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The Woodworth Personal Data Sheet, sometimes known as the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory was a personality test, commonly cited as the first personality test, developed by
Questions for the test were generated by Woodworth based on his interviews with psychologists and case studies of persons with psychological disturbance. This set of items was then given to a group of subjects deemed to be normal and items answered too frequently were removed.Gibby, Robert E., and Michael J. Zickar. "A history of the early days of personality testing in American industry: an obsession with adjustment." ''History of psychology'' 11.3 (2008): 164. The reduced set of questions was then given to a large sample of servicemen and a smaller sample of "diagnosed abnormal subjects". With these results the test was submitted to the Surgeon General who accepted it and a preliminary program of recruit screening was established where recruits who scored high on the test would be referred to a psychologist for further evaluation.
Some attempts were made to weight items according to their discriminating power, but this was found to not improve the reliability of scores and was so abandoned. The content of the items covered somatic symptoms, medical history, family history and social adjustment. The final form consisted of 116 yes or no questions.
Interactive version of the WPI
Personality tests
Robert S. Woodworth
Robert Sessions Woodworth (October 17, 1869 – July 4, 1962) was an American academic psychologist and the creator of the personality test which bears his name. A graduate of Harvard and Columbia, he studied under William James along with othe ...
during World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
for the United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, ...
. It was published in 1919 and It was developed to screen recruits for shell shock
Shell shock is a term coined in World War I by the British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers to describe the type of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) many soldiers were afflicted with during the war (before PTSD was termed). It is a react ...
risk but was not completed in time to be used for this purpose.Kaplan, R., & Saccuzzo, D. (2012). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Cengage Learning. It instead became widely used in psychological research and led to the development of many other personality tests. It has been described as "the linear ancestor of all subsequent personality inventories, schedules and questionnaires".
Construction
Questions for the test were generated by Woodworth based on his interviews with psychologists and case studies of persons with psychological disturbance. This set of items was then given to a group of subjects deemed to be normal and items answered too frequently were removed.Gibby, Robert E., and Michael J. Zickar. "A history of the early days of personality testing in American industry: an obsession with adjustment." ''History of psychology'' 11.3 (2008): 164. The reduced set of questions was then given to a large sample of servicemen and a smaller sample of "diagnosed abnormal subjects". With these results the test was submitted to the Surgeon General who accepted it and a preliminary program of recruit screening was established where recruits who scored high on the test would be referred to a psychologist for further evaluation.
Some attempts were made to weight items according to their discriminating power, but this was found to not improve the reliability of scores and was so abandoned. The content of the items covered somatic symptoms, medical history, family history and social adjustment. The final form consisted of 116 yes or no questions.
Example items
*1. Do you usually feel well and strong? (reverse scored) Yes *4. Are you troubled with dreams about your work? No *25. Have you ever fainted away? No *110. Has any of your family committed suicide? No *116. Do you like outdoor life? (reverse scored) YesRevisions
During the early years most psychological tests were revisions of the WPI, which, with its 116 questions, provided ample material. In 1920 Buford Johnson adapted the test to produce a version for children between 10 and 16, taking 51 questions from the WPI and adding nine of his own.Bell, Hugh M. ''The Theory and Practice of Student Counseling: With Special Reference to the Adjustment Inventory''. Stanford University Press, 1935. In 1923 Ellen Matthew produced another adaptation for children, taking 23 questions directly, modifying 33 slightly and adding 28 new questions. Also in 1923 V. M. Cady took all the questions from the WPI and the questions Johnson added in his revision and reworked them for an adolescent audience. The items of the WPI were in the pool used to produce theThurstone Personality Schedule The Thurstone Personality Schedule was one of the first personality tests. It was published by Louis Leon Thurstone and Thelma Gwinn Thurstone in 1930. It underwent many revisions and adaptions.
6 year test-retest reliability
Repeatability or te ...
in 1930.
Even some modern tests, such as the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, have questions that can be traced back to the WPI.Derogatis, Leonard R., and Rachael Unger. "Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised." ''Corsini encyclopedia of psychology'' (2010).
References
External links
Interactive version of the WPI
Personality tests