The gens Vibia was a

plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of ...

family at ancient Rome. Although individuals named ''Vibius'' appear in history during the time of the

Second Punic War The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Ital ...

, no members of this

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same Roman naming conventions#Nomen, nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (p ...

are found at Rome until the final century of the

Republic A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...

. The first of the Vibii to obtain the consulship was

Gaius Vibius Pansa Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (died 22 April 43 BC) was consul of the Roman Republic in 43 BC. Although supporting Gaius Julius Caesar during the Civil War, he pushed for the restoration of the Republic upon Caesar’s death. He died of injuri ...

in 43 BC, and from then until imperial times the Vibii regularly filled the highest offices of the Roman state. The emperors Trebonianus Gallus and

Volusianus Gaius Vibius Volusianus (died August 253) was a Roman emperor from 251 to 253, ruling with his father Trebonianus Gallus. After Emperor Decius and his son and co-ruler Herennius Etruscus died in battle in June 251, Trebonianus Gallus was el ...

each claimed descent from the family.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 1252 (" Vibia Gens").

Origin

The nomen ''Vibius'' is a patronymic surname, derived from the

praenomen The ''praenomen'' (; plural: ''praenomina'') was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the bi ...

'' Vibius'', which must have belonged to an ancestor of the gens. The name is generally regarded as an '' Oscan'' praenomen, and it is found extensively in Campania, but it was also used in Latium, and appears at Rome from a very early period, being used by the patrician

Sestii The gens Sestia () was a minor patrician family at ancient Rome. The only member of this gens to obtain the consulship in the time of the Republic was Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus, in 452 BC.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and ...

, and occasionally by members of several prominent plebeian families. The Vibian gens itself was probably Oscan.

Praenomina

The main praenomina of the Vibii were ''

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist *Gaius Acilius *Gaius Antonius *Gaius Antonius Hybrida *Gaius Asinius Gallus *Gaius Asinius Pol ...

'', '' Lucius'', and ''

Quintus Quintus is a male given name derived from '' Quintus'', a common Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth". Quintus is an English masculine given name and ...

''. A family of imperial times used the praenomen '' Titus'', while individual examples of ''

Aulus Aulus (abbreviated A.) is one of the small group of common forenames found in the culture of ancient Rome. The name was traditionally connected with Latin ''aula'', ''olla'', "palace", but this is most likely a false etymology. ''Aulus'' in fact p ...

'' and ''

Sextus Sextus is an ancient Roman '' praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Althoug ...

'' are known.

Branches and cognomina

The

cognomina A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became here ...

of the Vibii under the Republic were ''Pansa'' and ''Varus'', each of which occurs on coins. Both surnames derive from the physical characteristics of the persons to whom they originally applied; ''Pansa'' translates as "splay-footed", while ''Varus'' is "knock-kneed".

Members

* Vibius Accuaeus, a native of Accua, a village in

Apulia it, Pugliese , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographic ...

, led a

cohort Cohort or cohortes may refer to: * Cohort (educational group), a group of students working together through the same academic curriculum * Cohort (floating point), a set of different encodings of the same numerical value * Cohort (military unit), ...

of Paelignian soldiers in the Roman army in 212 BC, during the Second Punic War, and fought with conspicuous bravery. It is not certain whether ''Vibius'' was his praenomen or his nomen. * Vibius Paciacus, or perhaps Pacianus, gave refuge to

Crassus Marcus Licinius Crassus (; 115 – 53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He is often called "the richest man in Rome." Wallechinsky, David & Wallace, I ...

, who had fled to Hispania to escape the proscriptions of Marius and Cinna in 86 BC. * Gaius Vibius C. f. Pansa, a moneyer, and the adoptive father of the consul Pansa Caetronianus. * Vibius, a man who bore a great resemblance to

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of ...

, and was frequently mistaken for the general. * Lucius Vibius, an

eques Eques, ''horseman'' or ''rider'' in Latin, may refer to: * Equites, a member of the Roman Equestrian order * the Latin word for a knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or ...

, leader of the publicani at

Syracuse Syracuse may refer to: Places Italy *Syracuse, Sicily, or spelled as ''Siracusa'' *Province of Syracuse United States *Syracuse, New York **East Syracuse, New York **North Syracuse, New York *Syracuse, Indiana * Syracuse, Kansas *Syracuse, Miss ...

in the time of Verres. * Sextus Vibius, a resident of

Larinum Larino ( nap, label= Campobassan dialect, Larìne; la, Larinum) is a town and ''comune'' of approximately 8,100 inhabitants in Molise, province of Campobasso, southern Italy. It is located in the fertile valley of the Biferno River. The old t ...

, was murdered by Oppianicus. * Vibius Cappadox, a resident of Larinum, whom

Aulus Cluentius Habitus Aulus Cluentius Habitus, a wealthy citizen of Larinum in Samnium, and subject of a Roman ''cause célèbre''. In 74 BC, he accused his stepfather Statius Albius Oppianicus of an attempt to poison him; had it been successful, the property of Cluent ...

was accused of having poisoned. * Vibius Curius, one of the commanders of

Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caes ...

's cavalry at the beginning of the Civil War. Several of Pompeius' generals went over to Caesar, and were accepted by Curius. He is probably the same Vibius who gave Cicero the books of the poet

Alexander Lychnus Alexander (ancient Greek, Gr. ) surnamed Lychnus (), was an ancient Greek rhetorician and poet. He was a native of Ephesus, from which he is sometimes called Alexander Ephesius, and must have lived shortly before the time of Strabo (i.e., the 1st ...

. * Gaius Vibius C. f. C. n. Pansa Caetronianus, consul in 43 BC, led the Roman forces against the supporters of

Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autoc ...

at the

Battle of Forum Gallorum The Battle of Forum Gallorum was fought on 14 April 43 BC between the forces of Mark Antony, and legions loyal to the Roman Senate under the overall command of consul Gaius Pansa, aided by his fellow consul Aulus Hirtius. The untested Caesar O ...

, where he gained the victory thanks to the assistance of his colleague, Aulus Hirtius. Pansa was mortally wounded in the fighting, and died soon afterward.Fasti Capitolini'', ; 1940, 59, 60. * Gaius Vibius C. f. C. n. Postumus, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of July in AD 5. In AD 10, he helped quell a revolt of the Dalmatae, for which he received the

triumphal ornaments Roman triumphal honours (Latin: ''insignia'' or ''ornamenta triumphalia'') denotes honours awarded during the Roman Empire to a victorious general in lieu of a full Roman triumph. After 14 BC, it became the policy of the founder-emperor Augustus, ...

. He was governor of Asia from 12 to 15. * Manius Vibius Balbinus, governor of

Gallia Narbonensis Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in Southern France. It was also known as Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), because it was the ...

from AD 15 to 17. *

Gaius Vibius Rufus Gaius Vibius Rufus was a Roman senator and orator, who flourished during the Principate. He was suffect consul in the second half of AD 16 with Gaius Pomponius Graecinus as his colleague. The first of his family to achieve consular rank, Rufus ...

, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 16.'' Fasti Ostienses'', , 245, 4531–4546, 5354, 5355.''Fasti Antiates'', . * Gaius Vibius Serenus, one of the accusers of Marcus Scribonius Libo in AD 16. He was governor of Hispania Ulterior in 23, when he was condemned and exiled to the island of Amorgus in the Cyclades, on a charge of ''vis publica'', riot or revolt, but in reality because he was an enemy of

Sejanus Lucius Aelius Sejanus (c. 20 BC – 18 October AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus (), was a Roman soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. Of the Equites class by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Praetorian Guar ...

. He was recalled the following year, after his own son accused him of plotting against Tiberius, but was subsequently returned to Amorgus. * Gaius Vibius C. f. Marsus, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of July in AD 17, and probably governor of Africa around AD 20. He was later accused of being one of the accomplices of Albucilla, but escaped condemnation by the death of Tiberius in 37. He was governor of

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

in 47. * Vibia Laelia, the daughter of the consul Marsus and his wife Laelia, married Publius Plautius Pulcher. * Gaius Vibius C. f. Serenus, accused his exiled father of having plotted against Tiberius, together with Caecilius Cornutus, a former praetor. Cornutus took his own life before trial, but the elder Serenus vehemently proclaimed his innocence, and under torture his slaves supported him. The younger Serenus became a notorious '' delator'', but his accusation of Gaius Fonteius Capito was not believed. * Vibius Fronto, commander of the cavalry in

Cilicia Cilicia (); el, Κιλικία, ''Kilikía''; Middle Persian: ''klkyʾy'' (''Klikiyā''); Parthian: ''kylkyʾ'' (''Kilikiyā''); tr, Kilikya). is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from the northeastern coas ...

, captured Vonones, the deposed King of Parthia, during the latter's flight to Armenia in AD 19. *

Gaius Vibius Rufinus Gaius Vibius Rufinus was a Roman senator, who flourished during the early first century. He was suffect consul as the colleague of Marcus Cocceius Nerva in August of a year during the first half of the first century; which year is still in dispute ...

, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 40 or 41, and governor of

Germania Superior Germania Superior ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire. It comprised an area of today's western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany. Important cities were Besançon ('' Vesontio' ...

from about 42 to 45. * Vibia, or Vibidia, the wife of Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, consul in AD 32, was exiled by

Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...

in AD 53, along with her son, Lucius Arruntius Furius Scribonianus, on a charge of having consulted astrologers to determine the date of the emperor's death. * Lucius Vibius (L. f.) Secundus, probably the elder brother of Quintus Vibius Crispus. * Quintus Vibius (L. f.) Crispus, afterward

Lucius Junius Quintus Vibius Crispus Lucius Junius Quintus Vibius Crispus (sometimes known as Quintus Vibius Crispus) was a Roman senator and ''amicus'' or companion of the Emperors, known for his wit. He was a three-time suffect consul. Family Crispus came from a family of the eq ...

, a wealthy orator of considerable talent, was consul ''suffectus'' under Nero in AD 63 or 64, proconsul of Africa in 72 and 73, and consul for the second time in AD 74, with the future emperor Titus, from the Ides of March to the Ides of May. He received a third consulship under Domitian, in 82 or 83. Tacitus suggests that he gained his fortune as a ''delator'' in the reign of Nero. * Quintus Vibius Q. f. (L. n.) Secundus, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of March to the Kalends of May in AD 86. * Lucius Vibius Sabinus consul ''suffectus'' some time in the latter part of the first century, married

Salonia Matidia Salonia Matidia (4 July 68 – 23 December 119) was the daughter and only child of Ulpia Marciana and wealthy praetor Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus. Her maternal uncle was the Roman emperor Trajan. Trajan had no children and treated her like ...

, the niece of Trajan, and was the father of the empress Vibia Sabina. * Lucius Vibius Lentulus, fiscal secretary under Trajan, was the first known

to hold the position, which had formerly been entrusted to freedmen. * Gaius Vibius Maximus, governor of Egypt from AD 103 to 107. * Vibia, the wife of Titus Sextius Cornelius Africanus, consul in AD 112, and mother of

Titus Sextius Lateranus Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death. Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a milit ...

, consul in 154. * Titus Vibius Varus, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of September in AD 115.Smallwood, ''Principates of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian''. * Vibia L. f. Sabina, daughter of the consul Lucius Vibius Sabinus, became the wife of

Hadrian Hadrian (; la, Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman ''municipium'' founded by Italic settlers in Hispania B ...

, and Roman empress from AD 117 to her death, about 136. * Quintus Vibius Gallus, consul in AD 119. * Gaius Julius Lupus Titus Vibius Varus Laevillus,

quaestor A ( , , ; "investigator") was a public official in Ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times. In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officials who ...

in Asia in AD 132. * Titus Vibius Varus, consul in AD 134. * Titus Clodius Vibius Varus, consul in AD 160. * Vibia Aurelia Sabina, the daughter of Marcus Aurelius, married Lucius Antistius Burrus, consul with the emperor Commodus in AD 181. Burrus was put to death for plotting against Commodus in 188. *

Vibia Perpetua Perpetua and Felicity ( la, Perpetua et Felicitas) were Christian martyrs of the 3rd century. Vibia Perpetua was a recently married, well-educated noblewoman, said to have been 22 years old at the time of her death, and mother of an infant son ...

, said to have been a young mother, martyred as a Christian at Carthage in AD 203. * Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus, had been consul and governor of

Moesia Superior Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; el, Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Alban ...

, was proclaimed emperor in AD 251. He was slain in August, 253, as Aemilian marched on Rome.Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'', 30, ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 30.Eutropius, ix. 5. * Gaius Vibius C. f. Volusianus, the son of Trebonianus Gallus, was proclaimed emperor alongside his father, following the death of Hostilian in 251. Volusianus was slain along with his father in 253. * Vibia Galla, the daughter of Trebonianus Gallus. * Vibius Passienus, according to

Trebellius Pollio The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Supposedly modeled on the sim ...

, proconsul of Africa during the reign of Gallienus. He is said to have proclaimed

Titus Cornelius Celsus Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death. Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a mili ...

, a former military tribune, emperor, during the unrest of AD 265. The rebellion was quashed, and Celsus slain, within a week. The historicity of the entire episode is doubted by modern scholars. * Vibius Sequester, the author of a treatise naming and briefly describing various geographical features found in Roman poets, including rivers, springs, lakes, woods, swamps, and mountains. He may have borrowed from

Servius Servius is the name of: * Servius (praenomen), the personal name * Maurus Servius Honoratus, a late fourth-century and early fifth-century grammarian * Servius Tullius, the Roman king * Servius Sulpicius Rufus, the 1st century BC Roman jurist See ...

, which would place him in the fifth century. * Vibius, the engraver of a carnelian intaglio depicting

Othryades Othryades ( grc, Ὀθρυάδης) and Othryadas ( grc, Ὀθρυάδας) was the last surviving Spartan of the 300 Spartans selected to fight against 300 Argives in the Battle of the 300 Champions. Ashamed by surviving his comrades, he commit ...

.Rochette, ''Lettre à M. Schorn'', p. 158, 2nd ed.

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

* Marcus Tullius Cicero, '' Epistulae ad Atticum'', '' Epistulae ad Familiares'', '' In Verrem'', ''

Pro Cluentio ''Pro Cluentio'' is a speech by the Roman orator Cicero given in defense of a man named Aulus Cluentius Habitus Minor. Cluentius, from Larinum in Samnium, was accused in 69 BC by his mother Sassia of having poisoned his stepfather, Statius Abbiu ...

''. * Gaius Julius Caesar, '' Commentarii de Bello Civili'' (Commentaries on the Civil War). * Titus Livius ( Livy), '' History of Rome''. * Marcus Velleius Paterculus, ''Compendium of Roman History''. * Valerius Maximus, ''

Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia'') by Valerius Maximus (c. 20 BC – c. AD 50) was written arou ...

'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings). * Gaius Plinius Secundus ( Pliny the Elder), '' Historia Naturalis'' (Natural History). * Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (

Quintilian Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (; 35 – 100 AD) was a Roman educator and rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing. In English translation, he is usually referred to as Quintilia ...

), ''

Institutio Oratoria ''Institutio Oratoria'' (English: Institutes of Oratory) is a twelve-volume textbook on the theory and practice of rhetoric by Roman rhetorician Quintilian. It was published around year 95 AD. The work deals also with the foundational education ...

'' (Institutes of Oratory). * Publius Cornelius Tacitus, '' Annales'', '' Historiae'', ''

Dialogus de Oratoribus The ''Dialogus de oratoribus'' is a short work attributed to Tacitus, in dialogue form, on the art of rhetoric. Its date of composition is unknown, though its dedication to Lucius Fabius Justus places its publication around 102 AD. Summary The ...

'' (Dialogue on Oratory). * Plutarchus, '' Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans''. *

Lucius Annaeus Florus Three main sets of works are attributed to Florus (a Roman cognomen): ''Virgilius orator an poeta'', an Epitome of Roman History and a collection of 14 short poems (66 lines in all). As to whether these were composed by the same person, or set of ...

, ''Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC'' (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years). * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Cassius Dio), ''Roman History''. * Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, ''

Historia Augusta The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Supposedly modeled on the sim ...

'' (Augustan History). * Eutropius, ''Breviarium Historiae Romanae'' (Abridgement of the History of Rome). * Sextus Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' (On the Caesars), ''

Epitome de Caesaribus The ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' is a Latin historical work written at the end of the 4th century. It is a brief account of the reigns of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Theodosius the Great. It is attributed to Aurelius Victor, but was written ...

'' (attributed). *

Zosimus Zosimus, Zosimos, Zosima or Zosimas may refer to: People * * Rufus and Zosimus (died 107), Christian saints * Zosimus (martyr) (died 110), Christian martyr who was executed in Umbria, Italy * Zosimos of Panopolis, also known as ''Zosimus Alchemi ...

, ''Historia Nova'' (New History). * Jordanes, '' Getica''. *

Joannes Zonaras Joannes or John Zonaras ( grc-gre, Ἰωάννης Ζωναρᾶς ; 1070 – 1140) was a Byzantine Greek historian, chronicler and theologian who lived in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey). Under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos he held th ...

, ''Epitome Historiarum'' (Epitome of History). *

Anne Claude de Caylus Anne Claude de Tubières-Grimoard de Pestels de Lévis, ''comte de Caylus'', marquis d'Esternay, baron de Bransac (Anne Claude Philippe; 31 October, 16925 September 1765), was a French antiquarian, proto-archaeologist and man of letters. Born in ...

, ''Recueil d'Antiquités Égyptiennes, Étrusques, Greques, Romaines et Gauloises'' (Collection of Egyptian, Etruscan, Greek, Roman, and Gallic Antiquities), Paris (1752–1755). * Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'' (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798). *

Desiré-Raoul Rochette Desiré-Raoul Rochette (March 6, 1790 – July 3, 1854), was a French archaeologist. Born at Saint-Amand in the department of Cher, Raoul Rochette received his education at Bourges. In 1810, he obtained a chair of grammar in the Lyceum Louis- ...

, ''Lettre à M. Schorn'', Firmin Didot Frères, Paris (1832). * '' Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). * Theodor Mommsen ''et alii'', ''

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...

'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). * ''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography'' is the last in a series of classical dictionaries edited by the English scholar William Smith (1813–1893), following ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' and the ''Dictionary of Gr ...

'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1854). * René Cagnat ''et alii'', '' L'Année épigraphique'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897). * Ronald Syme, ''The Roman Revolution'', Oxford University Press (1939), ''Ammianus and the Historia Augusta'', Clarendon Press, Oxford (1968). *

Anthony R. Birley Anthony Richard Birley (8 October 1937 – 19 December 2020) was a British ancient historian, archaeologist and academic. He was the son of Margaret Isabel (Goodlet) and historian and archaeologist Eric Birley. Early life and education Anthony ...

, ''Marcus Aurelius'', B. T. Batsford, London (1966). *

E. Mary Smallwood Edith Mary Smallwood (born 8 December 1919) was a historian and a professor of Romano-Jewish History at the Queen's University, Belfast. Early life Smallwood was born in Wandsworth, Surrey (now London) in December 1919. She received her education ...

, ''Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian'', Cambridge University Press (1966). * G. V. Sumner, "The Lex Annalis under Caesar", in '' Phoenix'', vol. 25, No. 3 (1971). * Paul A. Gallivan, "Some Comments on the ''Fasti'' for the Reign of Nero", in ''

Classical Quarterly The Classical Association is a British learned society in the field of classics, aimed at developing classical study and promoting its importance in education. Constitution The association was founded on 19 December 1903, and its objects are de ...

'', vol. 24, pp. 290–311 (1974), "The ''Fasti'' for the Reign of Claudius", in ''Classical Quarterly'', vol. 28, pp. 407–426 (1978), "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", in ''Classical Quarterly'', vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981). * Guido Bastianini,
Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30^a al 299^p
(List of the Prefects of Egypt from 30 BC to AD 299), in '' Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', vol. 17 (1975). * A.L.F. Rivet, ''Gallia Narbonensis'', Batsford, London (1988). * Olli Salomies, ''Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire'', Societas Scientiarum Fenica, Helsinki (1992). * Werner Eck, Paul Holder, and Andreas Pangerl, "A Diploma for the Army of Britain in 132 and Hadrian's Return to Rome from the East", in '' Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', vol. 194 (2010). * Alison E. Cooley, ''The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy'', Cambridge University Press (2012). * Emily Hemelrijk and Greg Woolf, ''Women and the Roman City in the Latin West'', Brill (2013). {{Refend Roman gentes Roman gentes of Samnite origin