Waldemar Klingelhöfer (4 April 1900 — 18 January 1977) was an ''SS-

Sturmbannführer __NOTOC__ ''Sturmbannführer'' (; ) was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank equivalent to major that was used in several Nazi organizations, such as the SA, SS, and the NSFK. The rank originated from German shock troop units of the First World War ...

'' (Major) and convicted war criminal.

Early life

Klingelhöfer was born in Moscow as the son of a funeral director of German origins. Waldemar Klingelhöfer attended school in Kassel, served in the German army from June–December 1918 and after the war studied music and voice.Einsatzgruppen trial, Individual Judgment against Waldemar Klingelhöfer, pages 568-570
''Trials of War Criminals before the Nürnberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nürnberg, October 1946 - April 1949'', Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case")
also available a

(well indexed HTML version) He gave concerts throughout Germany and later received a State's Certificate as a voice teacher. In 1935, he became an opera singer.

Nazi career

In the 1920s, Klingelhöfer joined the , a

Freikorps (, "Free Corps" or "Volunteer Corps") were irregular German and other European military volunteer units, or paramilitary, that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. They effectively fought as mercenary or private armies, rega ...

organised by

Gerhard Roßbach Gerhard Roßbach (28 February 1893 – 30 August 1967), also spelt Rossbach, was a German ''Freikorps'' leader and organizer of nationalist groups after World War I. He is generally credited with inventing the brown uniforms of the Nazi Party ...

. In 1937, he took over the Department of Culture, a branch of the Security Service (''

Sicherheitsdienst ' (, ''Security Service''), full title ' (Security Service of the '' Reichsführer-SS''), or SD, was the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization ...

'', or SD), office SD III-C in Kassel. In 1941, he was assigned to ''Einsatzgruppe'' B as a Russian interpreter. This ''Einsatzgruppe''—already by November 1941, according to its own Status Report No. 133—had killed 45,467 persons. By 26 October, '' Vorkommando Moscow''—a part of ''Einsatzgruppe'' B—and the group staff had executed 2,457 persons, including 572 people killed between 28 September and 26 October 1941, while Klingelhöfer was in command. Klingelhöfer witnessed executions and carried out others. For example, he shot 30 Jews who had left a ghetto without permission. Klingelhöfer later claimed he did this on the orders of

Arthur Nebe Arthur Nebe (; 13 November 1894 – 21 March 1945) was a German SS functionary who was key in the security and police apparatus of Nazi Germany and from 1941, a major perpetrator of the Holocaust. Nebe rose through the ranks of the Prussia ...

to make an example out of the victims, then contradicted himself by saying that three women had contacted some partisans, then returned to the town and spoke with the Jews. This, according to Klingelhöfer, made the Jews partisans and therefore subject to being shot. The three women Klingelhöfer also shot, but—unlike the Jews—he blindfolded them and buried them in a separate grave.

War crimes trial

At trial, Klingelhöfer claimed that his only role in the ''Einsatzgruppe'' was that of interpreter. This contention was rejected by the court, on the grounds that even if it were true, as an interpreter, his tasks included locating, evaluating and forwarding to the ''Einsatzgruppe'' command lists of Communist party functionaries. Because—according to his own testimony—he knew the people would be executed when found, this made him an accessory to the crime. Beyond this, the tribunal found that Klingelhöfer was not just an interpreter, but an active leader and commander, who knew what the ''Einsatz'' units were doing to the Jews. According to Klingelhöfer's own affidavit, he had been appointed by

to lead ''Vorkommando Moscow'': The ''Einsatzgruppen'' operated with the assumption that a ''Führer'' order (') existed that provided for and required the mass murder of Jews, Gypsies and others whom the Nazis did not deem racially worthy. Although Klingelhöfer stated several times during his testimony that he was morally opposed to the ''Führer'' Order, the court found that he went along quite willingly with it. Klingelhöfer was unrepentant about the necessity for the war:

Death sentence and reprieve

On 10 April 1948, Klingelhöfer was sentenced to death in the ''Einsatzgruppen'' Trial. In 1951, under intense political pressure, U.S. High Commissioner John J. McCloy commuted Klingelhöfer's sentence—and those of three other ''Einsatzgruppen'' defendants—to life imprisonment.Diefendorf, ''American Policy and the Reconstruction of West Germany'', at page 450. On 12 December 1956, Klingelhöfer was released from Landsberg Prison on parole. In 1960, he lived in Villingen and worked as an office clerk.

Notes

References

''Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946 - April 1949'', Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case")
also available a

(well indexed HTML version) *Diefenforf, Jeffry M., Frohn, Axel, and Rupieper, Hermann-Josef, ''American Policy and the Reconstruction of West Germany, 1945-1955'', Cambridge University Press 1994

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Klingelhofer, Waldemar 1900 births 1977 deaths Nazi Party officials SS-Sturmbannführer Holocaust perpetrators in Russia People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals German prisoners sentenced to death Prisoners sentenced to death by the United States military Holocaust perpetrators in Belarus 20th-century German male opera singers Einsatzgruppen personnel German people convicted of crimes against humanity