The
World Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the
United Nations

United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It
was established on 7 April 1948 headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
The
WHO

WHO is a member of the
United Nations

United Nations Development Group. Its
predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of
Nations.
The constitution of the
World Health Organization

World Health Organization had been signed by
61 countries on 7 April 1948, with the first meeting of the World
Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office
International d'Hygiène Publique and the
League of Nations

League of Nations Health
Organization. Since its creation, it has played a leading role in the
eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable
diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; the
mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and
reproductive health, development, and ageing; nutrition, food security
and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving
the development of reporting, publications, and networking.
The
WHO

WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, the worldwide
World Health Survey, and World Health Day. The Director-General of WHO
is
Tedros Adhanom
_(cropped).jpg/440px-Dr_Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus_-_2017_(36433272494)_(cropped).jpg)
Tedros Adhanom who started his five-year term on 1 July 2017.[1]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 Establishment
1.3 Operational history
1.4 Overall focus
1.5 Communicable diseases
1.6 Non-communicable diseases
1.7 Environmental health
1.8 Life course and life style
1.9 Surgery and trauma care
1.10 Emergency work
1.11 Health policy
1.12 Governance and support
1.12.1 Partnerships
1.12.2
Public health

Public health education and action
1.13 Data handling and publications
2 Structure
2.1 Membership
2.2 Assembly and Executive Board
2.3 Regional offices
2.4 People
2.5 Country and liaison offices
2.6 Financing and partnerships
3 Controversies
3.1 IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40
3.2 Roman Catholic Church and AIDS
3.3 Intermittent preventive therapy
3.4 Diet and sugar intake
3.5 2009 swine flu pandemic
3.6 2013–2016
Ebola

Ebola outbreak and reform efforts
3.7 FCTC implementation database
3.8 IARC controversies
3.9 Block of Taiwanese participation
3.10 Travel expenses
3.11 Robert Mugabe's role as a goodwill ambassador
4 World headquarters
4.1 Early views
4.2 Views 2013
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
The International Sanitary Conferences, originally held on 23 June
1851, were the first predecessors of the WHO. A series of 14
conferences that lasted from 1851 to 1938, the International Sanitary
Conferences worked to combat many diseases, chief among them cholera,
yellow fever, and the bubonic plague. The conferences were largely
ineffective until the seventh, in 1892; when an International Sanitary
Convention that dealt with cholera was passed. Five years later, a
convention for the plague was signed.[2] In part as a result of the
successes of the Conferences, the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau, and
the
Office International d'Hygiène Publique were soon founded in 1902
and 1907, respectively. When the
League of Nations

League of Nations was formed in 1920,
they established the Health Organization of the League of Nations.
After World War II, the
United Nations

United Nations absorbed all the other health
organizations, to form the WHO.[3]
Establishment[edit]
During the 1945
United Nations

United Nations Conference on International
Organization, Szeming Sze, a delegate from China, conferred with
Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health
organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. After
failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss, the
Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration
to establish such an organization. Sze and other delegates lobbied and
a declaration passed calling for an international conference on
health.[4] The use of the word "world", rather than "international",
emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was
seeking to achieve.[5] The constitution of the World Health
Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and
by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946.[6] It thus became the first
specialized agency of the
United Nations

United Nations to which every member
subscribed.[7] Its constitution formally came into force on the first
World Health Day

World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th
member state.[6] The first meeting of the World Health Assembly
finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million
(then GB£1,250,000) for the 1949 year.
Andrija Stampar

Andrija Stampar was the
Assembly's first president, and
G. Brock Chisholm was appointed
Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during
the planning stages.[5] Its first priorities were to control the
spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections,
and to improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental
hygiene.[8] Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation
of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease.[5] The
logo of the
World Health Organization

World Health Organization features the
Rod of Asclepius

Rod of Asclepius as
a symbol for healing.[9]
Operational history[edit]
Three former directors of the Global
Smallpox

Smallpox Eradication Programme
read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980
In 1947 the
WHO

WHO established an epidemiological information service via
telex, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG
vaccine was under way. In 1955, the malaria eradication programme was
launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the
first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the
International Agency for Research on Cancer.[10]
In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR,
called on the
World Health Assembly

World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative
to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54.[11] At this
point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year.[citation
needed]
In 1966,
WHO

WHO moved into its headquarters building.[10]
In 1967, the
World Health Organization

World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox
eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort
and adopted a new disease surveillance method.[12][13] The initial
problem the
WHO

WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases.
WHO

WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in
setting up surveillance and containment activities.[14] The
WHO

WHO also
helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972.[15]
After over two decades of fighting smallpox, the
WHO

WHO declared in 1979
that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history
to be eliminated by human effort.[16] In 1974, the Expanded Programme
on Immunization and the control programme of onchocerciasis was
started, an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), the
United Nations Development Programme

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
and World Bank. In 1967 the
Special

Special Programme for Research and
Training in Tropical Diseases was also launched. In 1976, the World
Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention
and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care. In 1977,
the first list of essential medicines was drawn up, and a year later
the ambitious goal of "health for all" was declared. In 1986, WHO
started its global programme on HIV/AIDS. Two years later preventing
discrimination against sufferers was attended to and in 1996 UNAIDS
was formed. In 1988, the
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Global Polio Eradication Initiative was
established.[10] In 1998, WHO's Director-General highlighted gains in
child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy
and reduced rates of "scourges" such as smallpox and polio on the
fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that
more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in
this area had been slow.[17]
In 2000, the
Stop TB Partnership was created along with the UN's
formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. In 2001 the measles
initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from
the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis and
Malaria

Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources
available.[10] In 2006, the organization endorsed the world's first
official
HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for a
global prevention, treatment and support plan to fight the AIDS
pandemic.[18]
Overall focus[edit]
The WHO's
Constitution

Constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by
all people of the highest possible level of health".[19]
WHO

WHO fulfills its objective through its functions as defined in its
Constitution: (a) to act as the directing and coordinating authority
on international health work (b) to establish and maintain effective
collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies,
governmental health administrations, professional groups and such
other organizations as may be deemed appropriate (c) to assist
Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services (d) to
furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies,
necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments (e) to
provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United
Nations, health services and facilities to special groups, such as the
peoples of trust territories (f) to establish and maintain such
administrative and technical services as may be required, including
epidemiological and statistical services (g) to stimulate and advance
work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases (h) to promote,
in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the
prevention of accidental injuries (i) to promote, in co-operation with
other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of
nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working
conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene (j) to promote
co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute
to the advancement of health (k) to propose conventions, agreements
and regulations, and make recommendations with respect to
international health matters and to perform.
As of 2012[update]
WHO

WHO has defined its role in public health as
follows:[20]
providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in
partnerships where joint action is needed;
shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation,
translation, and dissemination of valuable knowledge;[21]
setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their
implementation;
articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;
providing technical support, catalysing change, and building
sustainable institutional capacity; and
monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
Communicable diseases[edit]
The 2012–2013
WHO

WHO budget identified 5 areas among which funding was
distributed.[22] Two of those five areas related to communicable
diseases: the first, to reduce the "health, social and economic
burden" of communicable diseases in general; the second to combat
HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in particular.[22]
As of 2015
WHO

WHO has worked within the
UNAIDS

UNAIDS network and strived to
involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the
economic and social effects of HIV/AIDS.[23] In line with UNAIDS, WHO
has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the
number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing
new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths
by 25%.[24]
During the 1970s,
WHO

WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria
eradication campaign as too ambitious, it retained a strong commitment
to malaria control. WHO's Global
Malaria

Malaria Programme works to keep track
of malaria cases, and future problems in malaria control schemes. As
of 2012
WHO

WHO was to report, as to whether RTS,S/AS01, were a viable
malaria vaccine. For the time being, insecticide-treated mosquito nets
and insecticide sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria, as
are antimalarial drugs – particularly to vulnerable people such as
pregnant women and young children.[25]
Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's help has contributed to a 40% decline in
the number of deaths from tuberculosis, and since 2005, over 46
million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives
saved through practices advocated by WHO. These include engaging
national governments and their financing, early diagnosis,
standardizing treatment, monitoring of the spread and effect of
tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply. It has also recognized
the vulnerability of victims of
HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis.[26]
In 1988,
WHO

WHO launched the
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Global Polio Eradication Initiative to
eradicate polio. It has also been successful in helping to reduce
cases by 99% since which partnered
WHO

WHO with Rotary International, the
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United
Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and smaller organizations. As of
2011[update] it has been working to immunize young children and
prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared
"polio-free".[27] Recently, a study is conducted (2017) where
researchers explain why
Polio

Polio Vaccines may not be enough to eradicate
the Virus & conduct new technology.
Polio

Polio is on the verge of
extinction, thanks to a Global
Vaccination

Vaccination Drive. World Health
Organization (WHO) stated the eradication programme has saved millions
from deadly disease.
Non-communicable diseases[edit]
Another of the thirteen
WHO

WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention
and reduction of "disease, disability and premature deaths from
chronic noncommunicable diseases, mental disorders, violence and
injuries, and visual impairment".[22][28] The Division of
Noncommunicable Diseases for Promoting Health through the Life-course
Sexual and Reproductive Health has published the magazine, Entre Nous,
across Europe since 1983.[29]
Environmental health[edit]
The
WHO

WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of
living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 – this
accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths. Environmental risk
factors, such as air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures,
climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100
diseases and injuries. This can result in a number of
pollution-related diseases.[30]
Life course and life style[edit]
WHO

WHO works to "reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during
key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal
period, childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive
health and promote active and healthy aging for all
individuals".[22][31]
It also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for "health conditions
associated with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive
substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and unsafe
sex".[22][32][33]
WHO

WHO works to improve nutrition, food safety and food security and to
ensure this has a positive effect on public health and sustainable
development.[22]
Surgery and trauma care[edit]
The
WHO

WHO promotes road safety as a means to reduce traffic-related
injuries.[34]
WHO

WHO has also worked on global initiatives in surgery, including
emergency and essential surgical care,[35] trauma care,[36] and safe
surgery.[37] The
WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is in current use
worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety.[38]
Emergency work[edit]
The World Health Organization's primary objective in natural and
man-made emergencies is to coordinate with member states and other
stakeholders to "reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of
disease and disability."[22]
On 5 May 2014,
WHO

WHO announced that the spread of polio was a world
health emergency – outbreaks of the disease in Asia, Africa, and the
Middle East were considered "extraordinary".[39][40]
On 8 August 2014,
WHO

WHO declared that the spread of
Ebola

Ebola was a public
health emergency; an outbreak which was believed to have started in
Guinea

Guinea had spread to other nearby countries such as
Liberia

Liberia and Sierra
Leone. The situation in
West Africa

West Africa was considered very serious.[41]
Health policy[edit]
WHO

WHO addresses government health policy with two aims: firstly, "to
address the underlying social and economic determinants of health
through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and
integrate pro-poor, gender-responsive, and human rights-based
approaches" and secondly "to promote a healthier environment,
intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all
sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to
health".[22]
The organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based
tools, norms and standards to support member states to inform health
policy options. It oversees the implementation of the International
Health Regulations, and publishes a series of medical classifications;
of these, three are over-reaching "reference classifications": the
International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), the
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
(ICF) and the International Classification of Health Interventions
(ICHI).[42] Other international policy frameworks produced by WHO
include the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
(adopted in 1981),[43] Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
(adopted in 2003)[44] and the Global Code of Practice on the
International Recruitment of Health Personnel (adopted in 2010).[45]
In terms of health services,
WHO

WHO looks to improve "governance,
financing, staffing and management" and the availability and quality
of evidence and research to guide policy. It also strives to "ensure
improved access, quality and use of medical products and
technologies".[22]
WHO

WHO – working with donor agencies and national
governments – can improve their use of and their reporting about
their use of research evidence.[46]
Governance and support[edit]
The remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to
the role of
WHO

WHO itself:[22]
"to provide leadership, strengthen governance and foster partnership
and collaboration with countries, the
United Nations

United Nations system, and other
stakeholders in order to fulfill the mandate of
WHO

WHO in advancing the
global health agenda"; and
"to develop and sustain
WHO

WHO as a flexible, learning organization,
enabling it to carry out its mandate more efficiently and
effectively".
Partnerships[edit]
The
WHO

WHO along with the
World Bank

World Bank constitute the core team responsible
for administering the
International Health Partnership (IHP+). The
IHP+ is a group of partner governments, development agencies, civil
society and others committed to improving the health of citizens in
developing countries. Partners work together to put international
principles for aid effectiveness and development co-operation into
practice in the health sector.[47]
The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and
professionals to inform its work, such as the
WHO

WHO Expert Committee on
Biological Standardization,[48] the
WHO

WHO Expert Committee on
Leprosy,[49] and the
WHO

WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education
& Collaborative Practice.[50]
WHO

WHO runs the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, targeted
at improving health policy and systems.[51]
WHO

WHO also aims to improve access to health research and literature in
developing countries such as through the
HINARI network.[52]
Public health

Public health education and action[edit]
Each year, the organization marks
World Health Day

World Health Day and other
observances focusing on a specific health promotion topic. World
Health Day falls on 7 April each year, timed to match the anniversary
of WHO's founding. Recent themes have been vector-borne diseases
(2014), healthy ageing (2012) and drug resistance (2011).[53]
The other official global public health campaigns marked by
WHO

WHO are
World
Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis Day, World Immunization Week, World
Malaria

Malaria Day,
World No Tobacco Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Hepatitis Day, and
World AIDS Day.
As part of the United Nations, the
World Health Organization

World Health Organization supports
work towards the Millennium Development Goals.[54] Of the eight
Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by
two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to halt
and begin to reduce the spread of
HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS – relate directly to
WHO's scope; the other five inter-relate and affect world health.[55]
Data handling and publications[edit]
The
World Health Organization

World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and
well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms,
including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents
from 70 countries,[56] and the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health
(SAGE) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23
countries.[57] The Country Health Intelligence
Portal

Portal (CHIP), has also
been developed to provide an access point to information about the
health services that are available in different countries.[58] The
information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set
priorities for future strategies or plans, implement, monitor, and
evaluate it.
The
WHO

WHO has published various tools for measuring and monitoring the
capacity of national health systems[59] and health workforces.[60] The
Global Health Observatory (GHO) has been the WHO's main portal which
provides access to data and analyses for key health themes by
monitoring health situations around the globe.[61]
The
WHO

WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS),
the
WHO

WHO Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL), and the Service
Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) provide guidance for data
collection.[62] Collaborative efforts between
WHO

WHO and other agencies,
such as through the Health Metrics Network, also aim to provide
sufficient high-quality information to assist governmental decision
making.[63]
WHO

WHO promotes the development of capacities in member
states to use and produce research that addresses their national
needs, including through the Evidence-Informed Policy Network
(EVIPNet).[64] The
Pan American Health Organization

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became
the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health
approved in September 2009.[65]
On 10 December 2013, a new
WHO

WHO database, known as MiNDbank, went
online. The database was launched on Human Rights Day, and is part of
WHO's QualityRights initiative, which aims to end human rights
violations against people with mental health conditions. The new
database presents a great deal of information about mental health,
substance abuse, disability, human rights, and the different policies,
strategies, laws, and service standards being implemented in different
countries.[66] It also contains important international documents and
information. The database allows visitors to access the health
information of
WHO

WHO member states and other partners. Users can review
policies, laws, and strategies and search for the best practices and
success stories in the field of mental health.[66]
The
WHO

WHO regularly publishes a World Health Report, its leading
publication, including an expert assessment of a specific global
health topic.[67] Other publications of
WHO

WHO include the Bulletin of
the World Health Organization,[68] the Eastern
Mediterranean

Mediterranean Health
Journal (overseen by EMRO),[69] the Human Resources for Health
(published in collaboration with BioMed Central),[70] and the Pan
American Journal of Public Health (overseen by PAHO/AMRO).[71]
Structure[edit]
The
World Health Organization

World Health Organization is a member of the United Nations
Development Group.[72]
Membership[edit]
Countries by
World Health Organization

World Health Organization membership status
As of 2016[update], the
WHO

WHO has 194 member states: all of them Member
States of the
United Nations

United Nations except for the
Cook Islands

Cook Islands and Niue.[73]
(A state becomes a full member of
WHO

WHO by ratifying the treaty known as
the
Constitution

Constitution of the World Health Organization.) As of
2013[update], it also had two associate members,
Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico and
Tokelau.[74] Several other countries have been granted observer
status. Palestine is an observer as a "national liberation movement"
recognized by the
League of Arab States

League of Arab States under United Nations
Resolution 3118. The
Holy See

Holy See also attends as an observer, as does the
Order of Malta.[75] In 2010,
Taiwan

Taiwan was invited under the name of
"Chinese Taipei".[76]
WHO

WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly,
WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN Member States are eligible
for
WHO

WHO membership, and, according to the
WHO

WHO website, "other
countries may be admitted as members when their application has been
approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly".[73]
Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is currently the only UN member not in the WHO
membership.
In addition, the UN observer organizations International Committee of
the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies have entered into "official relations" with
WHO

WHO and
are invited as observers. In the
World Health Assembly

World Health Assembly they are seated
alongside the other NGOs.[75]
Assembly and Executive Board[edit]
WHO

WHO Headquarters in Geneva
The
World Health Assembly

World Health Assembly is the legislative and supreme body of WHO.
Based in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May. It appoints the
Director-General every five years and votes on matters of policy and
finance of WHO, including the proposed budget. It also reviews reports
of the Executive Board and decides whether there are areas of work
requiring further examination. The Assembly elects 34 members,
technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board
for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out
the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to
facilitate its work.[77] The current Director General of the
WHO

WHO is
Dr.
Tedros Adhanom
_(cropped).jpg/440px-Dr_Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus_-_2017_(36433272494)_(cropped).jpg)
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, an Ethiopian national. The current
chairman of the executive board is Dr. Assad Hafeez.
Regional offices[edit]
Regional offices and regions of the WHO:
Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Congo
Americas; HQ: Washington, DC, USA
Eastern Med.; HQ: Cairo, Egypt
Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark
South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India
Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines
The regional divisions of
WHO

WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, and
are based on article 44 of WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHO
to "establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special
needs of [each defined] area". Many decisions are made at regional
level, including important discussions over WHO's budget, and in
deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the
regions.[78]
Each region has a Regional Committee, which generally meets once a
year, normally in the autumn. Representatives attend from each member
or associative member in each region, including those states that are
not fully recognized. For example, Palestine attends meetings of the
Eastern
Mediterranean

Mediterranean Regional office. Each region also has a regional
office.[78] Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director, who
is elected by the Regional Committee. The Board must approve such
appointments, although as of 2004, it had never over-ruled the
preference of a regional committee. The exact role of the board in the
process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has
always been small.[78] Since 1999, Regional Directors serve for a
once-renewable five-year term.[79]
Each Regional Committee of the
WHO

WHO consists of all the Health
Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that
constitute the Region. Aside from electing the Regional Director, the
Regional Committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the
implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies
adopted by the World Health Assembly. The Regional Committee also
serves as a progress review board for the actions of
WHO

WHO within the
Region.
The Regional Director is effectively the head of
WHO

WHO for his or her
Region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other
experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres. The RD is
also the direct supervising authority—concomitantly with the WHO
Director-General—of all the heads of
WHO

WHO country offices, known as
WHO

WHO Representatives, within the Region.
Regional Offices of WHO
Region
Headquarters
Notes
Website
Africa
Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
AFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt, Sudan,
Djibouti, Tunisia, Libya,
Somalia

Somalia and
Morocco

Morocco (all fall under
EMRO).[80][81] The Regional Director is Matshidiso Moeti.
AFRO
Europe
Copenhagen, Denmark.
EURO includes Europe, Israel, and former USSR, except
Liechtenstein.[81]
EURO
South-East Asia
New Delhi, India
North Korea is served by SEARO.[82]
SEARO
Eastern Mediterranean
Cairo, Egypt
Eastern
Mediterranean

Mediterranean Regional office includes the countries of Africa
that are not included in AFRO, as well as the countries of the Middle
East, except for Israel.
Pakistan

Pakistan is served by EMRO.[83]
EMRO
Western Pacific
Manila, Philippines.
WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and
all the countries in Oceania.
South Korea

South Korea is served by WPRO.[84]
WPRO
The Americas
Washington D.C., USA.
Also known as the
Pan American Health Organization

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and covers
the Americas.[85] The Regional Director is Carissa F. Etienne.
AMRO
People[edit]
Directors-General of the WHO[86]
Name
Years of tenure
Tedros Adhanom
since 2017
Margaret Chan
2006–2017
Anders Nordström*
2006 (acting)
Lee Jong-wook
2003–2006
Gro Harlem Brundtland
1998–2003
Hiroshi Nakajima
1988–1998
Halfdan T. Mahler
1973–1988
Marcolino Gomes Candau
1953–1973
Brock Chisholm
1948–1953
*Acting Director-General following the death of
Lee Jong-wook

Lee Jong-wook while in
office
The head of the organization is the Director-General, elected by the
World Health Assembly[87]. The current Director-General is Tedros
Adhanom, who was appointed on 1 July 2017[88].
WHO

WHO employs 8,500
people in 147 countries.[89] In support of the principle of a
tobacco-free work environment the
WHO

WHO does not recruit cigarette
smokers.[90] The organization has previously instigated the Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003.[91]
The
WHO

WHO operates "Goodwill Ambassadors", members of the arts, sport or
other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO's
initiatives and projects. There are currently five Goodwill
Ambassadors (Jet Li, Nancy Brinker, Peng Liyuan,
Yohei Sasakawa and
the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra) and a further ambassador associated
with a partnership project (Craig David).[92]
Country and liaison offices[edit]
The
World Health Organization

World Health Organization operates 147 country offices in all its
regions.[93] It also operates several liaison offices, including those
with the European Union,
United Nations

United Nations and a single office covering
the
World Bank

World Bank and International Monetary Fund. It also operates the
International Agency for Research on Cancer

International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France, and the
WHO Centre for Health Development

WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe, Japan.[94] Additional
offices include those in Pristina; the
West Bank

West Bank and Gaza; the
US-Mexico Border Field Office in El Paso; the Office of the Caribbean
Program Coordination in Barbados; and Northern Micronesia office.[95]
There will generally be one
WHO

WHO country office in the capital,
occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or
sub-regions of the country in question.
The country office is headed by a
WHO

WHO Representative (WR). As of
2010[update], the only
WHO

WHO Representative outside Europe to be a
national of that country was for the
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
.svg/524px-Flag_of_Libya_(1977-2011).svg.png)
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ("Libya");
all other staff were international. Those in the Region for the
Americas, they are referred to as PAHO/
WHO

WHO Representatives. In Europe,
WHO

WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office, and are
nationals with the exception of Serbia; there are also Heads of
Country Office in Albania, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey,
and Uzbekistan.[95] The WR is member of the
UN system

UN system country team
which is coordinated by the UN System Resident Coordinator.
The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other
experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support
staff.[93] The main functions of
WHO

WHO country offices include being the
primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and
pharmaceutical policies.[96]
Financing and partnerships[edit]
The
WHO

WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside
donors. As of 2012[update], the largest annual assessed contributions
from member states came from the United States ($110 million),
Japan

Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom
($31 million) and France ($31 million).[97] The combined
2012–2013 budget has proposed a total expenditure of
$3,959 million, of which $944 million (24%) will come from
assessed contributions. This represented a significant fall in outlay
compared to the previous 2009–2010 budget, adjusting to take account
of previous underspends. Assessed contributions were kept the same.
Voluntary contributions will account for $3,015 million (76%), of
which $800 million is regarded as highly or moderately flexible
funding, with the remainder tied to particular programmes or
objectives.[98]
In recent years, the WHO's work has involved increasing collaboration
with external bodies.[99] As of 2002[update], a total of 473
non-governmental organizations (NGO) had some form of partnership with
WHO. There were 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal
"official relations" – the rest being considered informal in
character.[100] Partners include the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation[101] and the Rockefeller Foundation.[102]
Controversies[edit]
IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40[edit]
Alexey Yablokov

Alexey Yablokov (left) and
Vassili Nesterenko

Vassili Nesterenko (farthest right)
protesting in front of the
World Health Organization

World Health Organization headquarters in
Geneva,
Switzerland

Switzerland in 2008.
Demonstration on
Chernobyl disaster

Chernobyl disaster day near
WHO

WHO in Geneva
In 1959, the
WHO

WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A reading of this document can result in
the understanding that the IAEA is able to prevent the
WHO

WHO from
conducting research or work on some areas, as seen hereafter. The
agreement states that the
WHO

WHO recognizes the IAEA as having
responsibility for peaceful nuclear energy without prejudice to the
roles of the
WHO

WHO of promoting health. However, the following paragraph
adds that "whenever either organization proposes to initiate a
programme or activity on a subject in which the other organization has
or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the
other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement".[103]
The nature of this statement has led some pressure groups and
activists (including Women in Europe for a Common Future) to claim
that the
WHO

WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the effects
on human health of radiation caused by the use of nuclear power and
the continuing effects of nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and
Fukushima. They believe
WHO

WHO must regain what they see as
"independence".[104][105][106]
Roman Catholic Church and AIDS[edit]
Main article: Roman Catholic Church and AIDS
In 2003, the
WHO

WHO denounced the Roman Curia's health department's
opposition to the use of condoms, saying: "These incorrect statements
about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global
pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people,
and currently affects at least 42 million."[107] As of
2009[update], the Catholic Church remains opposed to increasing the
use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS.[108] At the time, the World
Health Assembly President, Guyana's Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy,
condemned Pope Benedict's opposition to contraception, saying he was
trying to "create confusion" and "impede" proven strategies in the
battle against the disease.[109]
Intermittent preventive therapy[edit]
The aggressive support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for
intermittent preventive therapy of malaria triggered a memo from the
former
WHO

WHO malaria chief Akira Kochi.[110]
Diet and sugar intake[edit]
Some of the research undertaken or supported by
WHO

WHO to determine how
people's lifestyles and environments are influencing whether they live
in better or worse health can be controversial, as illustrated by a
2003 joint WHO/FAO report on nutrition and the prevention of chronic
non-communicable disease,[111] which recommended that sugar should
form no more than 10% of a healthy diet. The report led to lobbying by
the sugar industry against the recommendation, to which the WHO/FAO
responded by including in the report this statement: "The Consultation
recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10% of
total energy is controversial". It also stood by its recommendation
based upon its own analysis of scientific studies.[112] In 2014, WHO
reduced recommended sugar levels by half and said that sugar should
make up no more than 5% of a healthy diet.[113]
2009 swine flu pandemic[edit]
Main article: 2009 flu pandemic
In 2007, the
WHO

WHO organized work on pandemic influenza vaccine
development through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts
and health officials.[114] A pandemic involving the H1N1 influenza
virus was declared by the then Director-General
Margaret Chan

Margaret Chan in April
2009.[115] Margret Chan declared in 2010 that the H1N1 has moved into
the post-pandemic period.[116]
By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the
WHO

WHO had exaggerated
the danger, spreading "fear and confusion" rather than "immediate
information".[117] Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic
had led to "unprecedented collaboration between global health
authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most
comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of
vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration.
This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations
undertaken during the last decade".[118]
2013–2016
Ebola

Ebola outbreak and reform efforts[edit]
Following the 2014
Ebola

Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the organization was
heavily criticized for its bureaucracy, insufficient financing,
regional structure, and staffing profile.[119]
An internal
WHO

WHO report on the
Ebola

Ebola response pointed to underfunding
and the lack of "core capacity" in health systems in developing
countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system. At the
annual
World Health Assembly

World Health Assembly in 2015, Director-General Margaret Chan
announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to
future emergencies,[120][121] of which it had received
$26.9 million by April 2016 (for 2017 disbursement).
WHO

WHO has
budgeted an additional $494 million for its Health Emergencies
Programme in 2016–17, for which it had received $140 million by
April 2016.[122]
The program was aimed at rebuilding
WHO

WHO capacity for direct action,
which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous
decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on
member states for on-the-ground activities. In comparison, billions of
dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016
Ebola

Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic.[123]
FCTC implementation database[edit]
The
WHO

WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database
which is one of the only mechanisms to help enforce compliance with
the FCTC.[124] However, there have been reports of numerous
discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which
it was built. As researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report "As of July 4,
2012, 361 (32·7%) of 1104 countries' responses were misreported: 33
(3·0%) were clear errors (eg, database indicated “yes” when
report indicated “no”), 270 (24·5%) were missing despite
countries having submitted responses, and 58 (5·3%) were, in our
opinion, misinterpreted by
WHO

WHO staff".[125]
IARC controversies[edit]
Further information: International Agency for Research on Cancer
The
World Health Organization

World Health Organization sub-department, the International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC), has been criticized for the way it
analyses the tendency of certain substances and activities to cause
cancer and for having a politically motivated bias when it selects
studies for its analysis. Ed Yong, a British science journalist, has
criticized the agency and its "confusing" category system for
misleading the public.[126] Marcel Kuntz, a French director of
research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research,
criticized the agency for its classification of potentially
carcinogenic substances. He claimed that this classification did not
take into account the extent of exposure: for example, red meat is
qualified as probably carcinogenic, but the quantity of consumed red
meat at which it could become dangerous is not specified.[127]
Controversies have erupted multiple times when the IARC has classified
many things as Class 2a (probable carcinogens), including cell phone
signals, glyphosate, drinking hot beverages, and working as a
barber.[128]
Block of Taiwanese participation[edit]
China has barred
Taiwan

Taiwan from membership of the
WHO

WHO and other
UN-affiliated organizations, and in 2017 refused to allow Taiwanese
delegates to attend the
WHO

WHO annual assembly.[129]
Travel expenses[edit]
According to The Associated Press,
WHO

WHO routinely spends about $200
million a year on travel expenses, more than it spends to tackle
mental health problems, HIV/AIDS,
Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis and
Malaria

Malaria combined.
In 2016, Margaret Chan, Director-General of
WHO

WHO from November 2006 to
June 2017[130], stayed in a $1000 per night hotel room while visiting
West Africa.[131]
Robert Mugabe's role as a goodwill ambassador[edit]
On 21 October 2017 the Director General
Tedros Adhanom
_(cropped).jpg/440px-Dr_Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus_-_2017_(36433272494)_(cropped).jpg)
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
appointed Zimbabwe’s president
Robert Mugabe
.jpg/440px-Robert_Mugabe_May_2015_(cropped).jpg)
Robert Mugabe as a
WHO

WHO Goodwill
Ambassador to help promote the fight against non-communicable
diseases. The appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to
public health in Zimbabwe.
The appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO
member states and international organizations due to Robert Mugabe's
poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe's
public health.[132][133] Due to the outcry, the following day the
appointment was revoked. [134]
World headquarters[edit]
The seat of the organization is in Geneva, Switzerland. It was
designed by Swiss architect Jean Tschumi and inaugurated in 1966.[135]
In 2017, the organization launched an international competition to
redesign and extend its headquarters.[136]
Early views[edit]
On a 1966 stamp of the German Democratic Republic
Stairwell, 1969
Internal courtyard, 1969
Reflecting pool, 1969
Exterior, 1969
Views 2013[edit]
WHO

WHO Headquarters from Southwest
WHO

WHO Headquarters from South
WHO

WHO Headquarters from East
WHO

WHO Headquarters from North
WHO

WHO Headquarters from West
WHO

WHO Headquarters main entrance
WHO

WHO Headquarters entrance hall
WHO

WHO Headquarters main conference room
See also[edit]
Global health
Global Mental Health
Healthy city / Alliance for Healthy Cities, an international alliance
Health For All
Health promotion
Health Sciences Online, virtual learning resources
High 5s Project, a patient safety collaboration
International Health Partnership
International Labour Organization
List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter
concentration
Open Learning for Development, virtual learning resources
Public health
Sustainable Development
The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health
Timeline of global health
Tropical disease
United Nations

United Nations Interagency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of
NCDs
WHO

WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
WHO

WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality
WHO

WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme
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External links[edit]
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