The
Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles (French:
Château

Château de Versailles), or simply
Versailles (English: /vɛərˈsaɪ/ vair-SY or /vərˈsaɪ/ vər-SY;
French: [vɛʁsaj]), is a royal château in Versailles in the
Île-de-France

Île-de-France region of France. It is now open as a museum and is a
very popular tourist attraction.
When the château was built, the community of Versailles was a small
village dating from the 11th century. Today, however, it is a wealthy
suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of the
centre of the French capital.[1] Versailles was the seat of political
power in the Kingdom of
France

France from 1682, when King
Louis XIV

Louis XIV moved
the royal court from Paris, until the royal family was forced to
return to the capital in October 1789, within three months after the
beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not
only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy
of the Ancien Régime.
Especially under Louis XIV, the senior nobility were pressured to
spend large amounts of time at Versailles, as a form of political
control.
Louis XIV

Louis XIV evolved a rigid routine of court life as a
performance, much of which took place in front of large groups of
people, at some points in the day including tourists. Building the
château and maintaining the court there was phenomenally expensive,
but did a good deal to establish the dominance of French style and
taste in the whole of Europe, giving French luxury manufacturing
advantages that long outlasted the fall of the Ancien Régime.
Louis XIV's expansion of the building was begun around 1661, with
Louis Le Vau

Louis Le Vau as architect. It was not completed until about 1715,
having been worked on by architects including François d'Orbay,
Charles Le Brun

Charles Le Brun (interiors especially),
Jules Hardouin-Mansart

Jules Hardouin-Mansart and
Robert de Cotte.
André Le Nôtre

André Le Nôtre began the gardens and structures in
them. There were a range of satellite buildings around the grounds.
While the main château building remains essentially intact, though
without much of its contents, some of these other buildings have been
destroyed.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Architectural history
1.1.1 17th century
1.1.2 Cost
1.1.3 18th century
1.1.4 19th century
1.1.5 20th century
1.1.6 21st century
1.2 Social history
1.2.1 Politics of display
1.2.2 Life at Court
1.2.3 Political and ceremonial functions
2 Palace and grounds
2.1 Architecture
2.2 Interior
2.2.1 Grands appartements (State Apartments)
2.2.2
Appartement du roi
.jpg/440px-Appartement_du_Roi_(Versailles).jpg)
Appartement du roi (King's Apartment)
2.2.3
Petit appartement du roi

Petit appartement du roi (King's Private Apartment)
2.2.4
Petit appartement de la reine

Petit appartement de la reine (Queen's Private Apartment)
2.2.5 Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors)
2.2.6 Chapels of Versailles
2.2.7 Royal Opera
2.2.8 Museum of the History of France
2.2.9 Gallery
2.3 Gardens of Versailles
2.4 Subsidiary structures
3 In popular culture
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
7.1 Footnotes
7.2 Works cited
8 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Palace of Versailles
Architectural history[edit]
17th century[edit]
The construction of the Palace of Versailles
First built by
Louis XIII
.jpg/440px-Luis_XIII,_rey_de_Francia_(Philippe_de_Champaigne).jpg)
Louis XIII in 1624 as a hunting lodge of brick and
stone, and designed by the architect Jacques Lemercier, the edifice
was enlarged into a royal palace by Louis XIV.[2] The first phase of
the expansion (c. 1661–1678) was designed and supervised by the
architect Louis Le Vau. It culminated in the addition of three new
wings of stone (the enveloppe), which encompassed Louis XIII's
original building on the north, south, and west (the garden side).
André-Charles Boulle, the most famous French cabinetmaker and the
preeminent artist in the field of marquetry,[3] was engaged in 1669 to
create ouvrages de peinture, and Boulle was employed for many years at
Versailles, where the mirrored walls, floors of wood mosaic, inlaid
paneling and marquetry in the Cabinet du Dauphin (1682–1686) was
regarded as his most remarkable work.[4] The rooms were dismantled in
the late 18th century and their unfashionable art broken up.[5] More
recently, a partial inventory of the Grand Dauphin's decorations at
the
Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles has come to light at the National Archives in
Paris.[6]
After Le Vau's death in 1670, the work was taken over and completed by
his assistant François d'Orbay.[7]
Charles Le Brun

Charles Le Brun designed and
supervised the elaborate interior decoration, and André Le Nôtre
landscaped the extensive Gardens of Versailles. Le Brun and Le Nôtre
collaborated on the numerous fountains, and Le Brun supervised the
design and installation of countless statues.[8]
During the second phase of expansion of the mansion (c. 1678–1715),
two enormous wings north and south of the wings flanking the Cour
Royale (Royal Courtyard) were added by the architect Jules
Hardouin-Mansart. He also replaced Le Vau's large terrace, facing the
garden on the west, with what became the most famous room of the
palace, the Hall of Mirrors. Mansart also built the Petites Écuries
and Grandes Écuries (stables) across the Place d'Armes, on the
eastern side of the château, and, in 1687, the Grand Trianon, or
Trianon de Marbre (Marble Trianon), replacing Le Vau's 1668 Trianon de
Porcelaine in the northern section of the park. Work was sufficiently
advanced by 1682, that
Louis XIV

Louis XIV was able to proclaim Versailles his
principal residence and the seat of the government of the Kingdom of
France

France and also to give rooms in the palace to almost all of his
courtiers. After the death of his consort
Maria Theresa of Spain

Maria Theresa of Spain in
1683,
Louis XIV

Louis XIV undertook the enlargement and remodeling of the royal
apartments in the original part of the palace, the former hunting
lodge built by his father. The Royal Chapel of Versailles, located at
the south end of the north wing, was begun by Mansart in 1688, and
after his death in 1708 completed by his assistant
Robert de Cotte

Robert de Cotte in
1710.[9]
Cost[edit]
Bust of
Louis XIV

Louis XIV by
Bernini

Bernini in the
Diana Salon
.jpg/440px-Versailles_-_plan_of_premier_étage_of_Enveloppe_-_Berger_1985_Fig12_(King's_apartment_in_yellow).jpg)
Diana Salon of the Palace of
Versailles
One of the most baffling aspects to the study of Versailles is the
cost – how much
Louis XIV

Louis XIV and his successors spent on
Versailles. Owing to the nature of the construction of Versailles and
the evolution of the role of the palace, construction costs were
essentially a private matter. Initially, Versailles was planned to be
an occasional residence for
Louis XIV

Louis XIV and was referred to as the
"king's house".[10] Accordingly, much of the early funding for
construction came from the king's own purse, funded by revenues
received from his appanage as well as revenues from the province of
New
France

France (Canada), which, while part of France, was a private
possession of the king and therefore exempt from the control of the
Parliaments.[11]
Once
Louis XIV

Louis XIV embarked on his building campaigns, expenses for
Versailles became more of a matter for public record, especially after
Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert assumed the post of finance minister.
Expenditures on Versailles have been recorded in the compendium known
as the Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de
Louis XIV

Louis XIV and
which was edited and published in five volumes by Jules Guiffrey in
the 19th century. These volumes provide valuable archival material
pursuant to the financial expenditures of all aspects of Versailles
from the payments disbursed for many trades as varied as artists and
mole catchers.[12]
To counter the costs of Versailles during the early years of Louis
XIV's personal reign, Colbert decided that Versailles should be the
"showcase" of France.[13] Accordingly, all materials that went into
the construction and decoration of Versailles were manufactured in
France. Even the mirrors used in the decoration of the Hall of Mirrors
were made in France. While
Venice

Venice in the 17th century had the monopoly
on the manufacture of mirrors, Colbert succeeded in enticing a number
of artisans from
Venice

Venice to make the mirrors for Versailles. However,
owing to Venetian proprietary claims on the technology of mirror
manufacture, the Venetian government ordered the assassination of the
artisans to keep the secrets proprietary to the Venetian Republic.[13]
To meet the demands for decorating and furnishing Versailles, Colbert
nationalised the tapestry factory owned by the
Gobelin
.JPG/400px-Gobelins_-_Chancellerie_(Musée_Nissim_de_Camondo).JPG)
Gobelin family, to
become the Manufacture royale des Gobelins.[13]
Louis XIV

Louis XIV visits the Gobelins with Colbert, 15 October 1667. Tapestry
from the series, "Histoire du roi" designed by
Charles Le Brun

Charles Le Brun and
woven between 1667 and 1672. Articles of Louis XIV's silver furniture
are seen in this tapestry.
In 1667, the name of the enterprise was changed to the Manufacture
royale des Meubles de la Couronne. The Gobelins were charged with all
decoration needs of the palace, which was under the direction of
Charles Le Brun.[13]
One of the most costly elements in the furnishing of the grands
appartements during the early years of the personal reign of Louis XIV
was the silver furniture, which can be taken as a standard –
with other criteria – for determining a plausible cost for
Versailles. The Comptes meticulously list the expenditures on the
silver furniture – disbursements to artists, final payments,
delivery – as well as descriptions and weight of items
purchased. Entries for 1681 and 1682 concerning the silver balustrade
used in the salon de Mercure serve as an example:
Year 1681
II. 5 In anticipation: For the silver balustrade for the king's
bedroom: 90,000 livres
II. 7 18 November to Sieur du Metz, 43,475 livres 5 sols for delivery
to Sr. Lois and to Sr. de Villers for payment of 142,196 livres for
the silver balustrade that they are making for the king's bedroom and
404 livres for tax: 48,861 livres 5 sol.
II. 15 16 June 1681 – 23 January 1682 to Sr. Lois and Sr. de
Villers silversmiths on account for the silver balustrade that they
are making for the king's use (four payments): 88,457 livres 5 sols.
II. 111 25 March – 18 April to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers
silversmiths who are working on a silver balustrade for the king, for
continued work (two payments): 40,000 livres
Year 1682
II. 129 21 March to Sr. Jehannot de Bartillay 4,970 livres 12 sols for
the delivery to Sr. Lois and de Villers silversmiths for, with 136,457
livres 5 sol to one and 25,739 livres 10 sols to another, making the
38 balusters, 17 pilasters, the base and the cornice for the
balustrade for the château of Versailles weighing 4,076 marc at the
rate of 41 livres the marc[a] including 41 livres 2 sols for tax:
4,970 livres 12 sols.[12]
Accordingly, the silver balustrade, which contained in excess of one
ton of silver, cost in excess of 560,000 livres. It is
difficult – if not impossible – to give an accurate rate
of exchange between 1682 and today.[b] However, Frances Buckland
provides valuable information that provides an idea of the true cost
of the expenditures at Versailles during the time of Louis XIV. In
1679, Mme de Maintenon stated that the cost of providing light and
food for twelve people for one day amounted to slightly more than 14
livres.[14] In December 1689, to defray the cost of the War of the
League of Augsburg,
Louis XIV

Louis XIV ordered all the silver furniture and
articles of silver at Versailles – including chamber pots – sent
to the mint to be melted.[15]
Clearly, the silver furniture alone represented a significant outlay
in the finances of Versailles. While the decoration of the palace was
costly, certain other costs were minimised. For example, labour for
construction was often low, due largely to the fact that the army
during times of peace and during the winter, when wars were not waged,
was pressed into action at Versailles. Additionally, given the quality
and uniqueness of the items produced at the Gobelins for use and
display at Versailles, the palace served as a venue to showcase not
only the success of Colbert's mercantilism, but also to display the
finest that
France

France could produce.[16]
Estimates of the amount spent to build Versailles are speculative. An
estimate in 2000 placed the amount spent during the
Ancien Régime

Ancien Régime as
US$2 billion,[17] this figure being, in all probability, an
under-evaluation. France's Fifth Republic expenditures alone, directed
to restoration and maintenance at Versailles, undoubtedly surpass
those of the Sun King.
18th century[edit]
In 1738,
Louis XV

Louis XV remodeled the king's petit appartement on the north
side of the Cour de Marbre, originally the entrance court of the old
château, and built a pavilion not far from the Grand Trianon, the
Petit Trianon, designed by
Ange-Jacques Gabriel

Ange-Jacques Gabriel and completed in 1768.
The extension of the King's petit appartement necessitated the
demolition of the Ambassador's Staircase, one of the most admired
features of Louis XIV's regime, which left the Palace without a grand
staircase entrance.[18] At the north end of the north wing, Gabriel
also built a theatre, the Opéra, completed in 1770, in time for the
marriage of Louis-Auguste Dauphin of
France

France to the Austrian
Archduchess Marie Antoinette.The following year
Louis XV

Louis XV ordered the
demolition of the north wing facing onto the Cour Royale, which had
fallen into serious disrepair.[19] He commissioned Gabriel to rebuild
it in an austere Neoclassical style, which was completed in 1780.
After his accession to the throne,
Louis XVI
,_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-François_Callet_-_Louis_XVI,_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_(1754-1793),_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
Louis XVI was constrained by the
worsening financial situation of the kingdom from making major changes
to the palace, so that he primarily focused on improvements to the
royal apartments.[20] However, after
Louis XVI
,_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-François_Callet_-_Louis_XVI,_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_(1754-1793),_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
Louis XVI gave Marie Antoinette
the
Petit Trianon
.jpg/440px-Petit_Trianon_-_Façade_ouest_(2).jpg)
Petit Trianon in 1774, the queen made extensive changes to the
interior, added a theater, the Théâtre de la Reine. She also totally
transformed the arboretum planted during the reign of
Louis XV

Louis XV into
what became known as the Hameau de la Reine.[21] (The trees removed
from the Trianon arboretum were brought & replanted in the Jardin
des Plantes in Paris.)
19th century[edit]
During the French Revolution, after the royal family's forced move to
Paris

Paris on 6 October 1789, three years before the fall of the monarchy,
Versailles fell into disrepair and most of the furniture was sold.
Some restoration work was undertaken by
Napoleon

Napoleon in 1810 and Louis
XVIII in 1820, but the principal effort to restore and maintain
Versailles was initiated by Louis-Philippe, when he created the Musée
de l'Histoire de France, dedicated to "all the glories of France". The
museum is located in the Aile du Midi (South Wing), which during the
Ancien Régime

Ancien Régime had been used to lodge the members of the royal family.
It was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous
room is the
Galerie des Batailles

Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies on
most of the length of the second floor.[20] Louis Philippe had the far
end of the south wing of the Cour Royale demolished and rebuilt to
match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity
of appearance to the front entrance.[22]
20th century[edit]
One of the fountains on the château grounds
Neglect after October 1789, when the royal family had to leave
Versailles, and the ravages of war in parts of the 19th and 20th
centuries have left their mark on the palace and its park. Post-World
War II governments have sought to repair these damages. On the whole,
they have been successful, but some of the more costly items, such as
the vast array of fountains, have yet to be put back completely in
service. As spectacular as they might seem now, they were even more
extensive in the 18th century. The 18th-century waterworks at Marly—
the
Machine de Marly

Machine de Marly that fed the fountains— was possibly the
biggest mechanical system of its time. The water came in from afar on
monumental stone aqueducts which have long ago fallen into disrepair
or been torn down. Some aqueducts, such as the unfinished Canal de
l'Eure, which passes through the gardens of the château de Maintenon,
were never completed for want of resources or due to the exigencies of
war. The search for sufficient supplies of water was never fully
realised even during the apogee of the reign of the Sun King, as the
fountains could not be operated together satisfactorily for any
significant periods of time.[23]
The restoration initiatives launched by the Fifth Republic have proven
to be perhaps more costly than the expenditures of the palace in the
Ancien Régime. Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles
was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was
to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as
possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among
the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of
Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the
plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money
including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. Concurrently, in
the
Soviet Union

Soviet Union (
Russia

Russia since 26 December 1991), the restoration of
the
Pavlovsk Palace

Pavlovsk Palace located 25 kilometers from the center of
Leningrad – today's Saint Petersburg – brought the
attention of French Ministry of Culture, including that of the curator
of Versailles.[24]
The "Gate of Honour" restored in 2009
Pavlovsk Palace

Pavlovsk Palace was built by Catherine the Great's son Paul. The
czarevitch and his wife, Marie Feodorovna, were ardent francophiles,
who, on a visit to
France

France and Versailles in May and June 1782,
purchased great quantities of silk, which they later used to upholster
furniture in Pavlovsk. The palace survived the Russian Revolution
intact – descendants of Paul I were living in the palace at the
time the communists evicted them – however, during the Second
World War, the furniture and artifacts housed in the palace, which had
been transformed into a museum, were removed. In the process of
evacuation the museum collections, remnants of the silks purchased by
Paul I of
Russia

Russia and Marie Feodorovna were found and preserved. After
the war when Soviet authorities were restoring the palace, which had
been gutted by the retreating Nazi forces, they recreated the silk
fabrics by using the preserved 18th-century remnants.[24]
When these results and high quality achieved were brought to the
attention of the French Minister of Culture, he revived 18th-century
weaving techniques so as to reproduce the silks used in the decoration
of Versailles.[24] The two greatest achievements of this initiative
are seen today in wall hangings used in the restoration of the chambre
de la reine in the grand appartement de reine and the chambre du roi
in the appartement du roi. While the design used for the chambre du
roi was, in fact, from the original design to decorate the chambre de
la reine, it nevertheless represents a great achievement in the
ongoing restoration at Versailles. Additionally, this project, which
took over seven years to achieve, required several hundred kilograms
of silver and gold to complete.[25] One of the more costly endeavours
for the museum and France's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as
much of the original furnishings as possible. However, because
furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture
that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought after
commodity on the international market, the museum has spent
considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original
furnishings.[26]
21st century[edit]
The Fifth Republic has enthusiastically promoted the museum as one of
France's foremost tourist attractions, with recent figures stating
that nearly five million people visit the château, and 8 to 10
million walk in the gardens, every year.[27][28] In 2003, a new
restoration initiative – the "Grand Versailles"
project – was started, which necessitated unexpected repair and
replantation of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during
Hurricane Lothar on 26 December 1999. The project will be on-going for
the next seventeen years, funded with a state endowment of
€135 million allocated for the first seven years. It will
address such concerns as security for the palace and continued
restoration of the bosquet des trois fontaines.
Vinci SA

Vinci SA underwrote
the €12 million restoration project for the Hall of Mirrors,
which was completed in 2006.[29]
Social history[edit]
Politics of display[edit]
Reception of the
Grand Condé

Grand Condé at Versailles following his victory at
Seneffe. Condé advances towards
Louis XIV

Louis XIV in a respectful manner with
laurel wreaths on his path, while captured enemy flags are displayed
on both sides of the stairs. It marked the end of Condé's exile,
following his participation to the Fronde.
On 6 May 1682, Versailles became officially the seat of the government
of the kingdom of France, the home of the French King Louis XIV, and
the location of the royal court. Symbolically, the central room of the
long extensive symmetrical range of buildings was the King's
Bedchamber (appartement du roi), which itself was centred on the
lavish and symbolic state bed, set behind a rich railing. Indeed, even
the principal axis of the gardens themselves was conceived to radiate
from this fulcrum. All the power of
France

France emanated from this centre:
there were government offices here; as well as the homes of thousands
of courtiers, their retinues and all the attendant functionaries of
court.[citation needed] By requiring that nobles of a certain rank and
position spend time each year at Versailles,
Louis XIV

Louis XIV prevented them
from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own and
kept them from countering his efforts to centralize the French
government in an absolute monarchy.[citation needed]
At various periods before
Louis XIV

Louis XIV established absolute rule, France,
like the
Holy Roman Empire
.svg/250px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_(1400-1806).svg.png)
Holy Roman Empire lacked central authority and was not the
unified state it was to become during subsequent centuries.[citation
needed] During the Middle Ages, French nobles were often more powerful
than the King of
France

France and, although technically loyal to him, they
possessed their own provincial seats of power and government, the
loyalty of culturally influential courts and armies, and the right to
levy their own taxes on their subjects.[citation needed] Some families
were so powerful they achieved international prominence and contracted
marriage alliances with foreign royal houses to further their own
political ambitions.[citation needed] Although nominally Kings of
France, de facto royal power had at times been limited purely to the
region around Paris.[citation needed]
Life at Court[edit]
Life at Versailles was determined by position, favour, and, above all,
one's birth. The chateau was a sprawling cluster of lodgings for which
courtiers vied and manipulated. Today, Versailles is seen as
unparalleled in its magnificence and splendour, yet few know of the
actual living conditions many of Versailles' privileged residents had
to endure.[citation needed]. Many modern historians have compared the
palace to a vast, crowded apartment block.[citation needed] Apart from
the royal family, the majority of the residents were senior members of
the household.[citation needed]
On each floor apartments of varying size, 350 in all, were arranged
along tiled corridors and given a number and a key. Many courtiers
traded lodgings and grouped themselves together with their allies,
families or friends. The Noailles family took over so much of the
northern wing's attic that floor was nicknamed rue de Noailles
(Noailles Street).[30]
Louis XIV

Louis XIV envisaged Versailles as a seat for all the Bourbons, as well
as his troublesome nobles. These nobles were, so to say, placed within
a "gilded cage".[31] Many of the apartments were far from luxurious
with many nobles having to make do with one or two room apartments,
forcing many of them to build or buy town-houses in Versailles proper
while keeping their palace rooms for changes of clothes or
entertaining guests, rarely sleeping there.[citation needed] Rooms at
Versailles were immensely useful for ambitious courtiers, as they
allowed palace residents easy access to the monarch.[citation needed]
Political and ceremonial functions[edit]
See also: Treaties of Versailles
Proclamation of the German Empire, 18 January 1871, 1877 by Anton von
Werner
Two of the three treaties of the Peace of
Paris

Paris (1783), in which the
United Kingdom recognized the independence of the United States, were
signed at Versailles.
After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, with the Siege of
Paris

Paris dragging on, the palace was the main headquarters of the
Prussian army from 5 October 1870 until 13 March 1871. On 18 January
1871, Prussian King
Wilhelm I

Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor in the
Hall of Mirrors

Hall of Mirrors and the
German Empire

German Empire was founded.[32]
The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919
by William Orpen
After the First World War, it was the site of the opening of the Paris
Peace Conference in 1919, also on 18 January. Germany was blamed for
causing the First World War in the Treaty of Versailles, which was
signed in the same room on 28 June 1919.
The palace, however, still serves political functions. Heads of state
are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French
Parliament—consisting of the Senate (Sénat) and the National
Assembly (Assemblée nationale)—meet in joint session (a congress of
the French Parliament) in Versailles[33] to revise or otherwise amend
the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the
promulgation of the 1875 Constitution.[35] For example, the Parliament
met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments
in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal
Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in
January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003
(specifying the "decentralized organization" of the French
Republic).[33]
In 2009, President
Nicolas Sarkozy
-(cropped).jpg/440px-Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Summit_October_2010_(105)-(cropped).jpg)
Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial
crisis before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had
been done since 1848, when Charles-Louis
Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte gave an
address before the French Second Republic.[36][37][38] Following the
November 2015
Paris

Paris attacks, President
François Hollande

François Hollande gave a
speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palace of
Versailles.[39] This was the third time since 1848 that a French
president addressed a joint session of the
French Parliament

French Parliament at
Versailles.[40] The president of the National Assembly has an official
apartment at the Palace of Versailles.[41]
Palace and grounds[edit]
Architecture[edit]
The palace that we recognize today was largely completed by the death
of
Louis XIV

Louis XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout,
with the corps de logis and symmetrical advancing secondary wings
terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel
Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as
the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two
enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a facade of 402 metres
(1,319 ft) in length.[42] Encompassing 67,000 square metres
(721,182 sq ft) the palace has 700 rooms, more than 2,000
windows, 1,250 fireplaces and 67 staircases.[43]
The façade of the original lodge is preserved on the entrance front.
Built of red brick and cut stone embellishments, the U-shaped layout
surrounds a black-and-white marble courtyard. In the center, a
3-storey avant-corps fronted with eight red marble columns supporting
a gilded wrought-iron balcony is surmounted with a triangle of lead
statuary surrounding a large clock, whose hands were stopped upon the
death of Louis XIV. The rest of the façade is completed with columns,
painted and gilded wrought-iron balconies and dozens of stone tables
decorated with consoles holding marble busts of Roman emperors. Atop
the mansard slate roof are elaborate dormer windows and gilt lead roof
dressings that were added by Hardouin-Mansart in 1679–1681.
Inspired by the architecture of baroque Italian villas, but executed
in the French classical style, the garden front and wings were encased
in white cut ashlar stone known as the enveloppe in 1661-1678. The
exterior features an arcaded, rusticated ground floor, supporting a
main floor with round-headed windows divided by reliefs and pilasters
or columns. The attic storey has square windows and pilasters and
crowned by a balustrade bearing sculptured trophies and flame pots
dissimulating a flat roof.
Plan of the main floor (c. 1837, with north to the right), showing the
Hall of Mirrors

Hall of Mirrors in red, the Hall of Battles in green, the Royal Chapel
in yellow, and the Royal Opera in blue
Interior[edit]
Grands appartements (State Apartments)[edit]
Main articles:
Grand appartement du roi
.jpg/440px-Versailles_-_plan_of_premier_étage_of_Enveloppe_-_Berger_1985_Fig12_(King's_apartment_in_yellow).jpg)
Grand appartement du roi and Grand appartement de la
reine
As a result of Le Vau's enveloppe of Louis XIII's former hunting lodge
transforming it, between 1631 and 1634, into a red brick and white
stone small château, with a black tile roof, the king and the queen
had new apartments in the new addition, known at the time as the
château neuf. The grands appartements (Grand Apartments, also
referred to as the State Apartments[44]) are known respectively as the
grand appartement du roi and the grand appartement de la reine. They
occupied the main or principal floor of the château neuf, with three
rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing
the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. Le Vau's
design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the
day, as evidenced by the placement of the apartments on the next floor
up from the ground level—the piano nobile—a convention the
architect borrowed from 16th- and 17th-century Italian palace
design.[45]
The king's apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each
dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated
titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade
with that of the grand appartement du roi. It served as the residence
of three queens of
France

France - Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Louis
XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Louis XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of
Louis XVI. Additionally, Louis XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess
Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, duchesse de Bourgogne, wife of the Petit
Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to
her death in 1712.[c] After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors
(1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until
the reign of Louis XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's
to four.
Plan of the main floor in the central part of the palace (c.
1742),[46] showing the grand appartement du roi in dark blue, the
appartement du roi in medium blue, the petit appartement du roi in
light blue, the grand appartement de la reine in yellow, and the petit
appartement de la reine in red
Appartement du roi
.jpg/440px-Appartement_du_Roi_(Versailles).jpg)
Appartement du roi (King's Apartment)[edit]
Main article: Appartement du roi
The appartement du roi is a suite of rooms originally set aside for
the personal use of
Louis XIV

Louis XIV in 1683. His successors,
Louis XV

Louis XV and
Louis XVI, used these rooms for such ceremonies as the lever and the
coucher.
Petit appartement du roi

Petit appartement du roi (King's Private Apartment)[edit]
Main article: Petit appartement du roi
The petit appartement du roi is a suite of rooms that were reserved
for the private use of the king. Occupying the site on which rooms
were originally arranged for
Louis XIII
.jpg/440px-Luis_XIII,_rey_de_Francia_(Philippe_de_Champaigne).jpg)
Louis XIII on the first floor of the
château, the space was radically modified by Louis XIV. His
successors,
Louis XV

Louis XV and
Louis XVI
,_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-François_Callet_-_Louis_XVI,_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_(1754-1793),_revêtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
Louis XVI had these rooms drastically
modified and remodeled for their personal use.
Petit appartement de la reine

Petit appartement de la reine (Queen's Private Apartment)[edit]
Main article: Petit appartement de la reine
The petit appartement de la reine is a suite of rooms that were
reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for
the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Louis XIV, the rooms were
later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for
Marie-Antoinette.
Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors)[edit]
Main article: Hall of Mirrors
The Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), is perhaps the most
celebrated room in the château of Versailles. The length of the
gallery is more than 70 metres (230 ft) and there are 17 wide
arcaded mirrors.
Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun

Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun painted 30 scenes as a
testimony of early reign years of
Louis XIV

Louis XIV on the ceiling.[2] Setting
for many of the ceremonies of the French Court during the Ancien
Régime, the Galerie des Glaces has also inspired numerous copies and
renditions throughout the world.
The room's construction began in 1678 and finished in 1689.
Chapels of Versailles[edit]
Main article: Chapels of Versailles
In the evolution of the palace, there have been five chapels. The
current chapel, which was the last major building project of Louis
XIV, represents one of the finest examples of French Baroque
architecture and ecclesiastical decoration.
The palace chapel is located in the north wing and its construction
was started by Hardouin-Mansart in 1699, but was completed by de
Corte. Daily meetings, wedding ceremonies and baptisms were held in
this chapel until 1789.[2]
Royal Opera[edit]
Main article: Royal Opera of Versailles
Ange-Jacques Gabriel's Royal Opera (Opéra Royal) was perhaps the most
ambitious building project of
Louis XV

Louis XV for the château of Versailles.
Completed in 1770, the Opéra was inaugurated at the time of the
wedding festivities of Louis XV's grandson, the Dauphin, future Louis
XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. On October 1789, a banquet for royal
guardsmen was held in this place. The Opera served as a host to the
National Assembly from 1871 until 1875 when the Third Republic was
proclaimed.[2]
Museum of the History of France[edit]
Main article: Galerie des Batailles
In the 19th century the Museum of the History of
France

France was founded in
Versailles, at the behest of Louis-Philippe I, who ascended to the
throne in 1830. The entire second floor (premier étage) of the Aile
du Midi (South Wing) of the palace was transformed into the Galerie
des Batailles to house the newly created collection of paintings and
sculptures depicting milestones battles of French history. The
collections display painted, sculpted, drawn and engraved images
illustrating events or personalities of the history of
France

France since
its inception. The museum occupies the lateral wings of the Palace.
Most of the paintings date back to the 19th century and have been
created specially for the museum by major painters of the time such as
Delacroix,
Horace Vernet

Horace Vernet or
François Gérard

François Gérard but there are also much
older artworks which retrace French History. Notably the museum
displays works by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de
La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de
Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean Antoine Houdon, Jean Marc
Nattier, Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence,
Jacques-Louis David,
Antoine Jean Gros

Antoine Jean Gros and also Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
Gallery[edit]
Hall of Mirrors
Queen's bedchamber in the grand appartement de la reine
Galerie des Batailles
Chapel
Opéra
A Dripping Fountain, Versailles
La Galerie des Glaces, Versailles, 1927
Salon de la Paix, Versailles, 1927
Gardens of Versailles[edit]
The Orangerie of Versailles
Main article: Gardens of Versailles
Evolving with the château, the gardens of Versailles represent one of
the finest extant examples of the jardin à la française created by
André Le Nôtre.
Subsidiary structures[edit]
Main article: Subsidiary structures of the Palace of Versailles
Located in proximity to the château, these smaller structures served
the needs of the royal family and court officials during the Ancien
Régime. They include the Ménagerie royale (1664), demolished; the
Trianon de porcelaine (1670), demolished; the
Grand Trianon

Grand Trianon or Trianon
de marbre (Marble Trianon) (1689); the
Petit Trianon
.jpg/440px-Petit_Trianon_-_Façade_ouest_(2).jpg)
Petit Trianon (1768); and the
Pavillon de la Lanterne (1787), a hunting lodge.
In popular culture[edit]
Main article: List of films shot at the Palace of Versailles
Films
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012) is an animated film in which
sophisticated chimpanzees Mason and Phil dress up as "King of
Versailles" in reference to the Palace of Versailles
"
Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette (2006 film)" (2006) is a film written and directed
by
Sofia Coppola

Sofia Coppola and starring Kirsten Dunst. It is based on the life
of Queen
Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette in the years leading up to the French
Revolution, filmed on location at the Palace of Versailles.
Music
"The Palace of Versailles" is a song by singer-songwriter Al Stewart,
detailing the French Revolution, The Terror, and Napoléon Bonaparte's
military coup, from the perspective of "the lonely Palace of
Versailles"
On 2 July 2005, the French
Live 8

Live 8 was held in the courtyard of
Versailles
Television
In the
Doctor Who

Doctor Who episode, "Girl in the Fire Place" (2005), The Doctor
met the Madame de Pompadour in the Palace of Versailles
Let Them Eat Cake, a 1999
BBC

BBC comedy starring
Jennifer Saunders

Jennifer Saunders and
Dawn French, is set within the Palace.
Versailles is a 2015 British-American-Franco-Canadian television
series set during the construction of Versailles Palace during the
reign of Louis XIV
Video games
Assassin's Creed Rogue

Assassin's Creed Rogue is set in Versailles at the end of the game
Assassin's Creed Unity

Assassin's Creed Unity is set in Versailles at the beginning of the
game
Castlevania: Bloodlines is a
Konami

Konami video game in which Versailles is
the fifth stage
Gallery[edit]
Panoramic view from the park
Panoramic view from the city
Garden facade from the southwest
Salle du Sacre with a view toward Salle des Gardes in the Queen's
Grand Apartment
View of the upper southwest corner of the south wing
View of the Palace from the southern part of the Parterre d'Eau, with
the bronze statue of the
Rhône

Rhône River by
Jean-Baptiste Tuby

Jean-Baptiste Tuby (1687)
Marble Court
See also[edit]
Bureau du Roi
Châteaux of the Loire Valley
List of Baroque residences
Paris

Paris Peace Conference, 1919
Peterhof Palace
Style Louis XIV
Tennis Court Oath

Tennis Court Oath (French: serment du jeu de paume) in the Saint-Louis
district
Treaty of Versailles
Versailles Cathedral
Kingdom of
France

France portal
Notes[edit]
^ The marc, a unit equal to 8 ounces, was used to weigh silver and
gold.
^ As of 4 April 2008, silver has been trading in New York at US$17.83
an ounce.
^ Six kings were born in this room: Philip V of Spain, Louis XV, Louis
XVI, Louis XVII, Louis XVIII, and Charles X.
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
^ point zero at square in front of Notre Dame
^ a b c d "
Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles palace, Versailles, France".
Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
^ "The French cabinetmaker who is generally considered to be the
preeminent artist in the field of marquetry, even "the most remarkable
of all French cabinetmakers."". Google Arts and Culture.
^ Jean Nérée Ronfort, "André-Charles Boulle. Commandes pour le
Grand Dauphin à Versailles" Dossier de l'Art, Nr 124, November 2005,
pp. 38-63, Editions Faton, Dijon.
^ Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition[full citation needed]
^ Jean Nérée Ronfort, "Inventaire d'un des magasins de la Direction
Générale des Bâtiments du Roy à Versailles (c.1744-1746)", Dossier
de l'Art, Nr 124, November 2005, pp. 64-65, Editions Faton, Dijon.
^ Ayers 2004, pp. 334–336.
^ Berger 1985a, pp. 17–19.
^ Ayers 2004, pp. 336–339; Maral 2010, pp. 215–229.
^ La Varende 1959[page needed]
^ Bluche 1986[page needed]; Bluche 1991[page needed];
Chouquette 1997[page needed]
^ a b Guiffrey 1880–1890[page needed]
^ a b c d Bluche 1991[page needed]
^ Buckland 1983[page needed]
^ Dangeau 1854–1860[page needed]
^ Bluche 1986[page needed]; Bluche 1991[page needed]
^ Littell 2000[page needed]
^ Tony Spawforth. Versailles. p. 9.
^ Tony Spawforth. Versailles. p. 22.
^ a b Hoog 1996.
^ Hoog 1996, pp. 373–374.
^ Tony Spawforth. Versailles. p. 244.
^ The magic of the “Great Waters” of Versailles
^ a b c Massie 1990[page needed]
^ Meyer 1989[page needed]
^ Kemp 1976[page needed]
^ At the Court of the Sun King, Some All-American Art, New York Times
(September 11, 2008).
^ Opperman 2004[page needed]
^ Leloup 2006[page needed]
^ Da Vinha, Mathieu & Masson, Raphaël: Versailles: Histoire,
Dictionnaire & Anthologie - Chapter: Aile du Nord, Publisher:
Robert Laffont, Paris, 10 September 2015, [1](no page number
available). ISBN 978-2221115022
^ Duc de Saint-Simon[page needed]
^ Wawro 2003, p. 282
^ a b William Safran, "France" in Politics in Europe (M. Donald
Hancock et al., CQ Sage: 5th ed. 2012).
^ Constitution of 1875
^ Article 9: Le siège du pouvoir exécutif et des deux chambres est
à Versailles.[34]
^ Associated Press, Breaking tradition, Sarkozy speaks to parliament
(June 22, 2009).
^ Jerry M. Rosenberg, "France" in The Concise Encyclopedia of The
Great Recession 2007-2012 (Scarecrow Press: 2012), p. 262.
^ Associated Press, The Latest: US Basketball Player James Not Going
to
France

France (November 16, 2015).
^ Associated Press, The Latest: Brother Linked to
Paris

Paris Attacks in
Disbelief (November 16, 2015).
^ Francois Hollande: '
France

France is at war', CNN (November 16, 2015).
^ Georges Bergougnous, Presiding Officers of National Parliamentary
Assemblies: A World Comparative Study (Inter-Parliamentary Union:
Geneva, 1997), p. 39.
^ "History of Art". Visual Arts Cork. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ "Palace of Versailles". Dimensions Info. Retrieved August 10,
2016.
^ Saule & Meyrer 2000, pp. 18, 22; Michelin Tyre 1989, p. 182.
^ Berger 1985b[page needed]; Verlet 1985[page needed]
^ Blondel 1752–1756, vol. 4 (1756), book 7, plate 8; Nolhac 1898, p.
49 (dates Blondel's plan to c. 1742).
Works cited[edit]
Ayers, Andrew (2004). The Architecture of Paris. Stuttgart, London:
Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 9783930698967.
Berger, Robert W. (1985a). In the Garden of the Sun King: Studies on
the Park of Versailles Under Louis XIV. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks
Research Library.
Berger, Robert W. (1985b). Versailles: The
Château

Château of Louis XIV.
University Park: The College Arts Association.
Blondel, Jacque-François (1752–1756). Architecture françoise, ou
Recueil des plans, élévations, coupes et profils des églises,
maisons royales, palais, hôtels & édifices les plus
considérables de Paris. 4 vols. Paris: Charles-Antoine Jombert.
Bluche, François (1986). Louis XIV. Paris: Arthème Fayard.
Bluche, François (1991). Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle. Paris:
Arthème Fayard.
Buckland, Frances (May 1983). "
Gobelin
.JPG/400px-Gobelins_-_Chancellerie_(Musée_Nissim_de_Camondo).JPG)
Gobelin tapestries and paintings as a
source of information about the silver furniture of Louis XIV". The
Burlington Magazine. 125 (962): 272–283.
Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de (1854–60). Journal.
Paris.
Gady, Alexandre (2010). "Édifices royaux, Versailles: Transformations
des logis sur cour". In Gady, Alexandre. Jules hardouin-Mansart
1646–1708. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme.
pp. 171–176. ISBN 9782735111879.
Guiffrey, Jules (1880–1890). Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le
règne de Louis XIV. 5 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
Hoog, Simone (1996). "Versailles". In Turner, Jane. The Dictionary of
Art. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374.
ISBN 9781884446009. Also at Oxford Art Online (subscription
required).
Kemp, Gerard van der (1976). "Remeubler Versailles". Revue du Louvre.
3: 135–137.
La Varende, Jean de (1959). Versailles. Paris: Henri Lefebvre.
Leloup, Michèle (7 August 2006). "Versailles en grande toilette".
L'Express. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008.
Littell, McDougal (2001). World History: Patterns of Interactions. New
York: Houghton Mifflin.
Maral, Alexandre (2010). "Chapelle royale". In Gady, Alexandre. Jules
hardouin-Mansart 1646–1708. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des
sciences de l'homme. pp. 215––228.
ISBN 9782735111879.
Massie, Suzanne (1990). Pavlosk: The Life of a Russian Palace. Boston:
Little, Brown and Company.
——— (February 1989). "L'ameublement de la chambre de Louis XIV
à Versailles de 1701 à nos jours". Gazette des Beaux-Arts (6th ed.).
113: 79–104.
Michelin Tyre PLC (1989). Île-de-France: The Region Around Paris.
Harrow [England]: Michelin Tyre Public Ltd. Co.
ISBN 9782060134116.
Nolhac, Pierre de (1898). La création de Versailles sous Louis
Quinze. Paris: H. Champion.
Oppermann, Fabien (2004). Images et usages du château de Versailles
au XXe siècle (Thesis). École des Chartes.
Saule, Béatrix; Meyer, Daniel (2000). Versailles Visitor's Guide.
Versailles: Éditions Art-Lys. ISBN 9782854951172.
Verlet, Pierre (1985). Le château de Versailles. Paris: Librairie
Arthème Fayard.
Wawro, Geoffrey (2003). The Franco-Prussian War: the German conquest
of
France

France in 1870–1871. Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palace of Versailles.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Versailles.
Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles Official Site
Virtual Tour of the Palace (fullscreen panoramic tour)
Large Versailles photo gallery
Flickr : Le Parc de Versailles
Versailles on Paper (exhibition website)
3D evolution of the Palace of Versailles
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_20140116_1.jpg/480px-Palais_du_Luxembourg,_South_View_(Crop)_20140116_1.jpg)
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Rive Gauche
Rue de Rivoli
Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Trocadéro
Parks and gardens
Bois de Boulogne
Bois de Vincennes
Jardin d'Acclimatation
Jardin du Luxembourg
Parc des Buttes Chaumont
Parc Montsouris
Tuileries Garden
Cemeteries
Montmartre
.jpg/500px-Montmarte_2_(pixinn.net).jpg)
Montmartre Cemetery
Montparnasse

Montparnasse Cemetery
Passy Cemetery
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Picpus Cemetery
Région parisienne
Chantilly
La Défense
Grande Arche
Disneyland Paris
Écouen
Fontainebleau
France

France Miniature
Malmaison
Musée de l’air et de l’espace
Musée Fragonard d'Alfort
Parc Astérix
Provins
Rambouillet
La Roche-Guyon
Basilica of St Denis
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Sceaux
Stade de France
U Arena
Vaux-le-Vicomte
Palace and Gardens of Versailles
Vincennes
Events and traditions
Bastille Day military parade
Fête de la Musique
Nuit Blanche
Paris

Paris Air Show
Paris-Plages
Republican Guard
Other
Le Bateau-Lavoir
La Ruche
Café des 2 Moulins
Café Procope
Les Deux Magots
Maxim's
Moulin de la Galette
Moulin Rouge
Related
Paris

Paris Musées
Axe historique
Paris

Paris Métro
Bateaux Mouches
v
t
e
Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics
Grand
Paris

Paris Zone
Stade de France
Seine-Saint-Denis
Water Polo Arena (Piscine de Marville)
Le Bourget
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes
U Arena, Nanterre
Le Zénith
Paris

Paris Centre Zone
Champ de Mars
Eiffel Tower

Eiffel Tower and river Seine
Champs Elysees
Grand Palais
Les Invalides
Jardins des Tuileries
Paris

Paris expo Porte de Versailles
Halle Georges Carpentier
Stade Charlety
Stade Jean-Bouin
Stade Roland Garros
Court Philippe Chatrier
Court Suzanne Lenglen
Court des Serres
Parc des Princes
Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)
Palais des sports Marcel-Cerdan
Bercy Arena
Versailles Zone
Le Golf National
Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Château

Château de Versailles
Élancourt

Élancourt Hill
Football stadia
Stade Vélodrome
Parc des Princes
Parc Olympique Lyonnais
Stade Pierre-Mauroy
Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux
Stade de la Beaujoire,
Nantes

Nantes (renovated)
v
t
e
Olympic venues in equestrian
1900: 7th arrondissement of Paris
1912: Fältrittklubben, Liljeholmen, Lindarängen, Östermalms IP,
Stockholm Olympic Stadium
1920: Olympisch Stadion
1924: Hippodrome d'Auteuil, Stade de Colombes
1928: Hilversum, Olympic Stadium
1932: Olympic Stadium, Riviera Country Club, Westchester
1936: Döberitz, Mayfield, Olympic Stadium
1948: Aldershot, Empire Stadium, Tweseldown Racecourse
1952: Laakso, Olympic Stadium,
Ruskeasuo

Ruskeasuo Equestrian Hall, Tali Race
Track
1956: Lill-Jansskogen, Olympic Stadium, Ulriksdal
1960: Piazza di Siena, Pratoni del Vivaro
1964: Karuizawa, National Stadium
1968: Avándaro Golf Club, Campo Marte, Estadio Olímpico
Universitario
1972: Dressage Facility Nymphenburg, Olympiastadion, Riding Facility,
Riem
1976: Olympic Equestrian Centre, Bromont, Olympic Stadium
1980: Grand Arena, Trade Unions' Equestrian Complex
1984: Fairbanks Ranch Country Club, Santa Anita Park
1988: Olympic Stadium, Seoul Equestrian Park
1992: Club Hípic El Montayá, Real Club de Polo de Barcelona
1996: Georgia International Horse Park
2000: Sydney International Equestrian Centre
2004: Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre
2008: Hong Kong Equestrian Venues
2012: Greenwich Park
2016: Olympic Equestrian Centre
2020: Central Breakwater, Baji Koen
2024: Palace of Versailles
2028: Sepulveda Dam
v
t
e
Olympic venues in modern pentathlon
1912
Barkarby, Djurgårdsbrunnsviken, Kaknäs, Östermalms IP, Stockholm
Olympic Stadium
1920
Olympisch Stadion
1924
Fontainebleau, Le Stand de Tir de Versailles, Piscine des Tourelles,
Stade de Colombes
1928
Amersfoort, Hilversum, Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium, Schermzaal,
Zeeburg

Zeeburg Shooting Grounds
1932
160th Regiment State Armory, Los Angeles Police Pistol Range, Riviera
Country Club, Sunset Fields Golf Club, Swimming Stadium
1936
Döberitz, Haus des Deutschen Sports, Olympic Swimming Stadium,
Ruhleben,
Wannsee

Wannsee Golf Course
1948
Aldershot, Bisley National Rifle Association Ranges, Royal Military
Academy
1952
Hämeenlinna
1956
Oaklands Hunt Club, Royal Exhibition Building, Swimming/Diving
Stadium, Williamstown
1960
Acqua Santa Golf Club Course, Palazzo dei Congressi, Passo Corese,
Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto, Umberto I Shooting Range
1964
Asaka Nezu Park, Asaka Shooting Range, Kemigawa, National Gymnasium,
Waseda Memorial Hall
1968
Campo Militar 1, Fernando Montes de Oca Fencing Hall, Francisco
Márquez Olympic Pool, Vicente Suárez Shooting Range
1972
Messegelände Fechthalle 2, Olympiastadion, Riding Facility, Riem;
Schießanlage, Schwimmhalle
1976
Montreal Botanical Garden, Olympic Equestrian Centre, Bromont; Olympic
Pool, Olympic Shooting Range, L'Acadie; Winter Stadium, Université de
Montréal
1980
CSKA Football Fieldhouse, Dynamo Shooting Range, Swimming Pool -
Olimpisky, Trade Unions' Equestrian Complex
1984
Coto de Caza, Heritage Park Aquatic Center
1988
Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool, Mongchontoseong, Olympic Fencing
Gymnasium, Seoul Equestrian Park, Taenung International Shooting Range
1992
Cross-country course, Mollet del Vallès Shooting Range, Palau de la
Metal·lúrgia, Piscines Bernat Picornell, Real Club de Polo de
Barcelona
1996
Georgia International Horse Park, Georgia Tech Aquatic Center, Georgia
World Congress Center
2000
Sydney Baseball Stadium, Sydney International Aquatic Centre, The Dome
and Exhibition Complex
2004
Olympic Modern Pentathlon Centre
2008
Olympic Green Convention Center, Olympic Sports Centre, Ying Tung
Natatorium
2012
Aquatics Centre, Greenwich Park, Copper Box, Royal Artillery Barracks
2016
Deodoro Aquatics Centre, Deodoro Stadium, Youth Arena
2020
Musashino Forest Sport Plaza, Tokyo Stadium
2024
Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Palace of Versailles
2028
VELO Sports Center, StubHub Center
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 127977992
LCCN: n91058220
ISNI: 0000 0001 2155 0720
GND: 4194431-8
SELIBR: 333130
SUDOC: 02654685X
BNF: cb119487267 (dat