A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of

consonant In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are and pronounced with the lips; and pronounced with the front of the tongue; and pronounced wi ...

al sound used in some spoken

language Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of ...

s. The

International Phonetic Association The International Phonetic Association (IPA; French: ', ''API'') is an organization that promotes the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. The IPA's major contribution to phonetics is the Interna ...

uses term ''voiced postalveolar fricative'' only for the sound , but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative , for which there are significant perceptual differences.

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of

al sound, used in some spoken

Transcription

The symbol in the

International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation ...

that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter

Ezh Ezh (Ʒ ʒ) , also called the "tailed z", is a letter whose lower case form is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), representing the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant. For example, the pronunciation of "si" in ''vi ...

(), and the equivalent

X-SAMPA The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London. It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, a ...

symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is , a ''z'' with a

caron A caron (), háček or haček (, or ; plural ''háčeks'' or ''háčky'') also known as a hachek, wedge, check, kvačica, strešica, mäkčeň, varnelė, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, flying bird, inverted chevron, is a diacritic mark (� ...

. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph . Palatoalveolar fricative

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by

yod-coalescence The phonological history of the English language includes various changes in the phonology of consonant clusters. H-cluster reductions The H-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English, inv ...

of and in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with and ). The sound occurs in many languages and, as in

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

and French, may have simultaneous

lip rounding Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve ...

(), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features

Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

Occurrence

The sound in

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

denoted by is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the

does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ( retracted constricted ). The equivalent

symbol is r\_-_r.

Features

However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. * Its

place of articulation In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is a location along the vocal tract where its production occurs. It is a point where a constriction is made between an active and a passive articula ...

is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.

Occurrence

Notes

References

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

External links

* {{IPA navigation Postalveolar consonants Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants Labial–coronal consonants

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

Transcription

Features

Occurrence

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links