William Castle DeVries (born December 19, 1943) is an American cardiothoracic surgeon, mainly known for the first transplant of a TAH (total

artificial heart An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are typically used to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to permanently replace the heart in the case that a heart transplant (from a deceased human or, exper ...

) using the Jarvik-7 model.

Early years and Medical School

William DeVries was born December 19, 1943, in

Brooklyn Navy Yard The Brooklyn Navy Yard (originally known as the New York Navy Yard) is a shipyard and industrial complex located in northwest Brooklyn in New York City, New York. The Navy Yard is located on the East River in Wallabout Bay, a semicircular bend ...

. His father, Henry DeVries, was a

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

immigrant who died in combat on the destroyer in 1944 during the

Battle of Hollandia The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United S ...

, where he had enrolled as a naval surgeon. When his father died William was only six months old. He was raised by his grandmother and his mother who was a member of

the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian Christian church that considers itself to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The ch ...

until he was five. After his mother remarried, the family was enlarged by eight more children and they all moved to Ogden, Utah, where he attended Ben Lomond High School and where he was an athlete being on the

basketball Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately in diameter) through the defender's h ...

and track teams. During his childhood DeVries became an

Eagle Scout Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process. The Eagle S ...

. Because the family was meeting financial difficulties, William had to work throughout his high school years to help out. He also won the

Utah Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to it ...

state finals in high jumping and thanks to his sport abilities he went to the

University of Utah The University of Utah (U of U, UofU, or simply The U) is a public research university in Salt Lake City, Utah. It is the flagship institution of the Utah System of Higher Education. The university was established in 1850 as the University of De ...

on a track scholarship. During college he was part of the

Sigma Chi Sigma Chi () International Fraternity is one of the largest North American fraternal literary societies. The fraternity has 244 active (undergraduate) chapters and 152 alumni chapters across the United States and Canada and has initiated more t ...

fraternity. He graduated in 1966 with a bachelor's degree in molecular and Genetic biology. Later on he went to medical school also at the University of Utah and received his M.D. degree in 1970. By the time he had finished with school, he had already built a family. He married his first wife, Ane Karen, during the last year of college and had four children. During college he was able to hold down three or four jobs and yet he graduated top of his class and received the award for the most outstanding graduate. It was thanks to one of the jobs that he was involved in surgery. He assisted doctor

Willem Johan Kolff Willem Johan "Pim" Kolff (February 14, 1911 – February 11, 2009) was a pioneer of hemodialysis, artificial heart, as well as in the entire field of artificial organs. Willem was a member of the Kolff family, an old Dutch patrician fam ...

during his work and during night he was paid to watch over the animals in the lab. In 1969 after some advice from doctor

Keith Reemtsma Keith Reemtsma (5 December 1925 – 23 June 2000) was an American transplant surgeon, best known for the cross-species kidney transplantation operation from chimpanzee to human in 1964. With only the early immunosuppressants and no long-term ...

, he decided to leave

Salt Lake City Salt Lake City (often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC) is the capital and most populous city of Utah, United States. It is the seat of Salt Lake County, the most populous county in Utah. With a population of 200,133 in 2020, th ...

and to start his residency in another hospital. That is also the year in which doctor Denton Cooley attempted his first artificial heart transplant in a patient, in

Houston Houston (; ) is the most populous city in Texas, the most populous city in the Southern United States, the fourth-most populous city in the United States, and the sixth-most populous city in North America, with a population of 2,304,580 i ...

. Doctor Cooley's work would be an inspiration for doctor DeVries, who would later succeed in the transplant of the TAH. After he left Utah, he attended a series of job interviews. The first one was at the Massachusetts General Hospital in

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

. The day of the interview, on his way to the hospital, he witnessed a person being stabbed by another man, and helped the victim until he was carried to the emergency room. This episode was probably one of the reasons why he decided not to start his residency in Boston. The second interview he attended was at the

Johns Hopkins hospital The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research facility of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. It was founded in 1889 using money from a bequest of over $7 million (1873 m ...

, but eventually he opted for a residency at the Duke University in

North Carolina North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and ...

. At the end of his nine years surgical training, he headed back to Salt Lake City.

The artificial heart

In 1979 Doctor DeVries went back to the University of Utah to become the chairman of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery; there, he used to perform two to five open-heart operations a week. At that time the university was known for being one of the country's few pioneering centers for advanced surgery on vital organs and their transplanting and implanting into animals and humans. In

he worked with doctor Robert Jarvik and doctor Kolff. By the time DeVries was back to Salt Lake City, the calves with

were able to live up to six, seven, even eight months. These results inspired him to take on with the work and so he started a series of long-term animal experiments. After two years of experiments, doctor DeVries and his colleagues tried to obtain the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a List of United States federal agencies, federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is respon ...

(FDA) and the

National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH (with each letter pronounced individually), is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in the late ...

(NIH) approval. At the beginning, nobody really paid much consideration to the work, but after a while it started to acquire new attention, things changed, and even the NIH started to be interested in the project. Therefore, DeVries started to look for a suitable patient for the first attempt. In 1982, the FDA gave the approval to experiment the device on a human, and so a panel of six members at the University of Utah Medical Center started searching for a patient. The group was composed of two cardiologists, a psychiatrist, a nurse, a social worker and DeVries; the decision had to be unanimous.

The first patient

The first patient was a

Seattle Seattle ( ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the seat of King County, Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest regio ...

dental surgeon named Barney Clark, affected with an end-stage congestive heart failure. The seven-hour surgery was carried out on December 2, 1982, and it was successful. Doctor William DeVries, 38 years old at that time, was known to listen occasionally to rock music while performing surgery. In his first Jarvik-7 implant the operating room was hushed, except for the voice communications to the medical team and the quietly played strains of Joseph-Maurice Ravel's " Boléro". The patient lived, but DeVries found much harder to manage the device on a patient rather than on a healthy animal. This carried to some complications which led part of the researchers to ask DeVries to turn off the device. In fact they did not want to lose the NIH approval and consequently their funds. DeVries refused to shut down the device, this caught the attention of the media, and made DeVries achieve the cover of ''

Time Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, ...

'' magazine (December 10, 1984). Eventually, they had to deal with the issue of money. To keep Mr. Clark alive, he decided to sell the rights of his story to a newspaper for $1 million . Mr. Clark lived for 112 days after the surgery, as complications kept occurring and this led to multiorgan failure and eventually death. Unfortunately Mr. Clark never recovered well enough to leave the hospital. In this period DeVries and his team had to face a series of issues due to the pressure of the media and the public. He was constantly obsessed with critics and legal issues concerning about what he was doing whether it was right or wrong. With the success of the first patient, DeVries wanted to go on with his trials, but there were not enough funds and medical insurance was never going to pay for such an experimental transplant. Consequently, DeVries found himself on a quest for fund raising, which, at the beginning did not succeed until

Wendell Cherry Wendell Cherry (September 25, 1935 – July 16, 1991) was an American lawyer, entrepreneur, art collector and patron. The company he co-founded, Humana, grew under his leadership to become the largest hospital operator in the United States. In the ...

, vice chairman of the

Humana Inc Humana Inc. is a for-profit American health insurance company based in Louisville, Kentucky. In 2021, the company ranked 41 on the Fortune 500 list, which made it the highest ranked (by revenues) company based in Kentucky. It has been the th ...

. offered him to relocate in

Louisville, Kentucky Louisville ( , , ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 28th most-populous city in the United States. Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County, on the Indiana border ...

; in exchange Cherry offered to finance the next 100 implants.

The Jarvik-7

The Jarvik-7 was a mechanical device, made of

polyurethane Polyurethane (; often abbreviated PUR and PU) refers to a class of polymers composed of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. In contrast to other common polymers such as polyethylene and polystyrene, polyurethane is produced from ...

and

aluminium Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. I ...

, which was used to replace the two ventricles of a human heart. JARVIK 7 artificial heart

The pumping action came from air, compressed by an electrical unit located outside of the patient's body. The human-made organ had two separate ventricles grafted with Dacron sleeves to the native atria and great vessels. It was powered by a 400-pound (180 kg) air compressor, connected to the heart, through a tube coming out of the patient body. In order to give the patients the ability to move, it was also invented a portable power console which was the size of a briefcase. Since 1982, 350 patients have used the Jarvik-7 heart model, and its original design is still used for the modern Jarvik-7, although due to propriety passages the device name is now "SynCardia". In October 2004, the Jarvik-7 model was the first medical device to receive a full-FDA approval.

In Louisville, Kentucky

After the offer from

, DeVries decided to move to Louisville in order to continue with his work on the TAH although he knew that the reason why the Humana Inc. had given him such a generous offer was mainly due to the publicity that this project was to offer them. "Our name is now on every single newspaper in the world. This is the type of advertisement that you cannot buy. As far as I am concerned, you have made your money for the next hundred patients" (Wendell Cherry). And even knowing this, DeVries accepted the deal because it was for medical advancement. Bill Schroeder was his second candidate. The patient survived through the surgery, and initially did so well that when president Ronald Reagan phoned him, a week after the implant, he asked why his social security check was late. Unfortunately two weeks later mister Schroeder suffered of a series of

infections An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable di ...

and

strokes A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop funct ...

that left him unable to speak. He lived for 620 days after the operation, during which he was able to leave the hospital and do a series of normal activities like traveling, attending a basketball game and even fishing. Over the following years DeVries implanted a total of four artificial-hearts, and always had someone with a TAH in his facility. Thanks to his work, the TAH was used in many hospitals, not as a permanent solution for diseased heart patient, but as a "bridge" in order to assist the heart and wait for a final transplant. In 1983, DeVries received the Golden Plate Award of the

American Academy of Achievement The American Academy of Achievement, colloquially known as the Academy of Achievement, is a non-profit educational organization that recognizes some of the highest achieving individuals in diverse fields and gives them the opportunity to meet ...

. During 1987, 49 diseased hearts had been substituted by surgeons all over the world with a Jarvik-7 model. In January 1988 DeVries was close to performing his fifth implantation, when a human donor heart was found for the patient. In January 1990 the approval was withdrawn, and the FDA ended the program. Before his retirement, in 1999, doctor DeVries decided, in 1988, to go back to traditional cardiovascular surgery. On December 29, 2000, he joined the

United States Army Reserve The United States Army Reserve (USAR) is a reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. Since July 2020 ...

as a lieutenant colonel, becoming at age 57 one of the oldest people to enter and complete the Officer Basic Course. After completion of that course, he was stationed at

Walter Reed Army Medical Center The Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC)known as Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH) until 1951was the United States Army, U.S. Army's flagship medical center from 1909 to 2011. Located on in the Washington, D.C., District of Columbia, it se ...

Washington D.C. ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, Na ...

teaching surgical residents there and medical students from the

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) is a health science university of the U.S. federal government. The primary mission of the school is to prepare graduates for service to the U.S. at home and abroad in the medical corps as ...

and the

George Washington University School of Medicine The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (abbreviated as GW Medical School or SMHS) is the professional medical school of the George Washington University, in Washington, D.C. SMHS is one of the most selective med ...

. Collections of DeVries papers are held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.

Media attention

Throughout his career, DeVries had to face a series of philosophical, religious, and practical objections to the artificial heart program. The media attention to the first implant was the largest ever directed to a medical case. Never before had a medical innovation aroused such a contentious debate. Throughout the time between the implant and the death of Barney Clark, the media followed the case so intensively that teams of reporters and television crews besieged the medical center, hankering for information on the patient. Criticism came not only from the medical world, but also from the public. Indeed, many people were disturbed by the idea of replacing the

heart The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to t ...

, considering it to have special and emotional meanings which could not be substituted by any human-made machine. The question asked by Una Loy, the wife of Barney Clark, is an example of this skepticism. Before her husband underwent surgery, she asked the doctor if after the transplant her husband would still be able to love her. Many were also disturbed by the fact that Clark was never able to leave the hospital. His life was extended somewhat, but he spent it in bed. The

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

questioned whether the artificial heart research was useful or just a "Dracula" sucking funds away from other programs. DeVries felt that all this attention was slowing his work in

, and so decided to leave

for a position in

Louisville Louisville ( , , ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 28th most-populous city in the United States. Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County, on the Indiana border. ...

. Thanks to the Humana Inc. funds, DeVries implanted another artificial heart at the Humana Human Heart Institute International in a patient called Bill Schroeder. The whole case was followed by the media, and DeVries and the Humana were accused of publicity seeking; ''

Life Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as Cell signaling, signaling and self-sustaining processes, from that which does not, and is defined by the capacity for Cell growth, growth, reaction to Stimu ...

'' magazine called it "the Bill Schroeder's show". After the death of DeVries' second patient, the critics began to charge that the mechanical heart brought more complications than benefits. In fact, both Clark and Schroeder never fully recovered from the surgery and eventually died due to complications. DeVries felt that the best way to concede the dilemma was to have people understand that the TAH was not a permanent solution but just a temporary substitution for a diseased heart.

Publications

*"Consumptive coagulopathy, shock, and the artificial heart." ; DeVries W.C., Kwan-Gett C.S., Kolff W.J. ; 1970 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; *"Airway pressure and pulmonary edema formation." ; Alexander L.G., DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W. ; 1973 ; "Surgical Forum" ; *"Pulmonary capillary filtration following oxygen exposure." ; DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W., Wolfe W.G., Alexander L.G. ; 1973 ; "Surgical Forum" ; *"Ventilatory dead space in diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism." ; Duranceau A., DeVries W.C., Wolfe W.G., Sabiston D.C. Jr. ; 1974 ; "Surgical Forum" ; *"Changes in pulmonary capillary filtration and ventilatory dead space during exposure to 95 per cent oxygen." ; Wolfe W.G., Devries W.C., Anderson R.W., Sabiston D.C. Jr. ; April 1974 ; "The Journal of Surgical Research" ; *"Oxygen toxicity." ; Wolfe W.G., DeVries W.C. ; 1975 ; "Annual Review of Medicine" ; *"Physiologic and pathologic responses of the pulmonary circulation to high flow shunts." ; DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W. ; 1975 ; "Surgical Forum" ; *"Unilateral pulmonary emphysema created by ligation of the left pulmonary artery in newborn puppies." ; DeVries W.C., Seaber A.V., Sealy W.C. ; February 1979 ; "The Annals of Thoracic Surgery" ; *"Transvascular fluid and protein dynamics in the lung following hemorrhagic shock." ; Anderson R.W., DeVries W.C. ; April 1979 ; "The Journal of Surgical Research" ; *"Pulmonary tissue volume in isolated perfused dog lungs." ; Crapo R.O., Crapo J.D., Morris A.H., Berlin S.L., Devries W.C. ; May 1980 ; "Journal of Applied Physiology" ; *"The management of spontaneous pneumothorax and bullous emphysema." ; DeVries W.C., Wolfe W.G. ; August 1980 ; "The Surgical Clinics of North America" ; *"Artificial heart implantation, later cardiac transplantation in the calf." ; Olsen D.B., Devries W.C., Oyer P.E., Reitz B.A., Murashita J., Kolff W.J., Daitoh N., Jarvik R.K., Gaykowski R. ; 1981 ; " American Society for Internal Organs Journal" ; *"Determinants of pannus formation in long-surviving artificial heart calves, and its prevention." ; Jarvik R.K., Kessler T.R., McGill L.D., Olsen D.B., DeVries W.C., Deneris J., Blaylock J.T., Kolff W.J. ; 1981 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; *"Indeterminate circulatory support with the artificial heart." ; Olsen D.B., DeVries W.C., Kolff J., Frazier O.H., Rahimtoola S.H. ; 1982 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs Journal" ; *"Impact of regulations on artificial organs research." ; Morton W.A., DeVries W.C., Dobelle W.H., Serkes K.D., Sheridan R., Dennis C. ; 1983 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; *"Response of the Human Body to the First Permanent Implant of the Jarvik-7 Total Artificial Heart" ; Joyce L.D., DeVries W.C., Hastings W.L., Olsen D.B., Jarvik R.K., Kolff W.J. ; 1983 ; "Transaction-American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; *"The Artificial Heart" ; DeVries W.C., Joyce L.D. ; 1983 ; "Clinical Symposia" ;
Clinical Use of the Total Artificial Heart
; William C. DeVries, M.D., Jeffrey L. Anderson, M.D., Lyle D. Joyce, M.D., Fred L. Anderson, M.D., Elizabeth H. Hammond, M.D., Robert K. Jarvik, M.D., and Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D. ; February 2, 1984; "

The New England Journal of Medicine ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' (''NEJM'') is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is among the most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals as well as the oldest continuously published one. Hi ...

". *"Nutrition for the First Total Artificial Heart Patient: Implications for Future Patients" ; Raymond J., DeVries W.C., Joyce L.D. ; May 1984 ; "Journal of the American Dietetic Association" ; *"Evaluation of Total Artificial Heart Performance in Man" ; Anderson F.L., DeVries W.C., Anderson J.L., Joyce L.D. ; August 1, 1984 ; "

The American Journal of Cardiology ''The American Journal of Cardiology'' is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of cardiology and general cardiovascular disease. The editor-in-chief is William C. Roberts. It supersedes the ''Transactions of the American Col ...

" ; *"Preparing an institution for clinical device experimentation." ; Hastings W.L., Mays J.B., Elzy P., DeVries W.C. ; 1985 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; *"The ethical implications of the artificial heart: an interview with Dr. William DeVries." ; DeVries W.C. ; May–June 1985 ; "Federation of American Hospital" ; *"The Role of Nuclear Imaging in the Management of the First Total Artificial Heart Recipient" ; Taylor A. Jr., Milton W., Christian P.E., Datz F.L., Joyce L., DeVries W.C. ; June 1985 ; "Clinical Nuclear Medicine" ; *"Indexes of Hemolysis in Human Recipients of the Jarvik-7 Total Artificial Heart: a Cooperative Report of Fifteen Patients" ; Levinson M.M., Copeland J.G., Smith R.G., Cork R.C., DeVries W.C., Mays J.B., Griffith B.P., Kormos R., Joyce L.D., Pritzker M.R., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; " The Jurnal of Heart and Lung Transplantation" ; *"Summary of the World Experience with Clinical use of Total Artificial Hearts as Heart Support Devices" ; Joyce L.D., Johnson K.E., Pierce W.S., DeVries W.C., Semb B.K., Copeland J.G., Griffith B.P., Cooley D.A., Frazier O.H., Cabrol C., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; " The Jurnal of Heart and Lung Transplantation" ; *"Surgical Positioning of the Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart" ; Jarvik R.K., DeVries W.C., Semb B.K., Koul B., Copeland J.G., Levinson M.M., Griffith B.P., Joyce L.D., Cooley D.A., Frazier O.H., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; " The Jurnal of Heart and Lung Transplantation" ; *"Results of artificial heart implantation in man." ; Yared S.F., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; June 1986 ; "Transplantation Proceedings-Journal" ; *"Drive System Management of Emergency Conditions in Three Permanent Total Artificial Heart Patients" ; Mays J.B., Hastings W.L., Williams M.A., Barker L.E., DeVries W.C. ; July–September 1986 ; " American Society for Internal Organs Journal" ; *"The Microscopic Evaluation of Skin Buttons used in a Long-Term Human Total Artificial Heart Recipient" ; Murray K.D., Abbott T., DeVries W.C., Gaykowski R., Olsen D.B. ; July–September 1986 ; " American Society for Internal Organs Journal" ; *"Diagnostic monitoring and drive system management of patients with total artificial heart." ; Mays J.B., Williams M.A., Barker L.E., Hastings W.L., DeVries W.C. ; September 1986 ; "Heart and Lung: the Journal of Critical Care" ; *"Atrial endocrine function in humans with artificial hearts." ; Schwab T.R., Edwards B.S., DeVries W.C., Zimmerman R.S., Burnett J.C. Jr. ; November 27, 1986 ; "The New England Journal of Medicine" ; *"Vein graft arteriovenous fistula for long-term venous access in a heart transplant recipient lacking superficial veins: a case report." ; Girardet R.E., Masri Z.H., Barbie R.N., Attum A.A., Yared S., DeVries W.C., Lansing A.M. ; November–December 1986 ; "The Journal of Heart Transplantation" ; *"Multigated Radionuclide Study of the Total Artificial Heart" ; Datz F.L., Christian P.E., Taylor A. Jr, Hastings W.L., DeVries W.C. ; 1987 ; "European Journal of Nuclear Medicine" ; *"Thromboembolic and infectious complications of total artificial heart implantation." ; Ward R.A., Wellhausen S.R., Dobbins J.J., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; 1987 ; Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky ; "Annals of the New York Academy of Science" ; *"Alterations in select immunologic parameters following total artificial heart implantation." ; Stelzer GT, Ward RA, Wellhausen SR, McLeish KR, Johnson GS, DeVries WC. ; February 1987 ; "Artificial Organs" ; *"A clinical estimation model for noninvasive determination of atrial pressure in total artificial heart patients." ; Mays J.B., Williams M.A., Jung S., Frederick M.G., Barker L.E., DeVries W.C. ; July–September 1987 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "American Society of Artificial Internal Organs" ; *"Postmortem microbiological findings of two total artificial heart recipients." ; Dobbins J.J., Johnson G.S., Kunin C.M., DeVries W.C. ; February 1988 ; Beliamine College, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; *"Surgical technique for implantation of the Jarvik-7-100 total artificial heart." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ;"The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; *"Biomaterial-centered sepsis and the total artificial heart. Microbial adhesion vs tissue integration." ; Gristina A.G., Dobbins J.J., Giammara B., Lewis J.C., DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Section of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; *"The permanent artificial heart. Four case reports." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; *"The physician, the media, and the 'spectacular' case." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; *"Immunologic complications of long-term implantation of a total artificial heart." ; Wellhausen S.R., Ward R.A., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; July 1988 ; Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky ; "Journal of Clinical Immunology" ; *"The Role of Nuclear Medicine in Three Permanent Total Artificial Heart Recipients" ; Zenger G.H., DeVries W.C. ; July 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "Seminars in Nuclear Medicine" ; *"Nine Year Experience with the Clinical use of Total Artificial Hearts as Cardiac Support Devices" ; Joyce L.D., Johnson K.E., Cabrol C., Griffith B.P., Copeland J.G., DeVries W.C., Keon W.J., Wolner E., Frazier O.H., Bucherl E.S., et al. ; July–September 1988 ; Minneapolis Heart Institute ; " American Society for Internal Organs Journal" ; *"Circulatory Support 1988. Bleeding and Anticoagulation" ; Jack G. Copeland III, Laurence A. Harker, J. Heinrich Joist, and William C. DeVries ; January 1989 ; "

The Annals of Thoracic Surgery ''The Annals of Thoracic Surgery'' is a peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 1965. It covers the fields of thoracic diseases and surgery. It is the official journal of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Southern Thoracic ...

" ;
"Cardiorespiratory Interactions in Aatients with an Artificial Heart"
; Robotham J.L., Mays J.B., Williams M.A., DeVries W.C. ; October 1990 ; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland ; "Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anestesiologists, Inc."
Repair of Anomalous Origin of Right Coronary Artery from the Left Sinus of Valsalva
; Houman Tavaf-Motamen, Sean P. Bannister, Philip C. Corcoran, Robert W. Stewart, Charles R. Mulligan, and William C. DeVries ; June 2008 ; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC ; "

"
Chondrosarcoma Masquerading as Cardiomyopathy
; Charles R. Mulligan, Jr, Houman Tavaf-Motamen, Robert Stewart, and William C. Devries ; July 2008 ; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC ; "

" *"Who was William Ray Rumel?" ; Welling D.R., Rich N.M., Burris D.G., Boffard K.D., Devries W.C. ; September 2008 ; "World Journal of Surgery" ;

References

Sources

*Cooper David K.C."Open Heart: The Radical Surgeons who Revolutionized Medicine." 2010, New York, Kaplan Publishing. * *Jarvik Heart, Inc. ;
Robert Jarvik on the Jarvik-7
; accessdate November 19, 2012 *U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health ;
PubMed
; accessdate January 4, 2013 * * *YourDictionary, n.d. Web ;
William Castle DeVries
" ; Retrieved 21 November 2012. {{DEFAULTSORT:Devries, William 1943 births Living people American thoracic surgeons American people of Dutch descent University of Utah School of Medicine alumni George Washington University faculty Latter Day Saints from New York (state) 20th-century surgeons 20th-century American physicians Latter Day Saints from North Carolina Latter Day Saints from Kentucky