The Wǔdàxiān (五大仙 "Five Great Immortals"), also known as Wǔdàjiā (五大家) and Wǔdàmén (五大门), meaning the "Five Great genius (mythology), Genii", are a group of five zoomorphic deity, deities of northeast China folk religion, northeastern Chinese religion, and important to local shamanism, shamanic practices. They are the localised adaptation of the Five Forms of the Highest Deity (五方上帝 ''Wǔfāng Shàngdì'') of common Chinese theology.

Names and meanings

In some places of Hebei, the cult comprises four instead of five zoomorphic gods, including the Fox, the Weasel, the Hedgehog and the Snake Gods (四大仙 ''Sìdàxiān'', 四大门 ''Sìdàmén''). While the Fox God and the Weasel God always remain the two prominent members of the cult, the other positions vary in some regions including the Tiger, the Wolf, the Hare and the Turtle Gods. Li Qingchen (?-1897), a scholar of Tianjin, explained the images of the Five Great Immortals as follows: ::[...] the Five Immortals [...] are: 狐 ''Hú'' is fox, 黄 ''Huáng'' is weasel, 白 ''Bái'' is hedgehog, 柳 ''Liǔ'' is snake and 灰 ''Huī'' is rat. I said these five can be distinguished by five colors. [...] White and yellow are hedgehog's and weasel's original colors, ''Huī'' is black and ''Liǔ'' is green. [...] The ''Ode of Songs'' reads: "Nothing is redder than fox". As gods of wealth, the Five Immortals are also known by the epithet of "Little Caishen, Wealth Gods" (小财神 ''Xiǎocáishén''). The Five Immortals have both male and female form, usually represented twosomes.

Huxian—Fox Immortal

''Húxiān'' (狐仙=胡仙 "Fox Immortal"), also called ''Húshén'' (狐神=胡神 "Fox God") or ''Húwáng'' (狐王=胡王 "Fox Ruler") is possibly the most important of the Five Immortals in northeast China. Nagao Ryuzō, a Japanese sinologist, observed that the Fox Gods "enjoy such popularity to be worshipped by almost every household in north China and Manchuria". Henry Doré documented the worship of the Fox God in the northern parts of Jiangsu and Anhui. In parts of Hebei, to every newborn is assigned his own ''běnshén'' (本神 patron god) manifestation of Huxian, usually a female for a boy and a male for a girl. After these boys and girls get married, their patrons will be represented sitting together. In his survey of popular shrines and temples in Manchuria, Takizawa Shunryō found the number dedicated to Fox Gods overwhelming. The deity can be represented as either male or female, but is most frequently identified as the female ''Húxiān Niángniáng'' (狐仙娘娘 "Fox Immortal Lady") whose animal form is a Huli jing, nine-tailed fox. She is the Chinese equivalent of the Japanese Shinto, Shintō cult of Inari Ōkami, both god(desses) of the foxes or collective representations of the fox spirit, fox sprites. The fox deity is also represented as a couple of gods, male and female, called the Great Lord of the Three Foxes (胡三太爷 ''Húsān Tàiyé'') and the Great Lady of the Three Foxes (胡三太奶 ''Húsān Tàinǎi''). As a goddess, the Fox Immortal is related to Queen Mother of the West, Xīwángmǔ (西王母 "Queen Mother of the West"), the great goddess guardian of Mount Kunlun (mythology), Mount Kunlun (''axis mundi'').

Huangxian—Weasel Immortal

''Huángxiān'' (黃仙 literally "Yellow Immortal") is the Weasel God, and is identified as an incarnation of the pan-Chinese Yellow Deity (黄帝 ''Huángdì'') and ''Huáng Dàxiān'' (黄大仙 "Great Yellow Immortal").Wang Xue. 东北农村地区黄仙信仰的人类学研究 Dōngběi nóngcūn dìqū huáng xiān xìnyǎng de rénlèi xué yánjiū. Jilin University, 2013. Another name which indicates the collective personification of weasels is "Great Lord of the Two Yellows" (黄二太爷 ''Huángèr Tàiyé'').

Shexian—Snake Immortal

The Snake God is either called ''Shéxiān'' (蛇仙 literally "Snake Immortal"), ''Liǔxiān'' (柳仙 "Immortal Liu"), or ''Chángxiān'' (常仙 "Viper Immortal"). Alternatively he is ''Mǎngxiān'' (蟒仙 "Python (or Boa) Immortal"). Considered an incarnation of the Dragon God, the snake traditionally represents generation and activity (''yin and yang, yang''). As such, it is also associated to Fuxi and Nüwa, respectively the snake-bodied patron of heaven (天皇 ''Tiānhuáng'') and patroness of earth (地皇 ''Dehuáng''), who represent the two forces who concur in the birth of things.

Baixian—Hedgehog Immortal

The ''Báixiān'' (白仙 "White Immortal") is the Hedgehog God. He is primarily worshipped as a medical deity to prevent and cure diseases. One of his female forms is ''Báilǎo Tàitài'' (白老太太 "White Old Lady").

Heixian—Crow Immortal

The ''Hēixiān'' (黑仙 "Black Immortal") is a function occupied by different zoomorphic deities. The most common one is the ''Wūyāxiān'' (乌鸦仙 "Crow Immortal") and another popular one is the ''Huīxiān'' (灰仙 "Rat Immortal"), although the latter is said to be a misinterpretation of the former. The position can be taken also by the ''Lángshén'' (狼神 "Wolf God").

Notes

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Citations

Sources

* * {{cite book , last = Kang , first = Xiaofei , year = 2006 , title = The Cult of the Fox: Power, Gender, and Popular Religion in Late Imperial and Modern China , publisher = Columbia University Press , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=75Uoe_3IatkC , isbn = 0231508220 Chinese deities, Animals in Chinese mythology