internal Payload: *Secondary payload spaces include the same as the Mark I. * Non-toxic (non-
hydrazine Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colourless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odour. Hydrazine is highly toxic unless handled in solution as, for example, hydrazine ...
) reaction control system (RCS) thrusters, type 3N22 * Nonburnite LOX composite tank


Mark III

The Lynx Mark III was intended to be the same vehicle as the Mark II with an External Dorsal Mounted Pod of and was to be large enough to hold a two-stage carrier to launch a
microsatellite A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from one to six or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times. Microsatellites occur at thousands of locations within an organism's genome. ...
or multiple nanosatellites into low Earth orbit.


Lynx XR-5K18 engine

The XR-5K18 is a piston pump fed LOX/RP-1 engine using an expander cycle. The engine chamber and regenerative nozzle are cooled by RP-1 The development program of the XCOR Lynx 5K18 LOX/ kerosene engine reached a major milestone in March 2011. Integrated test firings of the engine/nozzle combination demonstrated the ability of the aluminum nozzle to withstand the high temperatures of rocket-engine exhaust. In March 2011, United Launch Alliance (ULA) announced they had entered into a joint-development contract with XCOR for a flight-ready, cryogenic
LH2 Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2) is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H2 form. To exist as a liquid, H2 must be cooled below its critical point of 33  K. However, for it to be in a fully liq ...
/ LOX
upper-stage A multistage rocket or step rocket is a launch vehicle that uses two or more rocket ''stages'', each of which contains its own engines and propellant. A ''tandem'' or ''serial'' stage is mounted on top of another stage; a ''parallel'' stage i ...
rocket engine (see XCOR/ULA liquid-hydrogen, upper-stage engine development project). The Lynx 5K18 effort to develop a new
aluminum alloy An aluminium alloy (or aluminum alloy; see spelling differences) is an alloy in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin, nickel and zinc. There are two principal ...
engine nozzle using new manufacturing techniques would remove several hundred pounds of weight from the large engine leading to significantly lower-cost and more-capable commercial and US government space flights.


Airframe

It was reported in 2010 that the Mark I
airframe The mechanical structure of an aircraft is known as the airframe. This structure is typically considered to include the fuselage, undercarriage, empennage and wings, and excludes the propulsion system. Airframe design is a field of aerospa ...
could use a carbon/epoxy ester composite, and the Mark II a carbon/cyanate with a
nickel alloy This is a list of named alloys grouped alphabetically by base metal. Within these headings, the alloys are also grouped alphabetically. Some of the main alloying elements are optionally listed after the alloy names. Alloys by base metal Alumini ...
for the nose and leading-edge
thermal protection A thermal cutoff is an electrical safety device (either a thermal fuse or thermal switch) that interrupts electric current when heated to a specific temperature. These devices may be for one-time use (a thermal fuse), or may be reset manually or ...
.


Mark I build

The flight article Lynx Mark I was claimed as being fabricated and assembled in Mojave beginning in mid 2013. The cockpit of the Lynx (made of carbon fiber and designed by
AdamWorks AdamWorks, LLC (AdamWorks), is an American engineering and manufacturing organization specializing in designing, tooling and manufacturing of composite structures and mechanical systems. History The company was founded in 2007 to pursue compo ...
, Colorado) was reported as being one of the items that held up the assembly. At the start of October 2014, the cockpit was attached to the fuselage. The rear carry-through spar was attached to the fuselage shortly after Thanksgiving 2014. At the beginning of May 2015, the strakes were attached to the airframe. The last major component, the wings, were expected to be delivered in late 2015. In January 2016, XCOR's CEO Jay Gibson said "…we anticipate the wings to be there in the very near future…" and the CTO Michael Valant said they were finding that calibrating the flaps was a challenge. In February 2016, the first prototype was described as a "wingless shell." In XCOR's November 2016 news report, they stated that "Even though the program made great forward progress integrating the vehicle structural elements during 2015 and early 2016 the progress on the control surface elements lagged in design. In an effort to prevent potential rework resulting from implementing designs not yet mature the Lynx fabrication was paused, so our engineering team has gone back to the design board."


Test program

Tests of the XR-5K18 main engine began in 2008. In February 2011, it was reported that engine tests were largely complete and the vehicle aerodynamic design had completed two rounds of wind tunnel testing. A third and final round of tests was completed in late 2011 using a "1/60-scale supersonic wind tunnel model of Lynx." In October 2014, XCOR claimed that flight tests of the Mark I prototype would start in 2015. By January 2016, however, technical hurdles led the company to state that they had not assigned a new projected date for test flights.


Concept of operations


NASA sRLV program

In March 2011, XCOR submitted the Lynx as a reusable launch vehicle for carrying research payloads in response to NASA's suborbital reusable launch vehicle (sRLV) solicitation, which is a part of NASA's Flight Opportunities Program. No contract for providing this was ever announced.


Commercial operations

According to XCOR, the Lynx was intended to fly four or more times a day, and would have also had the capacity to deliver payloads into space. The Lynx Mark I prototype was expected to perform its first test flight in 2015, followed by a flight of the Mark II production model twelve to eighteen months afterwards. XCOR had planned to have the Lynx's initial flights at the Mojave Air and Spaceport in Mojave, California or any licensed spaceport with a runway. Media reports in 2014 anticipated that, by the end of 2015 or in 2016, the Lynx was expected to begin flying suborbital space tourism flights and scientific research missions from a new spaceport on the
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island of
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. However, the company stated in January 2016 that they had not assigned a new projected date for test flights and a date for the launch of commercial operations could not be anticipated. Because it lacked any propulsion system other than its rocket engines, the Lynx would have to be towed to the end of the runway. Once positioned on the runway, the pilot would have ignited the four rocket engines, take-off and begin a steep climb. The engines will be shut off at approximately and
Mach Mach may refer to Mach number, the speed of sound in local conditions. It may also refer to: Computing * Mach (kernel), an operating systems kernel technology * ATI Mach, a 2D GPU chip by ATI * GNU Mach, the microkernel upon which GNU Hurd is bas ...
2. The spaceplane would then continue to climb, unpowered until it reached an apogee of approximately . The spacecraft would have experienced a little over four minutes of weightlessness before re-entering the Earth's
atmosphere An atmosphere () is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A s ...
. The occupants of the Lynx were intended to have experienced up to four times normal gravity during re-entry. After re-entry, the Lynx would have glided down and performed an unpowered landing. The total flight time was projected to last about 30 minutes. The Lynx was expected to be able to perform 40 flights before maintenance was required. Orbital Outfitters was reportedly designing pressure suits for XCOR use. In 2012, Orbital Outfitters reported that they had completed a technical mockup of the Lynx craft itself.


Development cost projections

In 2008, Mark I production was projected to cost (equivalent to million in ), and the Mark II around (equivalent to million in ).


See also

* Private spaceflight *
EADS Astrium Space Tourism Project The Airbus Defence and Space Spaceplane, also called EADS Astrium TBN according to some sources, is a suborbital spaceplane concept for carrying space tourists, proposed by EADS Astrium (currently Airbus Defence and Space), the space subsidiary ...
* Rocketplane XP * SpaceShipTwo * New Shepard *
XCOR EZ-Rocket The XCOR EZ-Rocket was a test platform for the XCOR XR-4A3 rocket propulsion system. The airplane was a modified Rutan Long-EZ, with the propeller replaced by first one, then later a pair of pressure-fed regeneratively cooled liquid-fueled rock ...
* XCOR Mark-I X-Racer *
Chino Roque Daniel Angelo Roque (born November 1990), also known as Chino Roque, was one of the 23 space cadets selected from more than 28,000 Filipino candidates by the Axe Apollo Space Academy in 2013 to fly to space with XCOR Lynx. Being the only Filipino ...


References


External links


Lynx Suborbital Spacecraft Page

Lynx Reusable Launch Vehicle Approaches Completion
AmericaSpace, November 2015. {{DEFAULTSORT:Lynx Rocketplane Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States Crewed spacecraft Former proposed space launch system concepts Low-wing aircraft Mojave Air and Space Port Proposed spacecraft Rocket-powered aircraft Space access Space tourism Spaceplanes Tailless aircraft XCOR Aerospace XCOR aircraft