Verrucomicrobiota is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that contains only a few described species. The species identified have been isolated from fresh water, marine and

soil Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish ''dirt'' from ''soil'' by restricting the former ...

environments and human faeces. A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of

protist A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the e ...

s and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their

gamete A gamete (; , ultimately ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells. In species that produce ...

s. Verrucomicrobiota are abundant within the environment, though relatively inactive. This phylum is considered to have two sister phyla:

Chlamydiota The Chlamydiota (synonym Chlamydiae) are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood. All of ...

(formerly Chlamydiae) and

Lentisphaerota Lentisphaerota is a phylum of bacteria closely related to Chlamydiota and Verrucomicrobiota. It includes two monotypic orders Lentisphaerales and Victivallales. Phylum members can be aerobic or anaerobic and fall under two distinct phenotyp ...

(formerly Lentisphaerae) within the PVC superphylum. The Verrucomicrobiota phylum can be distinguished from neighbouring phyla within the PVC group by the presence of several conserved signature indels (CSIs). These CSIs represent unique,

synapomorphic In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...

characteristics that suggest common ancestry within Verrucomicrobiota and an independent lineage amidst other bacteria. CSIs have also been found that are shared by Verrucomicrobiota and

exclusively of all other bacteria. These CSIs provide evidence that ''Chlamydiota'' is the closest relative to ''Verrucomicrobiota'', and that they are more closely related to one another than to the '' Planctomycetales''. Verrucomicrobiota might belong in the

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English ter ...

Planctobacteria The PVC superphylum is a superphylum of bacteria named after its three important members, Planctomycetota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Chlamydiota. Cavalier-Smith postulated that the PVC bacteria probably lost or reduced their peptidoglycan cell wal ...

in the larger clade Gracilicutes. In 2008, the whole

genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ...

of ''

Methylacidiphilum infernorum ''Methylacidiphilum infernorum '' is an extremely acidophilic methanotrophic aerobic bacteria first isolated and described in 2007 growing on soil and sediment on Hell's Gate, New Zealand. Similar organisms have also been isolated from geotherma ...

'' (2.3 Mbp) was published. On the single circular

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins ar ...

, 2473 predicted proteins were found, 731 of which had no detectable homologs. These analyses also revealed many possible homologies with Pseudomonadota.

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and

National Center for Biotechnology Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. Th ...

(NCBI) * Genus ?"''Ca.'' Epixenosoma" Bauer et al. 2005 * Genus ?"'' Methyloacida''" Islam et al. 2008 * Genus ?"'' Nucleococcus''" Sato et al. 2014 * Class

Opitutae The Opitutales is an order in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota Verrucomicrobiota is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that contains only a few described species. The species identified have been isolated from fresh water, marine and soil environm ...

Choo et al. 2007 ** Order Opitutales Choo et al. 2007 *** Family CAG-312 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Merdousia" Gilroy et al. 2021 *** Family UBA953 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Spyradosoma" Gilroy et al. 2021 *** Family KCTC-12870 **** Genus '' Ruficoccus'' Lin et al. 2017 **** Genus '' Cerasicoccus'' Yoon et al. 2007 *** Family DSM-45221 **** Genus "'' Lentimonas''" Choo & Cho 2006 **** Genus '' Coraliomargarita'' Yoon et al. 2007 *** Family Puniceicoccaceae Choo et al. 2007 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Fucivorax" Orellana et al. 2022 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Marcellius" Nixon et al. 2019 **** Genus '' Oceanipulchritudo'' Feng et al. 2020 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Pinguicoccus" Serra et al. 2020 **** Genus '' Puniceicoccus'' Choo et al. 2007 *** Family UBA2987 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Moanibacter" corrig. Vosseberg, Martijn & Ettema 2018 *** Family Opitutaceae Choo et al. 2007 **** Genus '' Alterococcus'' Shieh and Jean 1999 **** Genus '' Cephaloticoccus'' Lin et al. 2016 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Didemniditutus" corrig. Lopera et al. 2017 **** Genus '' Ereboglobus'' Tegtmeier et al. 2018 **** Genus "'' Geminisphaera''" Wertz et al. 2018 **** Genus "'' Lacunisphaera''" Rast et al. 2017 **** Genus '' Nibricoccus'' Baek et al. 2019 **** Genus '' Oleiharenicola'' Rochman et al. 2018 **** Genus '' Opitutus'' Chin et al. 2001 **** Genus '' Pelagicoccus'' Yoon et al. 2007 **** Genus '' Rariglobus'' Pitt et al. 2020 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Synoicihabitans" Murray et al. 2021 * Class " Methylacidiphilae" ** Order " Methylacidiphilales" Op den Camp 2009 *** Family " Methylacidiphilaceae" Op den Camp 2009 **** Genus "'' Methylacidimicrobium''" van Teeseling et al. 2014 **** Genus "'' Methylacidiphilum''" Hou et al. 2008 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Methylacidithermus" Picone et al. 2021 *** Family NGM72-4 **** Genus '' Limisphaera'' Anders et al. 2015 *** Family " Pedosphaeraceae" **** Genus "'' Pedosphaera''" Ozyurt 2008 * Class Terrimicrobia García-López et al. 2020 ** Order Terrimicrobiales García-López et al. 2020 *** Family " Chthoniobacteraceae" Sangwan et al. 2004 **** Genus "'' Chthoniobacter''" Sangwan et al. 2004 *** Family Terrimicrobiaceae García-López et al. 2020 **** Genus '' Terrimicrobium'' Qiu et al. 2014 *** Family UBA10450 **** Genus "''Ca.'' Udaeobacter" Brewer et al. 2016 *** Family " Xiphinematobacteraceae" **** Genus "''Ca.'' Xiphinematobacter" Vandekerckhove et al. 2000 * Class Verrucomicrobiae Hedlund et al. 1998 ** Order Verrucomicrobiales Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 *** Family Akkermansiaceae Hedlund & Derrien 2012 **** Genus ''

Akkermansia ''Akkermansia'' is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota ( Bacteria). The genus was first proposed by Derrien '' et al.'' (2004), with the type species ''Akkermansia muciniphila'' (gen. nov., sp. nov). Etymology The name ''Akkermansia'' d ...

'' Derrien et al. 2004 **** Genus '' Haloferula'' Yoon et al. 2008 **** Genus '' Luteolibacter'' Yoon et al. 2008 **** Genus '' Persicirhabdus'' Yoon et al. 2008 **** Genus '' Rubritalea'' Scheuermayer et al. 2006 **** Genus '' Roseibacillus'' Yoon et al. 2008 *** Family Verrucomicrobiaceae Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 **** Genus "'' Fucophilus''" Sakai et al. 2001b **** Genus '' Brevifollis'' Otsuka et al. 2013 **** Genus '' Oceaniferula'' Jin et al. 2022 **** Genus '' Phragmitibacter'' Szuróczki et al. 2021 **** Genus '' Prosthecobacter'' Staley et al. 1976 ex Staley et al. 1980 **** Genus '' Roseimicrobium'' Otsuka et al. 2013 **** Genus "'' Sulfuriroseicoccus''" Feng et al. 2022 **** Genus '' Terrimicrobium'' Qiu et al. 2014 **** Genus '' Verrucomicrobium'' Schlesner 1988

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18667425 Bacteria phyla

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

See also

References