Walter F. Willcox
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Walter Francis Willcox (March 22, 1861 – October 30, 1964) was an American statistician. He was born in
Reading, Massachusetts Reading ( ) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, north of central Boston. The population was 25,518 at the 2020 census. History Settlement and American independence Many of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's original settle ...
, to William Henry Willcox and Anne Holmes Goodenow. He was graduated from Phillips Academy,
Andover Andover may refer to: Places Australia *Andover, Tasmania Canada * Andover Parish, New Brunswick * Perth-Andover, New Brunswick United Kingdom * Andover, Hampshire, England ** RAF Andover, a former Royal Air Force station United States * Andove ...
, in 1880, from Amherst College in 1884 with an
A.B. Bachelor of arts (BA or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts degree course is generally completed in three or four yea ...
, and in 1888 received an A.M. degree from Amherst College. He received an LL.B degree (1887) and a Ph.D. (1891) from
Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
. In 1906 he received an honorary LL.D. degree from Amherst College.


Life

Willcox was a
Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to tea ...
faculty member from 1891 to 1931 within the President White School of History and Political Science. He held the presidency of the
American Statistical Association The American Statistical Association (ASA) is the main professional organization for statisticians and related professionals in the United States. It was founded in Boston, Massachusetts on November 27, 1839, and is the second oldest continuousl ...
from 1911 to 1912 and of the American Economic Association in 1915. As well as essays and magazine articles, he published ''The Divorce Problem, A Study in Statistics'' (1891; second edition, 1897), and ''Supplementary Analysis and Derivative Tables'', twelfth census (1906). He contributed the "Negroes in the United States" subsection to the "Negro" article in the 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica The (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various t ...
. (The main section, by
Thomas Athol Joyce Thomas Athol Joyce OBE FRAI (4 August 1878 – 3 January 1942) was a British anthropologist. He became an acknowledged expert on American and African Anthropology at the British Museum. He led expeditions to excavate Maya sites in British Hond ...
, is of interest today for the insight it gives into racial prejudices of the time.) Willcox initiated the first statistics course at Cornell in 1892, one of the earliest university courses in statistics in the United States, and one among 16 universities with such courses in the 1890s. His research interest was in vital statistics. Emil Julius Gumbel described his body of work, collected in Studies in American Demography, as "the type of old-fashioned writings which will continue to be of value notwithstanding all progress achieved in mathematical statistics." In 1911, Willcox claimed there would be "no children in the United States under five years of age" by the year 2020. Perpetuating ideas of
race suicide Race suicide was an alarmist term used in eugenics, coined in 1900 by the sociologist Edward A. Ross. Racial suicide rhetoric suggested a differential birth rate between native-born Protestant and immigrant Catholic women, or more generally betw ...
, Willcox erroneously explained that the United States' birth rate meant that importing babies from France would be the only option for maintaining population levels. After serving as one of five chief statisticians for the U.S. Census in 1900, Willcox proved that for any method of
apportionment The legal term apportionment (french: apportionement; Mediaeval Latin: , derived from la, portio, share), also called delimitation, is in general the distribution or allotment of proper shares, though may have different meanings in different c ...
that involves rounding, a priority list can be created by dividing the rounding point into each state's population,https://thirty-thousand.org/documents/CRS_OCT2000.pdf by which each seat can be assigned in successive order based on each state's priority listings. His son, Alan Willcox, served as general counsel to the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.


Publications

* ''Studies in American Demography'', Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press (1940). * ''International Migrations, Volume II: Interpretations'' (Editor), New York: National Bureau of Economic Research (1931).
Walter Francis Willcox papers
#14-10-504. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.


References

1861 births 1964 deaths Phillips Academy alumni 20th-century American mathematicians American statisticians American centenarians Men centenarians Amherst College alumni Columbia Law School alumni Cornell University Department of History faculty Presidents of the American Statistical Association Presidents of the International Statistical Institute 20th-century American essayists Presidents of the American Economic Association {{US-statistician-stub