World of Darkness

''World of Darkness'' is a series of tabletop role-playing games, originally created by Mark Rein-Hagen for White Wolf Publishing. It began as an annual line of five games in 1991–1995, with '' Vampire: The Masquerade'', '' Werewolf: The Apocalypse'', ''Mage: The Ascension'', '' Wraith: The Oblivion'', and '' Changeling: The Dreaming'', along with off-shoots based on these. The series ended in 2004, and the reboot ''Chronicles of Darkness'' was launched the same year with a new line of games. In 2011, the original series was brought back, and the two have since been published concurrently.

The games in the series have a shared setting, also named the World of Darkness, which is a dark, gothic-punk interpretation of the real world, where supernatural beings such as vampires and werewolves exist in secrecy. The original series' setting has a large focus on lore and overarching narrative, whereas ''Chronicles of Darkness'' setting has no such narrative and presents the details of its setting as optional.

The series has been well received critically for its setting, writing, and art direction, and has won or been nominated for awards including the Origins Award. It has also been commercially successful, with millions of game books sold; by 2001, ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' was the second highest selling tabletop role-playing game after TSR, Inc.'s ''Dungeons & Dragons''. The series has been adapted into other media, including the television series '' Kindred: The Embraced'', actual play web series, novels and anthologies, comic books, card games, and a line of video games.

Games

The original ''World of Darkness'' series consists of seven core lines of role-playing games which were originally released from 1991 to 2002 – '' Vampire: The Masquerade'', '' Werewolf: The Apocalypse'', ''Mage: The Ascension'', '' Wraith: The Oblivion'', '' Changeling: The Dreaming'', '' Hunter: The Reckoning'', and '' Demon: The Fallen'' – as well as off-shoots based on these, such as the Asia-themed ''Kindred of the East'' and the historical '' Vampire: The Dark Ages''.

The 2004 reboot series, ''Chronicles of Darkness'', consists of eleven game lines: '' Vampire: The Requiem'', '' Werewolf: The Forsaken'', '' Mage: The Awakening'', '' Promethean: The Created'', '' Changeling: The Lost'', '' Hunter: The Vigil'', '' Geist: The Sin-Eaters'', '' Mummy: The Curse'', ''Demon: The Descent'', ''Beast: The Primordial'', and ''Deviant: The Renegades''. Most of these are based on concepts from the original series, directly as with ''Vampire: The Requiem'' and ''Vampire: The Masquerade'', or indirectly as with ''Geist'' and ''Wraith'', which both deal with spirits.

Both series are supported with supplementary sourcebooks detailing backgrounds and character types, which can be used when creating adventures for one's players; pre-made adventure modules have also occasionally been published. The ''Chronicles of Darkness'' sourcebooks in particular present the information as optional and something one may choose whether to include in one's game. The supplements often take the form of a book describing a location as it is portrayed in the setting, such as ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' series of ''By Night'' books and ''Werewolf: The Apocalypse'' ''Rage Across'' series. Several splatbooks – sourcebooks detailing character classes or organizations – have also been published, such as the ''Clanbook'' series, describing vampire clans, and the ''Kithbook'' line, covering types of fae.

Common elements

The games in the original series are set in a shared universe, also named the World of Darkness, which is a dark, gothic-punk interpretation of the real world, rife with corruption. In it, supernatural beings such as vampires, mages, and werewolves exist in secrecy, influencing humanity and clashing against each other; players take the roles of these beings, who belong to various classes such as ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' vampire clans, and ''Werewolf: The Apocalypse'' werewolf tribes. The series as a whole is themed around personal horror, while individual games have their own themes, such as redemption and humanity in ''Vampire: The Masquerade'', and hubris in ''Mage: The Ascension''. The series is known for its focus on metaplot – an overarching story for the setting that advances as new game books are released.

Whereas the original series has a large focus on lore and background information for its setting, the urban horror ''Chronicles of Darkness'' setting does not to the same extent; it does not have a metaplot, and it presents any setting information as strictly optional to include in campaigns. With its lesser focus on lore and less defined world, ''Chronicles of Darkness'' also streamlines the character types, stripping the many vampire clans and werewolf tribes from the original series down to five each.

The person leading campaigns – a role called gamemaster or dungeon master in other games – is called a storyteller in ''World of Darkness'', highlighting how the series is more focused on collaborative storytelling than on combat or on players overcoming the game leader's challenges; the rules exist to give players a framework for telling stories, and players are rewarded by being part of the setting rather than by escalating power levels. ''Chronicles of Darkness'' has a larger focus on making the gameplay systems work together, enabling easier cross-over play between the games.

History

1990–2006: White Wolf Publishing

The ''World of Darkness'' series began development in 1990 by game designer Mark Rein-Hagen at White Wolf Publishing, as his next major role-playing game project after 1987's ''Ars Magica''. Designed as the first in a planned series of five annual games, '' Vampire: The Masquerade'' was released in 1991, and was followed by '' Werewolf: The Apocalypse'' (1992), ''Mage: The Ascension'' (1993), '' Wraith: The Oblivion'' (1994), and '' Changeling: The Dreaming'' (1995), all set in the same world and using the Storyteller rule system. This rapid expansion with new games, although successful and capturing players' and the industry's interest, led to often flawed first editions, prompting several revised, new editions of the core rulebooks between 1992–2000, resulting in ''Mage: The Ascension'' morphing a lot between its editions as its themes changed. ''Ars Magica'' was initially tied to ''World of Darkness'' and used as a historical backdrop: its House Tremere was reused as a vampire clan in ''Vampire: The Masquerade'', and its Order of Hermes as a mage tradition in ''Mage: The Ascension''. The rights to ''Ars Magica'' were sold to Wizards of the Coast in 1994, and the histories of the games were separated.

Rein-Hagen constantly moved on to designing new games after finishing one, designing all the original five games except ''Mage: The Ascension'', which was designed by White Wolf Publishing's founders, brothers Stewart and Steve Wieck, and Chris Earley; as such, new staff were brought in to manage the game lines, including Andrew Greenberg for ''Vampire'' and Bill Bridges for ''Werewolf'', who came to define the look and feel of the series. An economic downturn for White Wolf Publishing in 1995–1996, caused in part by bookstore returns for ''World of Darkness'' novelizations, led to a falling out between Rein-Hagen and the Wieck brothers, after which Rein-Hagen left the company. As the original planned five annual games had already been published, White Wolf Publishing next devised a new model of role-playing games with a historical setting based on previous games, resulting in '' Vampire: The Dark Ages'' (1996), '' Werewolf: The Wild West'' (1997), and '' Mage: The Sorcerers Crusade'' (1998), of which only ''Vampire: The Dark Ages'' sold well. This led to the cancellation of the underperforming ''Wraith'' line, with the release of the historical-setting '' Wraith: The Great War'' and the 1999 supplement ''Ends of Empire'', which functioned as a finale to the game's metaplot.

In 1997, White Wolf Publishing developed another model, where they would release a game that required another ''World of Darkness'' rule book to play, which thereby would get the same attention as a new stand-alone core game without requiring them to further support it with supplements; this was used for 1997's '' Mummy Second Edition'' and 1998's ''Kindred of the East'', and the 2001 ''Mummy'' re-release ''Mummy: The Resurrection''. The two final major modern-day-setting ''World of Darkness'' role-playing games, '' Hunter: The Reckoning'' and '' Demon: The Fallen'', followed in 1999 and 2002, after which White Wolf Publishing returned to historical-setting games with '' Victorian Age: Vampire'' and ''Dark Ages: Vampire'', a new edition of ''Vampire: The Dark Ages'', and a line of ''Dark Ages'' games based on other ''World of Darkness'' games that, like ''Kindred of the East'' and ''Mummy'', required a main game's rule book to be played. A final game, ''Orpheus'', was released in 2003 as a sequel to ''Wraith''.

In 2004, following dwindling sales, White Wolf Publishing ended the series with the major event '' Time of Judgment'': a line of books that ended the overarching narratives of ''Vampire: The Masquerade'', ''Werewolf: The Apocalypse'', ''Mage: The Ascension'', ''Changeling: The Dreaming'', ''Demon: The Fallen'', ''Hunter: The Reckoning'', ''Kindred of the East'', and ''Mummy: The Resurrection''. Following this, White Wolf Publishing rebooted the ''World of Darkness'' series with the 2004 rulebook ''The World of Darkness'', and released new games with updated Storytelling System gameplay rules and a new setting, beginning with '' Vampire: The Requiem'' in 2004 and '' Werewolf: The Forsaken'' and '' Mage: The Awakening'' in 2005.

2006–2015: CCP Games

In 2006, the Icelandic video game developer CCP Games acquired White Wolf Publishing and their intellectual properties, with the intention of developing an online video game adaption of the ''World of Darkness'' series. Business continued as usual until 2009, when CCP Games started transferring White Wolf Publishing staff to video game development and slowed down tabletop game production.

The CCP Games incarnation of White Wolf Publishing published their last print products for distribution in 2011, with ''Vampire: The Masquerade 20th Anniversary Edition'', an update of the pre-reboot game. When CCP Games laid off large amounts of their staff the same year, leaving few resources to produce tabletop games, White Wolf Publishing's creative director Rich Thomas formed a new company, Onyx Path Publishing, which licensed both ''World of Darkness'' series, continuing support for them and producing new content. This included further anniversary editions, and new games like '' Mummy: The Curse'' (2013) and ''Demon: The Descent'' (2014); these projects frequently used crowdfunding for financing.

2015–present: Paradox Interactive

White Wolf Publishing and its intellectual properties were sold again in 2015, to the Swedish video game publisher Paradox Interactive. Following this, the rebooted ''World of Darkness'' series was renamed ''Chronicles of Darkness'', while the original series remained as ''World of Darkness''. This was done to prevent confusion among players over there being two series and settings with the same name: Prior to the renaming, the two had been distinguished from each other by being referred to as the ''Old'' or ''Classic World of Darkness'' and the ''New World of Darkness''. Onyx Path Publishing's in-development ''Vampire: The Masquerade 4th Edition'', which they had announced only a few months earlier, was cancelled following this, as Paradox Interactive planned to publish their own fifth edition.

The Paradox Interactive incarnation of White Wolf Publishing released the fifth edition of ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' in 2018, which included references to neo-Nazis and a character interpreted as being a pedophile, leading to accusations that they were catering to neo-Nazi groups. White Wolf Publishing denied that this was their intention, and apologized. Following the use of the real-world anti-gay purges in Chechnya as the backdrop for fictional events in ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' sourcebooks, in what Paradox Interactive's vice president of business development described as a "crude and disrespectful" way, Paradox Interactive integrated White Wolf Publishing directly into the parent company, made changes to its leadership, suspended sales and printings of the books, and halted its development and publishing of ''World of Darkness'' games. The material was removed from the books, and ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' development was moved to the licensee Modiphius Entertainment and collaborators including Onyx Path Publishing.

Starting with the 2020 book ''Vampire: The Masquerade Companion'', Paradox Interactive introduced further changes to the handling of the series: headed by creative lead Justin Achilli, they would develop core game books internally, while collaborator Renegade Game Studios would develop other game material. Along with this reorganization, Paradox Interactive announced that ''World of Darkness'' development from then on would involve sensitivity reviewers to ensure respectful portrayal of themes and topics. In addition to tabletop game development, the ''World of Darkness'' team at Paradox Interactive plans the setting's overarching narrative, and coordinates with external developers, such as those of ''World of Darkness'' video game adaptations, to ensure cohesion.

Related media

In addition to the tabletop games, the series has expanded into other media, including video games, card and board games, the ''Mind's Eye Theatre'' series of live action role-playing games, novels, fiction anthologies, comics, the 1996 television series '' Kindred: The Embraced'', the actual play web series '' L.A. by Night'' (2018), ''Seattle by Night'' (2019), ''Vein Pursuit'' (2020), and ''The Nightlife'' (2021), and an in-development film and television franchise. Although ''World of Darkness'' multimedia projects slowed down under CCP Games, production began anew after Paradox Interactive acquired the series.

A collectible card game based on ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' was released by Wizards of the Coast in 1994 as ''Jyhad'', before being re-launched a year later as '' Vampire: The Eternal Struggle''; Wizards of the Coast continued publishing it until 1996, and then White Wolf took over, publishing it in 2000–2010. In 2018, Black Chantry Productions licensed ''The Eternal Struggle'', reprinting old cards and continuing production of the game. Following ''The Eternal Struggle'', White Wolf also published a collectible card game on their own, '' Rage'', based on ''Werewolf: The Apocalypse'', from 1995 to 1996, which was even more successful than ''The Eternal Struggle''; Five Rings Publishing licensed it, and continued producing it in 1998–1999. Two other ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' card games, ''Vendetta'' and ''Rivals'', were released in 2021 by Horrible Guild and Renegade Game Studios, respectively. A story-based board game, ''Vampire: The Masquerade – Chapters'', is in development by Flyos Games.

A large number of ''World of Darkness'' novels and anthologies have been published, starting with the ''Werewolf: The Apocalypse'' anthology ''Drums Around the Fire'' in 1993, and were described by ''What Do I Read Next? A Reader's Guide to Current Genre Fiction'' as "old-fashioned adventures" in the style of pulp fiction. The books were popular and helped White Wolf Publishing grow, and were described as leading among horror novelizations by ''The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror'' in 1996, but were in the end not financially successful, due to book chains closing mall stores in 1995–1996 and returning a large amount of unsold books to the publisher. By 1998, ''What Do I Read Next?'' considered the novelizations to have improved in quality, citing White Wolf's move to commissioning established horror and fantasy writers; in 2002, '' Black Gate'' considered Andrew Bates's ''Year of the Scarab Trilogy'' a standout compared to previous "lackluster" ''World of Darkness'' novels. New ''World of Darkness'' novelizations started to disappear around 2006, but have since resumed.

The series has been adapted into comics, sometimes published in the ''World of Darkness'' tabletop game books, but also as comic books, including ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' and ''Werewolf: The Apocalypse'' lines published by Moonstone Books in the early 2000s, and a ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' series published by Vault Comics since 2020.

Video game adaptations of the series have been developed, based on ''Vampire: The Masquerade'', ''Hunter: The Reckoning'', ''Mage: The Ascension'', ''Werewolf: The Apocalypse'', and ''Wraith: The Oblivion''. Critical reception of the games has varied, ranging from average to positive, with 2004's '' Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines'' standing out, being described by video game publications as a cult classic and a "flawed masterpiece"; when Paradox Interactive acquired the series, they had considered ''Bloodlines'' the "crown jewel" among the ''World of Darkness'' intellectual properties, and something they knew from the start that they wanted to bring back with a sequel.

Reception

''World of Darkness'' has been critically well received, with several of its games having won or been nominated for awards, and with ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' having been inducted into the Origins Award hall of fame. The series has also been highly successful financially, primarily in the United States, with over three million game books sold by the late 1990s; around 1995, new ''World of Darkness'' releases were frequently top sellers, making White Wolf the second biggest publisher of tabletop role-playing games at the time after TSR, Inc., and by 2001, ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' was the second best selling tabletop role-playing game after TSR, Inc.'s ''Dungeons & Dragons''. Onyx Path Publishing's crowdfunding campaigns for ''World of Darkness'' games and material have also been successful, particularly those for the original series, such as the anniversary editions of ''Werewolf: The Apocalypse'' and ''Mage: The Ascension''.

The series' setting, plot, and art direction have been well received, with '' Rue Morgue'' describing the series' "fabulous artwork" as one of its major strengths, ''Fenix'' praising the series' mood and the quality of the writing, and ''Realms of Fantasy'' appreciating the broad scope and the familiarity to players due to being based on the real world. ''Shadis'' described the setting as "truly unique", bringing something never before seen to games. Some publications found the setting too crowded or defined, however; ''Diehard GameFan'' thought this took away from opportunities for horror, and ''Tor.com'' thought it left little room to tell new stories, often choosing to ignore the metaplot when running games. In his book series ''Designers & Dragons'', Shannon Appelcline considered the series' focus on metaplot to likely be what had caused sales to dwindle prior to the reboot, as players would have stopped playing the games when feeling they could not keep up with the story. Reactions to the ''Chronicles of Darkness'' setting have been divided, with some preferring the original series' setting for being more fantastical and grand in scale, and some the reboot's more grounded setting.

The original series' rules were criticized by ''Arcane'' as, although generally easy to understand, often having confusing and unclear combat rules, while ''Tor.com'' described them as having a recurring problem with statistical anomalies. The updated gameplay rules of ''Chronicles of Darkness'' were however generally seen as a big improvement, and seen by critics as fluid, elegant and open-ended, to the point where ''Tor.com'' and ''Backstab'' recommended using them even when running non-''Chronicles of Darkness'' games. ''Fenix'' appreciated the speed of creating characters and of playing, comparing the system of dice pools and dots favorably to number-based role-playing game systems.

References

External links

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Dark fantasy role-playing games
Fictional universes
Origins Award winners
Urban fantasy
Horror role-playing games