The voiced alveolar trill is a type of
consonantal sound used in some spoken
languages. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic transcription, phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standa ...
that represents
dental,
alveolar Alveolus (; pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit.
Uses in anatomy and zoology
* Pulmonary alveolus, an air sac in the lungs
** Alveolar cell or pneumocyte
** Alveolar duct
** Alveolar macrophage
* ...
, and
postalveolar
Postalveolar or post-alveolar consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the ''back'' of the alveolar ridge. Articulation is farther back in the mouth than the alveolar consonants, which are at the ridge itself, but no ...
trills is , and the equivalent
X-SAMPA symbol is
r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like
English and
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
that have
rhotic consonant
In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthography, orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek alphabet, Greek letter Rho (letter), rho, including R, , in the Latin ...
s that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
In many
Indo-European languages, a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more. Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include
Albanian
Albanian may refer to:
*Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular:
**Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans
**Albanian language
**Albanian culture
**Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...
,
Spanish,
Cypriot Greek, and a number of
Armenian and
Portuguese dialects.
People with
ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.
Voiced alveolar trill
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar trill:
* Its
place of articulation may be
:
dental (behind the upper front teeth),
:
alveolar Alveolus (; pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit.
Uses in anatomy and zoology
* Pulmonary alveolus, an air sac in the lungs
** Alveolar cell or pneumocyte
** Alveolar duct
** Alveolar macrophage
* ...
(at the
alveolar ridge), or
:
post-alveolar (behind the alveolar ridge).
* It is most often
apical, which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
Occurrence
Dental
Alveolar
Post-alveolar
Variable
Voiced alveolar fricative trill
In
Czech, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written ''r'', there is another laminal trill, written ''
ř'', in words such as ''rybáři'' 'fishermen' and the common surname ''Dvořák''. Its manner of articulation is similar to but is
laminal
A laminal consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue in contact
with upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, to possibly, as ...
and the body of the tongue is
raised. It is thus partially
fricative, with the frication sounding rather like but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous and , and some speakers tend to pronounce it as , , or . In the IPA, it is typically written as plus the raising diacritic, , but it has also been written as laminal .
[For example, Ladefoged (1971).] (Before the 1989
IPA Kiel Convention
The International Phonetic Alphabet was created soon after the International Phonetic Association was established in the late 19th century. It was intended as an international system of phonetic transcription for oral languages, originally for p ...
, it had a dedicated symbol .) The
Kobon language
Kobon (pronounced , or ) is a language of Papua New Guinea. It has somewhere around 90–120 verbs.
Kobon has a pandanus language, spoken when harvesting karuka.
Geographic distribution
Kobon is spoken in Madang Province and Western Highlands ...
of
Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:
*Its
manner of articulation
In articulatory phonetics, the manner of articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound. One parameter of manner is ''stricture,'' that is, h ...
is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
* Its
place of articulation is
laminal
A laminal consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue in contact
with upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, to possibly, as ...
alveolar Alveolus (; pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit.
Uses in anatomy and zoology
* Pulmonary alveolus, an air sac in the lungs
** Alveolar cell or pneumocyte
** Alveolar duct
** Alveolar macrophage
* ...
, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the
alveolar ridge.
Examples
See also
*
Index of phonetics articles
A
* Acoustic phonetics
* Active articulator
* Affricate
* Airstream mechanism
* Alexander John Ellis
* Alexander Melville Bell
* Alfred C. Gimson
* Allophone
* Alveolar approximant ()
* Alveolar click ()
* Alveolar consonant
* Alveolar ejecti ...
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
{{LetterR
Alveolar consonants
Trill consonants
Pulmonic consonants
Oral consonants
Central consonants