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The WAYBACK MACHINE is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive , a nonprofit organization , based in San Francisco , California , United States . The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat , and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet . The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index". Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes. It revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the site's URL into a search box. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machine's creators is to archive the entire Internet. The name _Wayback Machine_ was chosen as a reference to the "WABAC machine " (pronounced _way-back_), a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in _The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show _, an animated cartoon. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, _Peabody\'s Improbable History _, the characters routinely used the machine to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history. CONTENTS * 1 History * 1.1 Origins * 1.2 Storage capabilities * 1.3 Growth * 1.4 Website exclusion policy * 2 Uses * 2.1 In legal evidence * 2.1.1 Civil litigation * 2.1.1.1 _Netbula LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc._ * 2.1.1.2 Telewizja Polska * 2.1.2 Patent law * 2.1.3 Limitations of utility * 3 Legal status * 4 Archived content legal issues * 4.1 Scientology * 4.2 Healthcare Advocates, Inc. * 4.3 Suzanne Shell * 4.4 _Daniel Davydiuk_ * 5 Search engine links * 6 Censorship and other threats * 7 See also * 8 References * 9 External links HISTORY ORIGINS In 1996, Deepak, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley . Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation. STORAGE CAPABILITIES As of 2009 , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies . In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage , and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems ' California campus. In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year". In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs. In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries . As of December 2014 , the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. As of July 2016 , the Wayback Machine reportedly contained around 15 petabytes of data. GROWTH Between October 2013 and March 2015 the website's global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208. Wayback Machine growth YEAR PAGES ARCHIVED (BILLION) 2005 40 2008 85 2012 150 2013 373 2014 400 2015 452 WEBSITE EXCLUSION POLICY Historically, Wayback Machine respected the robots exclusion standard (robots.txt) in determining if a website would be crawled or not; or if already crawled, if its archives would be publicly viewable. Website owners had the option to opt-out of Wayback Machine through the use of robots.txt. It applied robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocked the Internet Archive, any previously archived pages from the domain were immediately rendered unavailable as well. In addition the Internet Archive stated, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the website says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection." This policy began to relax in 2017, when it stopped honoring robots.txt on U.S. government and military web sites for both crawling and displaying web pages. As of April 2017, Wayback is exploring ignoring robots.txt more broadly, not just for U.S. government websites. USES _ THIS SECTION NEEDS EXPANSION. You can help by adding to it . (May 2017)_ The site is frequently used by journalists and citizens to review dead websites, dated news reports or changes to website contents. Its content has been used to hold politicians accountable and expose battlefield lies. In 2014 an archived social media page of separatist rebel leader in Ukraine Igor Girkin showed him boasting about his troops having shot down a suspected Ukrainian military airplane before it became known that the plane actually was a civilian Malaysian Airlines jet after which he deleted the post and blamed Ukraine's military. In 2017 the March for Science originated from a discussion on reddit that indicated someone had visited Archive.org and discovered that all references to climate change had been deleted from the White House website. In response, a user commented, "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". Furthermore the site is used heavily for verification, providing access to references and content creation by Wikipedia editors . IN LEGAL EVIDENCE Civil Litigation _Netbula LLC V. Chordiant Software Inc._ In a 2009 case, _Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc._, defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its website that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Netbula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's website and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations." Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. Telewizja Polska In an October 2004 case, _ Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite_, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network . Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's website. Telewizja Polska brought a motion _in limine _ to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion _in limine_ to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings, and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (_i.e._, the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating. Patent Law Main article: Internet as a source of prior art Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g., providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application. Limitations Of Utility There are technical limitations to archiving a website, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by website archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. LEGAL STATUS In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. ARCHIVED CONTENT LEGAL ISSUES A number of cases have been brought against the Internet Archive specifically for its Wayback Machine archiving efforts. SCIENTOLOGY See also: Scientology and the Internet In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner". Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed. HEALTHCARE ADVOCATES, INC. In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer "> Alison Macrina, director of the Library Freedom Project, notes that "while librarians deeply value individual privacy, we also strongly oppose censorship". There are known rare cases where online access to content which "for nothing" has put people in danger was disabled. In April 2017, emails of French presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron were leaked to the site and elsewhere . As archive.org is not a website for publishing original leaks, uploading this data to the site first may have been intended to or may effectively cause harm to the site. Other threats include natural disasters, destruction (remote or physical), manipulation of the archive's contents (see also: cyberattack , backup ), problematic copyright laws and surveillance of the site's users. Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations "next to nothing" will survive in a useful way besides "if we have continuity in our technological civilization" by which "a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable". Some find the Internet Archive, which describes itself to be built for the long-term, .to be working furiously to capture data before it disappears without any long-term infrastructure to speak of. 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Retrieved 2015-03-25. 1) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for conversion and civil theft (Second Cause of Action) is GRANTED, 2) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for breach of contract (Third Cause of Action) is DENIED; 3) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for Racketeering under RICO and COCCA (Fourth Cause of Action) is GRANTED. * ^ Claburn, Thomas (2007-03-16). "Colorado Woman Sues To Hold Web Crawlers To Contracts". New York, NY, US: _ InformationWeek _, UBM Tech, UBM LLC. Archived from the original on 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2015-03-25. Computers can enter into contracts on behalf of people. The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA) says that a 'contract may be formed by the interaction of electronic agents of the parties, even if no individual was aware of or reviewed the electronic agents' actions or the resulting terms and agreements.' * ^ Samson, Martin H., Phillips Nizer LLP (2007). " Internet Archive v. Suzanne Shell". _internetlibrary.com_. Internet Library of Law and Court Decisions. Archived from the original on 2014-08-03. Retrieved 2015-03-25. More importantly, held the court, Internet Archive's mere copying of Shell's site, and display thereof in its database, did not constitute the requisite exercise of dominion and control over defendant's property. Importantly, noted the court, the defendant at all times owned and operated her own site. Said the Court: 'Shell has failed to allege facts showing that Internet Archive exercised dominion or control over her website, since Shell's complaint states explicitly that she continued to own and operate the website while it was archived on the Wayback machine. Shell identifies no authority supporting the notion that copying documents is by itself enough of a deprivation of use to support conversion. Conversely, numerous circuits have determined that it is not.' * ^ brewster (2007-04-25). 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EXTERNAL LINKS * Official website * |