The

International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation ...

(IPA) consists of more than 100 letters and diacritics. Before

Unicode Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,The formal version reference is is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard, wh ...

became widely available, several

ASCII ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because ...

-based encoding systems of the IPA were proposed. The alphabet went through a large revision at the

Kiel Convention The International Phonetic Alphabet was created soon after the International Phonetic Association was established in the late 19th century. It was intended as an international system of phonetic transcription for oral languages, originally for p ...

of 1989, and the vowel symbols again in 1993. Systems devised before these revisions inevitably lack support of the additions they introduced. Only language-neutral systems are discussed below because language-dependent ones (such as ARPABET) do not allow for a systematic comparison.

General information

Symbols

Only the symbols in the latest IPA chart are included. The numbers in the leftmost column, according to which the symbols are sorted, are the IPA Numbers. Some of the IPA symbols to which a system lacks a corresponding symbol may still be represented in that system by use of a modifier (diacritic), but such combinations are not included unless the documentation explicitly assigns one for the value. , s\ ,

Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("c", plus the curl also found in its voiced counterp ...

, - , 183 , , zi) , zV> , zz , \zc , z> , ZJ , , z} , z\ ,

Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("z", plus the curl also found in its voiceless counterp ...

, - , 184 , , , , , , v< ,

v 
, 
, 
,   -
,  209
,  
,  l~)
,  l-
, 
,  \l~
,  l~~
,  l-
,  L
, 
,  5
,   -
,  301
,  
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,   -
,  302
,  
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  Close-mid front unrounded vowel
, -
,  303
,  
,  E
,  E
,  E
,  \ef
,  e<
,  E
,  E
,  E
,  E
,  Open-mid front unrounded vowel
, -
,  304
,  
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  Open front unrounded vowel
, -
,  305
,  
,  a"
,  A
,  aa
,  \as
,  a=
,  a_
,  A
,  A
,  A
,   Open back unrounded vowel
, -
,  306
,  
,  c&
,  O
,  O
,  \ct
,  o<
,  O
,  O
,  >
,  O
,  Open-mid back rounded vowel 



The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is a turned letter ''c'' a ...

, -
,  307
,  
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  Close-mid back rounded vowel 



The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .
 Close-mid back protruded vowel
The close ...

, -
,  308
,  
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,   Close back rounded vowel
, -
,  309
,  
,  y
,  y or i!
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  Close front rounded vowel 



The close front rounded vowel, or high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is /y/, and the equivalent  X-SAMPA symbol is y. Ac ...

, -
,  310
,  
,  o/)
,  0 or e!
,  oe
,  \o/
,  o>
,  o/
,  Y
,  7
,  2
,  Close-mid front rounded vowel 



The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. 

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is , a lowercase letter o with a diagonal s ...

, -
,  311
,  
,  oe)
,  E!
,  oE
,  \oe
,  E<
,  E)
,  W
,  8
,  9
,  Open-mid front rounded vowel 



The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is . The symbol  œ is a lowercase ligature o ...

, -
,  312
,  
,  OE)
,  a!
,  OE
,  \Oe
,  E>
, 
,  &.
,  6
,  &
,  Open front rounded vowel 




The (near) open front rounded vowel, or (near) low front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that has not been confirmed to be phonemic in any  spoken language. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ...

, -
,  313
,  
,  a"&
,  A= or A!
,  ao
,  \ab
,  o=
,  a_)
,  A.
,  5
,  Q
,  Open back rounded vowel 


The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is called "turned script ''a''", being a rotated ...

, -
,  314
,  
,  v&
,  ^, V= or O!
,  A
,  \vt
,  u>
,  ^
,  V
,  ^
,  V
,  Open-mid back unrounded vowel 



The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (c ...

, -
,  315
,  
,  U"
,  o!
,  oo
,  \rh
,  O>
,  o(
,  o-
,  2
,  7
,  Close-mid back unrounded vowel 



The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is , called "ram's horns." This symbol is distinct from the symbol f ...

, -
,  316
,  
,  m&
,  m= or u!
,  uu
,  \mt
,  u=
,  uu
,  u-
,  4
,  M
,  Close back unrounded vowel 





The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Typographically, it is a turned letter ; gi ...

, -
,  317
,  
,  i-
,  i"
,  i-
,  \i-
,  I=
,  i_
,  i"
,  ix
,  1
,  Close central unrounded vowel 


The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , namely the lower-case  letter ''i'' with a hori ...

, -
,  318
,  
,  u-
,  u"
,  u-
,  \u-
,  U=
,  u+
,  u"
,  ux
,  }
,  Close central rounded vowel 
}


The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is }.  B ...

, -
,  319
,  
,  I
,  I
,  I
,  \ic
,  i=
,  I
,  I
,  I
,  I
,  Near-close near-front unrounded vowel 



The near-close front unrounded vowel, or near-high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , i.e. a small capital letter ''i ...

, -
,  320
,  
,  Y
,  Y
,  Y
,  \yc
,  Y=
,  Y
,  U.
,  Y
,  Y
,   Near-close near-front rounded vowel
, -
,  321
,  
,  U
,  U
,  U
,  \hs
,  u<
,  U
,  U
,  U
,  U
,   Near-close near-back rounded vowel
, -
,  322
,  
,  @
,  e=
,  6
,  \sw
,  e=
,  "@
,  @
,  &
,  @
,   Mid central vowel
, -
,  323
,  
,  o-
,  o"
, 
,  \o-
,  O=
,  @)
,  @.
,  ox
,  8
,  Close-mid central rounded vowel 





The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase  barred letter o.

The character ɵ has been used i ...

, -
,  324
,  
,  a&
, 
, 
,  \at
,  a>
,  4
, 
,  ax
,  6
,   Near-open central vowel
, -
,  325
,  
,  ae)
,  @
,  ae
,  \ae
,  a<
,  aa
,  &
,  @
,  {
,   Near-open front unrounded vowel
, -
,  326
,  
,  E&
,  E"
,  3
,  \er
,  e>
,  3
,  V"
,  3
,  3
,  Open-mid central unrounded vowel 



The open-mid central unrounded vowel, or low-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet 







The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an  alphab ...

, -
,  327
,  
,  xr^
, 
,  3r
,  \sr
, 
,  "@.
,  R
, 
,  @`
,   R-coloured mid central vowel
, -
,  395
,  
,  E"
,  O"
, 
,  \kb
,  O<
,  3)
,  O"
, 
,  3\
,   Open-mid central rounded vowel
, -
,  397
,  
,  e&
,  e"
,  6
,  \e-
,  E=
,  @
,  @<umd>
, 
,  @\
,   Close-mid central unrounded vowel
, -
,  401
,  
,  `
, 
,  ?
,  \ap
,  
,  '
,  `
,  >
,  _>
,  Ejective 



In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless  consonants that are pronounced with a  glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with  aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some  ...

, -
,  402A
,  
,  rowspan="2" ,  V)
,  rowspan="2" ,  %
,  rowspan="2" ,  ,-v
,  \0v
,  %
,  rowspan="2" , 
,  rowspan="2" ,  <o>
,  rowspan="2" ,  0
,  rowspan="2" ,  _0
,  rowspan="2" ,  Voiceless 



In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the  larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of  phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies  ...

, -
,  402B
,  
,  \0^
,  @
, -
,  403
,  
,  v)
, 
,  ,+v
, 
,  %%
, 
,  <vcd>
,  v
,  _v
,  Voiced 





Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). Speech sounds can be described as either voiceless (otherwise known as ''unvoiced'') or voiced.

The term, however, is used to refer ...

, -
,  404
,  
,  h^
,  HH
,  ,h
,  \^h
,  h^
,  h
,  <h>
,  h
,  _h
,   Aspirated
, -
,  405
,  
,  h")
, 
,  ,hv
,  \:v
,  %%%
,  h
,  <?>
,  Hv
,  _t
,  Breathy voice 





Breathy voice  (also called murmured voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a  phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like ...
d
, -
,  406
,  
,  ~
, 
,  ,?v
,  \~v
,  $$$
,  *
, 
,  ?
,  _k
,  Creaky voice 
In linguistics, creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation,  vocal fry, or glottal fry) refers to a low, scratchy sound that occupies the vocal range below the common vocal register. It is a special kind of  phonation in which ...
d
, -
,  407
,  
,  {
, 
, 
, 
,  {{{{
, 
, 
,  {
,  _N
,  Linguolabial 



Linguolabials or apicolabials are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum which extends from ling ...

, -
,  408
,  {{IPA, ◌̪
,    [
,  ,d
,  \Nv
,  {
, 
,  [
,    _d
,   Dental
, -
,  409
,  {{IPA, ◌̺
,  /code>
, 
,  ,ap
,  \Uv
,  {{
, 
, 
,  /code>
,  _a
,  Apical 
Apical means "pertaining to an apex". It may refer to:

*Apical ancestor, refers to the last common ancestor of an entire group, such as a species (biology) or a clan (anthropology)
*Apical (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features loc ...

, -
,  410
,  {{IPA, ◌̻
,  []
, 
,  ,lm
,  \Dv
,  {{{
, 
, 
,  }
,  _m
,  Laminal consonant, Laminal
, -
,  411
,  {{IPA, ◌̹
,  u)
,  }
,  ,+w
,  \3v
,  ++++
, 
,  .
,  (w){{efn, name=worldbet-proposed
,  _O
,   More rounded
, -
,  412
,  {{IPA, ◌̜
,  U)
,  {
, 
,  \cv
,  ____
, 
,  -
, 
,  _c
,   Less rounded
, -
,  413
,  {{IPA, ◌̟
,  +
,  +
,  ,< or ,fr
,  \+v
,  +
, 
, 
,  +
,  _+
,   Advanced
, -
,  414
,  {{IPA, ◌̠
,  _
,  -{{efn, name=mo-hyphen, - represents either retracted or "velarized or pharyngealized" in Millar & Oasa's system.
,  ,> or ,bk
,  \-v
,  _
, 
, 
,  -
,  _-
,   Retracted
, -
,  415
,  {{IPA, ◌̈
,  "^
,  "
, 
,  \:^
,  *
, 
,  "
, 
,  _"
,   Centralized
, -
,  416
,  {{IPA, ◌̽
,  x^
, 
, 
,  \x^
,  **
, 
, 
, 
,  _x
,   Mid-centralized
, -
,  417
,  {{IPA, ◌̘
,  <
, 
, 
,  \T(
,  +++
, 
, 
,  ¿{{efn, name=worldbet-proposed{{efn, name=worldbet-nonascii, ¿ and ¡ are not part of ASCII, but are nonetheless proposed as encoding advanced and retracted tongue root, respectively, in Worldbet.
,  _A
,   Advanced tongue root
, -
,  418
,  {{IPA, ◌̙
,  >
, 
, 
,  \T)
,  ___
, 
, 
,  ¡{{efn, name=worldbet-proposed{{efn, name=worldbet-nonascii
,  _q
,   Retracted tongue root
, -
,  419
,  {{IPA, ◌˞
,  r^
, 
, 
,  \hr
,    .
,  <r>
, 
,  `
,  R-colored vowel, Rhoticity
, -
,  420
,  {{IPA, ʷ
,  w^
, 
,  ,V\
,  \^w
,  w^
,  W
,  <w>
,  w
,  _w
,  Labialization, Labialized
, -
,  421
,  {{IPA, ʲ
,  j^
,  .
,  ,j
,  \^j
,  j^
,  J
,  <pzd>
,  j
,  ' or _j
,   Palatalized
, -
,  422
,  {{IPA, ˠ
,  g^
, 
,  ,g
,  \^G
,  g=^
,  -
,  <vzd>
,  2
,  _G
,  Velarized 





Velarization is a  secondary articulation of  consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant.
In the  International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four d ...

, -
,  423
,  {{IPA, ˤ
,  &g^
, 
,  ,H
,  \^9
,  ?<^
,  9
,  <H>
,  !
,  _?\
,  Pharyngealized 

Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation of consonants or vowels by which the Human pharynx, pharynx or epiglottis is constricted during the articulation of the sound.
 IPA symbols
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can ...

, -
,  424
,  {{IPA, ◌̃
,  ~^
,  ~
,  ,+n
,  \~^
,  ~
,  ~
,  ~
,  ~
,  ~ or _~
,  Nasalized 




In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is .

In the Internationa ...

, -
,  425
,  {{IPA, ⁿ
,  n^
, 
,  ,n-
,  \^n
,  n^
,  n
, 
,  n
,  _n
,  Nasal release 

In phonetics, a nasal release is the release of a stop consonant into a nasal. Such sounds are transcribed in the IPA with superscript nasal letters, for example as  in English ''catnip'' . In English words such as ''sudden'' in which historically ...

, -
,  426
,  {{IPA, ˡ
,  l^
, 
,  ,l-
,  \^l
,  l^
,  L
, 
,  l
,  _l
,   Lateral release
, -
,  427
,  {{IPA, ◌̚
,  .)
, 
,  ,=
,  \cn
,  ]
, 
,  <unx>
,  c
,  _}
,  No audible release 

A  stop with no audible release, also known as an unreleased stop or an applosive, is a stop consonant with no release burst: no audible indication of the end of its occlusion (hold). In the International Phonetic Alphabet, lack of an audible rele ...

, -
,  428
,  {{IPA, ◌̴
,  ~)
,  -{{efn, name=mo-hyphen
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
,  _e
,  Velarized 





Velarization is a  secondary articulation of  consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant.
In the  International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four d ...
 or pharyngealized 

Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation of consonants or vowels by which the Human pharynx, pharynx or epiglottis is constricted during the articulation of the sound.
 IPA symbols
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can ...

, -
,  429
,  {{IPA, ◌̝
,  =
,  .{{efn, name=mo-period, . represents either raised or palatalized in Millar & Oasa's system.
,  ,/ or ,up
,  \T^
,  ++
, 
, 
, 
,  _r
,   Raised
, -
,  430
,  {{IPA, ◌̞
,  ="
,  (
,  ,\ or ,dn
,  \Tv
,  __
, 
, 
, 
,  _o
,   Lowered
, -
,  431
,  {{IPA, ◌̩
,  ,)
,  \
,  ,$
,  \|v
,  $
, 
,  -
,  =
,  = or _=
,  Syllabic 
Syllabic may refer to:
*Syllable, a unit of speech sound, considered the building block of words
**Syllabic consonant, a consonant that forms the nucleus of a syllable
*Syllabary, writing system using symbols for syllables
*Abugida, writing system  ...

, -
,  432
,  {{IPA, ◌̯
,  (
,  *{{efn, name=mo-asterisk, * represents either non-syllabic or extra-short in Millar & Oasa's system.
,  ,gl
,  \nv
,  $$
, 
, 
,  (
,  _^
,   Non-syllabic
, -
,  rowspan="2" ,  433
,  {{IPA, ◌͡◌
,  rowspan="2" ,  )){{efn, )) representing a tie bar is placed after both segments, as in ts)), in Branner's system.
, 
,  rowspan="2" ,  _
,  \li
,  #&
, 
, 
, 
,  rowspan="2" ,  _
,  rowspan="2" ,   Affricate or double articulation 
In linguistics, double articulation, duality of patterning, or duality is the fundamental language phenomenon consisting of the use of combinations of a small number of meaningless elements (sounds, that is, phonemes) to produce a large number of m ...

, -
,  {{IPA, ◌͜◌
, 
, 
,  @&
, 
, 
, 
, -
,  501
,  {{IPA, ˈ
,  '
,  '
,  $S5
,  \'1
,  }
, 
,  '
,  `
,  "
,   Primary stress
, -
,  502
,  {{IPA, ˌ
,  ,
,  `
,  $S3
,  \'2
,  
, 
,  ,
,  '
,  %
,  Secondary stress 



Secondary stress (or obsolete: secondary accent) is the weaker of two degrees of Stress (linguistics), stress in the pronunciation of a word, the stronger degree of stress being called ''primary''. The International Phonetic Alphabet symbol for  ...

, -
,  503
,  {{IPA, ː
,  :
,  |
,  ,:
,  \:f
,  :
,  :
,  :
,  :
,  :
,  Long 
Long may refer to:

 Measurement
* Long, characteristic of something of great  duration
* Long, characteristic of something of great length
* Longitude (abbreviation:  long.), a geographic coordinate
*  Longa (music), note value in early music mens ...

, -
,  504
,  {{IPA, ˑ
,  ;
,  :
,  ,.
,  \.f
,  ::
, 
, 
,  ;
,  :\
,   Half-long
, -
,  505
,  {{IPA, ◌̆
,  (^
,  *{{efn, name=mo-asterisk
,  ,--
,  \N^
,  ***
,  S
, 
,  (
,  _X
,   Extra-short
, -
,  506
,  {{IPA, .
,  .
, 
,  $
,  .
,  .
, 
,  #
,  .
,  .
,   Syllable break
, -
,  507
,  {{IPA, |
,  |
, 
, 
,  |
,  .<
, 
, 
, 
,  |
,  Minor ( foot) group
, -
,  508
,  {{IPA, ‖
,  ||
, 
, 
,  ||
,  .=
, 
, 
, 
,  ||
,  Major ( intonation) group
, -
,  509
,  {{IPA, ‿
,  =)
, 
, 
,  \_u
,  #=
, 
, 
, 
,  -\
,   Linking (absence of a break)
, -
,  510
,  {{IPA, ↗
,  /
, 
, 
, 
,  #>>
, 
, 
, 
,  </> or <R>
,   Global rise
, -
,  511
,  {{IPA, ↘
,  \
, 
, 
, 
,  #<<
, 
, 
, 
,  <\> or <F>
,   Global fall
, -
,  512
,  {{IPA, ◌̋
,  5
,  5
,  $T5-
, 
,  @4
, 
, 
,  _9
,  _T
,   Extra-high
, -
,  513
,  {{IPA, ◌́
,  4
,  4
,  $T4-
,  \'^
,  @3
, 
, 
,  _7
,  _H
,   High
, -
,  514
,  {{IPA, ◌̄
,  3
,  3
,  $T3-
,  \-^
,  @2
, 
, 
,  _5
,  _M
,   Mid
, -
,  515
,  {{IPA, ◌̀
,  2
,  2
,  $T2-
,  \`^
,  @1
, 
, 
,  _3
,  _L
,   Low
, -
,  516
,  {{IPA, ◌̏
,  1
,  1
,  $T1-
, 
,  @0
, 
, 
,  _1
,  _B
,   Extra-low
, -
,  517
,  {{IPA, ꜛ
,  /)
, 
, 
, 
,  #<
, 
, 
, 
,  ^
,   Upstep
, -
,  518
,  {{IPA, ꜜ
,  \)
, 
, 
, 
,  #>
, 
, 
, 
,  !
,  Downstep 

Downstep is a phenomenon in  tone languages in which if two syllables have the same  tone (for example, both with a high tone or both with a low tone), the second syllable is lower in pitch than the first.

Two main kinds of downstep can be distin ...

, -
,  519
,  {{IPA, ˥
,  5
,  5
,  $T5-
, 
,  #4
, 
, 
, 
,  <T>
,   Extra-high
, -
,  520
,  {{IPA, ˦
,  4
,  4
,  $T4-
, 
,  #3
, 
, 
, 
,  <H>
,   High
, -
,  521
,  {{IPA, ˧
,  3
,  3
,  $T3-
, 
,  #2
, 
, 
, 
,  <M>
,   Mid
, -
,  522
,  {{IPA, ˨
,  2
,  2
,  $T2-
, 
,  #1
, 
, 
, 
,  <L>
,   Low
, -
,  523
,  {{IPA, ˩
,  1
,  1
,  $T1-
, 
,  #0
, 
, 
, 
,  <B>
,   Extra-low
, -
,  524
,  {{IPA, ◌̌
,  15
,  15
,  $1/
,  \v^
,  @13
, 
, 
, 
,  _L_H, _R or _/
,   Rising
, -
,  525
,  {{IPA, ◌̂
,  51
,  51
,  $5\
,  \^^
,  @31
, 
, 
, 
,  _H_L, _F or _\
,   Falling
, -
,  526
,  {{IPA, ◌᷄
,  35
,  35
,  $3/
, 
,  @23
, 
, 
, 
,  _H_T
,   High-rising
, -
,  527
,  {{IPA, ◌᷅
,  13
,  13
,  $3\
, 
,  @12
, 
, 
, 
,  _B_L
,   Low-rising
, -
,  528
,  {{IPA, ◌᷈
,  342
,  342
,  $T3^
, 
,  @131
, 
, 
, 
,  _M_H_L, _R_F or _/_\
,   Rising–falling


 Coverage

{,  class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
! scope="col" ,  Scope
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Branner
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Millar & Oasa
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  PHONASCII
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Praat
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  SIL
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  UPSID
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Usenet
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Worldbet
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  X-SAMPA
, -
! scope="row" ,  Consonants (80)
,  79 ({{percentage, 79, 80)
,  69 ({{percentage, 69, 80)
,  67 ({{percentage, 67, 80)
,  79 ({{percentage, 79, 80)
,  80 ({{percentage, 80, 80)
,  75 ({{percentage, 75, 80)
,  73 ({{percentage, 73, 80)
,  73 ({{percentage, 73, 80)
,  79 ({{percentage, 79, 80)
, -
! scope="row" ,  Vowels (29)
,  29 ({{percentage, 29, 29)
,  27 ({{percentage, 27, 29)
,  26 ({{percentage, 26, 29)
,  29 ({{percentage, 29, 29)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 29)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 29)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 29)
,  26 ({{percentage, 26, 29)
,  29 ({{percentage, 29, 29)
, -
! scope="row" ,  Diacritics (35)
,  34 ({{percentage, 34, 35)
,  15 ({{percentage, 15, 35)
,  25 ({{percentage, 25, 35)
,  30 ({{percentage, 30, 35)
,  34 ({{percentage, 34, 35)
,  12 ({{percentage, 12, 35)
,  17 ({{percentage, 17, 35)
,  25 ({{percentage, 25, 35)
,  26 ({{percentage, 26, 35)
, -
! scope="row" ,  Suprasegmentals (28)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 28)
,  20 ({{percentage, 20, 28)
,  21 ({{percentage, 21, 28)
,  14 ({{percentage, 14, 28)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 28)
,  2 ({{percentage, 2, 28)
,  4 ({{percentage, 4, 28)
,  11 ({{percentage, 11, 28)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 28)
, - class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" ,  Total (172)
,  170 ({{percentage, 170, 172)
,  131 ({{percentage, 131, 172)
,  139 ({{percentage, 139, 172)
,  152 ({{percentage, 152, 172)
,  170 ({{percentage, 170, 172)
,  117 ({{percentage, 117, 172)
,  122 ({{percentage, 122, 172)
,  135 ({{percentage, 135, 172)
,  162 ({{percentage, 162, 172)


 See also

*  ARPABET
* SAMPA 

__NOTOC__
The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It was originally developed in the late 1980s for  ...


 Notes

{{notelist

 References

{{reflist

 External links

Representation of IPA with ASCII

{{IPA navigation

 International Phonetic Alphabet
 ASCII
 Computing comparisons