Walter Laqueur

Walter Ze'ev Laqueur (26 May 1921 – 30 September 2018) was a German-born American historian, journalist and political commentator. He was an influential scholar on the subjects of terrorism and political violence.

Biography

Walter Laqueur was born in Breslau, Lower Silesia, Germany (today Wrocław, Poland), into a Jewish family. In November 1938 he left Germany, immigrating to the British Mandate of Palestine. His parents, who were unable to leave, were murdered in the Holocaust. After less than a year at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he left to work as an agricultural laborer and guard. In 1942 he became a member of kibbutz HaZore'a.

Laqueur was married to Naomi Koch, with whom he had two daughters. His second wife was Christa Susi Genzen. Laqueur died at his home in Washington, D.C., on September 30, 2018.

Journalism and academic career

From 1944, when he moved to Jerusalem, until his departure in 1955 he worked as a journalist for the Hashomer Hatzair newspaper, ''Mishmar'' (later, ''Al HaMishmar''), and for ''The Palestine Post'' (later, ''The Jerusalem Post''). In addition, he was the Middle East correspondent for journals in the United States and a commentator on world politics for Israel radio.Biography

After moving to London, Laqueur founded and edited ''Soviet Survey,'' a journal focusing on Soviet and East European culture. ''Survey'' was one of the numerous publications of the CIA-funded Congress for Cultural Freedom to counter Soviet Communist cultural propaganda in the West.

Laqueur was Director of the Institute of Contemporary History and the Wiener Library in London from 1965 to 1994. Together with George Mosse, he founded and edited ''Journal of Contemporary History''. From 1969 he was a member, and later Chairman (until 2000), of the International Research Council of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington. He was the founding editor of ''The Washington Papers''. He was Professor of the History of Ideas at Brandeis University from 1968 to 1972, and at Georgetown University from 1976 to 1988. He was also a visiting professor of history and government at Harvard, the University of Chicago, Tel Aviv University and Johns Hopkins University.

Laqueur wrote extensively about the Middle East, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the German Youth Movement, Zionism, the cultural history of the Weimar Republic, Communism and the Soviet Union, the Holocaust, the Cold War, fascism, post-World War II Europe and the decline of Europe, antisemitism both ancient and new. He pioneered the study of guerrilla warfare and terrorism. After the fall of the Soviet Union, he predicted that Russia would not become a democracy but an authoritarian system based on nationalist populism. His books and articles, which were published in many American and Europeans newspapers and periodicals, have been translated into several languages.

Laqueur's book ''The Last Days of Europe'' is often cited as a segment of " Eurabia literature", although in ''After the Fall'' he dismisses the "alarmist" notion of Eurabia as popularized by Oriana Fallaci.

Selected works

Articles
* "Letters from Readers." '' Commentary'', vol. 21, no. 2 (February 1956), pp. 183–185.
* "Communism and Nationalism in Tropical Africa." ''Foreign Affairs'', vol. 39, no. 4 (July 1961), pp. 610–621. .
* " Hollanditis: A New Stage in European Neutralism." '' Commentary'' (August 1981), pp. 19–29.
* "The Future of Intelligence." ''Society'', vol. 35, no. 2 (January/February 1998), pp. 301–311. .

"Disraelia: A Counterfactual History, 1848-2008."
''Middle East Papers'', no. 1 (April 1, 2008).

Books
* ''Communism and Nationalism in the Middle East'', London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1956
* ''Nasser's Egypt'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1957
* ''The Soviet Cultural Scene, 1956–1957'', co-edited with George Lichtheim, New York: Praeger, 1958
* ''The Middle East in Transition: Studies in Contemporary History'', New York: Praeger, 1958.

''The Soviet Union and the Middle East''.
New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. .
* ''Polycentrism: The New Factor in International Communism'', co-edited with Leopold Labedz, New York: Praeger, 1962
* ''Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement'', New York: Basic Books, 1962
* Heimkehr: Reisen in der Vergangenheit, Berlin, Propylaen Verlag, 1964
* ''Neue Welle in der Sowjetunion: Beharrung und Fortschritt in Literatur und Kunst'', Vienna: Europa Verlag, 1964
* ''Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965
* ''1914: The Coming of the First World War'', co-edited with George L. Mosse, New York: Harper & Row, 1966
* ''Education and Social Structure in the Twentieth Century'', co-edited with George L. Mosse, New York: Harper & Row, 1967
* ''The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967
* ''The Road to Jerusalem: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967'', New York: Macmillan, 1968 (published in the UK as ''The Road to War, 1967: The Origins of the Arab-Israel Conflict'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969)
* ''The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict'', Pelican Books, 1969.
* ''Linksintellektuelle zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen'', co-written with George Mosse, Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, 1969
* ''The Struggle for the Middle East: The Soviet Union in the Mediterranean, 1958–1968'', London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969
* ''Europe Since Hitler'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970
* ''A Dictionary of Politics'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971
* ''Out of the Ruins of Europe'', New York: Library Press, 1971
* ''A Reader's Guide to Contemporary History'', co-edited with Bernard Krikler, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972 .
* ''A History of Zionism'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1972
* ''Neo-Isolationism and the World of the Seventies'', New York: Library Press, 1972
* ''Confrontation: The Middle East War and World Politics, London: Wildwood House, 1974
* ''Historians in Politics'', co-edited with George L. Mosse, London: Sage Publications, 1974
* ''Weimar: A Cultural History, 1918–1933''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974. .
* ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography'' (editor). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. .
* ''Terrorism'', Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1977
* ''Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977
* ''The Guerrilla Reader: A Historical Anthology'', editor, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977
* ''The Terrorism Reader: A Historical Anthology'', editor, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978
* ''The Human Rights Reader'', co-edited with Barry Rubin, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979
* ''A Continent Astray: Europe, 1970–1978'', London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1979
* ''The Missing Years'' novel London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980
* ''Farewell to Europe'' novel London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1981
* ''The Terrible Secret: Suppression of the Truth about Hitler's Final Solution'', Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1980

''The Political Psychology of Appeasement: Finlandization and Other Unpopular Essays''
New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1980.
* ''The Second World War: Essays in Military and Political History'', London: Sage Publications, 1982
* ''America, Europe, and the Soviet Union: Selected Essays'', New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1983
* ''The Pattern of Soviet Conduct in the Third World'', editor, New York: Praeger, 1983
* ''Looking Forward, Looking Back: A Decade of World Politics'', New York: Praeger, 1983
* ''The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict'', co-edited with Barry Rubin, London and New York: Penguin Books, 1984
* ''Germany Today: A Personal Report'', Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1985
* ''A World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence'', New York: Basic Books, 1985
* ''European Peace Movements and the Future of the Western Alliance'', co-edited with Robert Hunter, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1985
* ''Breaking The Silence'', co-written with Richard Breitman, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986
* ''The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present'', New York: Scribner's, 1987
* ''America in the World, 1962–1987: A Strategic and Political Reader'', co-edited with Brad Roberts, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987
* ''The Age of Terrorism'', Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1987
* ''The Long Road to Freedom: Russia and Glasnost'', Collier Books, 1989,
* ''Soviet Realities: Culture and Politics from Stalin to Gorbachev'', New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1990

''Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations''
New York : Scribner's, 1990

''Soviet Union 2000: Reform or Revolution?''
co-written with John Erickson, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990

''Thursday's Child Has Far to Go: A Memoir of the Journeying Years''
New York: Scribner's, 1992
* ''Europe in Our Time: A History, 1945–1992'', New York: Viking, 1992

''Black Hundred: The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia''
New York : Harper Collins, 1993

''The Dream That Failed: Reflections on the Soviet Union''
London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994

''Fascism: Past, Present, Future''.
London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. / .
* ''Fin de Siècle and Other Essays on America & Europe'', New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Transaction Publishers, 1997
* ''Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study'', New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Transaction Publishers, 1997
* ''Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind'', Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998
* ''The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction'', London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999

''Generation Exodus: The Fate of Young Jewish Refugees From Nazi Germany''.
Hanover, NH; London: University Press of New England for Brandeis University Press, 2001. ''The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry Series''. .
* ''The Holocaust Encyclopedia'', with Judith Tydor Baumel. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. .
* ''A History of Terrorism''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001. .
* '' Voices of Terror: Manifestos, Writings and Manuals of Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Other Terrorists from Around the World and Throughout the Ages''. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2004. .
* ''No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-first Century''. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004.

''Dying for Jerusalem: The Past, Present and Future of the Holiest City''
Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2006. / .

''The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day''
London and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006

''The Last Days of Europe: Epitaph for an Old Continent''.
New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2007. / .Harris, Ken
Reviews of ''Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century'' by Mark Leonard; ''The Last Days of Europe'' by Walter Laqueur.
''FUTUREtakes'', Vol. 7, No. 1, Spring-Summer 2008, pp. 1-4.

''Best of Times, Worst of Times: Memoirs of a Political Education''.
Lebanon, NH: Brandeis University Press, 2009. ''The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry Series''. .
* ''After the Fall: The End of the European Dream and the Decline of a Continent''. New York: Macmillan, 2011. .
* ''Harvest of a Decade: Disraelia and Other Essays''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2012. .
* ''Optimism in Politics: Reflections on Contemporary History''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2014. .
* ''Putinism: Russia and its Future with the West''. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2015.
* ''The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict'', with Dan Schueftan. London and New York: Penguin Books

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