Urie Bronfenbrenner (April 29, 1917 – September 25, 2005) was a Russian-born American psychologist who is most known for his ecological systems theory.Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979).The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. His work with the United States government helped in the formation of the Head Start program in 1965. Bronfenbrenner's ability research was key in changing the perspective of developmental psychology by calling attention to the large number of environmental and societal influences on child development.

Biography

Bronfenbrenner was born in Moscow on April 29, 1917, to

Russian Jewish The history of the Jews in Russia and areas historically connected with it goes back at least 1,500 years. Jews in Russia have historically constituted a large religious and ethnic diaspora; the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest pop ...

parents, the

pathologist Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in th ...

Alexander Bronfenbrenner and Eugenie Kamenetski.Behind the Mirror Image: Urie Bronfenbrenner in the Soviet Union, Jaffa Panken, 2005, p.9 When he was six, his family moved to the United States, first to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and then a year later to a rural part of New York state.American Psychologist. (1988). Urie Bronfenbrenner. ''American Psychologist''. His father worked as a neuropathologist at a hospital for the developmentally disabled called Letchworth Village, located in Rockland County, N.Y. Bronfenbrenner received a bachelor's in psychology and music from

Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to tea ...

in Ithaca, New York, in 1938. He earned a master's in education from

Harvard Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...

in 1940, and a doctorate in developmental psychology from the

University of Michigan , mottoeng = "Arts, Knowledge, Truth" , former_names = Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania (1817–1821) , budget = $10.3 billion (2021) , endowment = $17 billion (2021)As o ...

in 1942. He entered the U.S. military the day after receiving his doctorate, going on to serve as a psychologist in various military bodies during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

. After the war, he briefly obtained a job as an assistant chief clinical psychologist for the newly founded VA Clinical Psychology Training Program in Washington D.C. After that, he served as an assistant professor at the

for two years, and then moved to Cornell University in 1948 as an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development. At Cornell, his research focused on child development and the impact of social forces in this development for the rest of his career. He was appointed to a federal panel about development in impoverished children around 1964 and 1965, with this panel helping in the creation of Head Start in 1965. Bronfenbrenner wrote over 300 research papers and 14 books, and achieved the title of Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Human Development at Cornell University. He was married to Liese Price and had six children.

Death

He died at his home in Ithaca, New York, on September 25, 2005 at the age of 88, due to complications with diabetes.

Views on human development and ecological systems theory

Bronfenbrenner saw the process of human development as being shaped by the interaction between an individual and their environment. The specific path of development was a result of the influences of a person's surroundings, such as their parents, friends, school, work, culture, and so on. During his time, he saw developmental psychology as only studying individual influences on development in unnatural settings; in his own words, developmental psychology was, "...the science of strange behavior of children in strange situations with strange adults for the briefest possible periods of time." It is from this vantage point that Bronfenbrenner conceives his theory of human development, the ecological systems theory. His theory states that there are many different levels of environmental influences that can affect a child's development, starting from people and institutions immediately surrounding the individual to nationwide cultural forces. He later accounted for the influence of time, such as specific events and changes in culture over time, by adding the chronosystem to the theory.Berger, K.S. (2012). The developing person through childhood (6th edition). New York, NY: Worth Publishers Furthermore, he eventually renamed his theory the

bioecological model The bioecological model of development is a theoretical model of gene–environment interactions in human development. This model, first proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner and Stephen J. Ceci, in 1994, is an extension of Bronfenbrenner's origina ...

in order to recognize the importance of biological processes in development.Ceci, S.J. (2006). Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005). ''American Psychologist, 61'' (2), 173-174. However, he only recognized biology as producing a person's potential, with this potential being realized or not via environmental and social forces.

Head Start

In 1964 Bronfenbrenner testified before a congressional hearing about an antipoverty bill, stating that measures should be directed towards children in order to reduce the effects of poverty on developing persons. This perspective was contrary to the predominant view at the time that child development was purely biological, with no influence of experience or environment on its course. Because of his testimony, he was invited to the White House to discuss the issue with Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Johnson, with whom he discussed child-care programs of other countries. Furthermore, he was invited to a federal panel that was tasked with developing a method to counteract the effects of child poverty and to get them on an equal educational footing with wealthier students. He worked with 12 other professionals from various fields such as mental and physical health, education,

social work Social work is an academic discipline and practice-based profession concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole to enhance their individual and collective well-being. Social wo ...

, and

developmental psychology Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult developme ...

. Bronfenbrenner convinced the panel to focus efforts on involving a child's family and community in the intervention effort, so as to expand the program to also focus on the creation of a better environment for development. The panel's recommendations led to the formation of the Head Start in 1965. Bronfenbrenner's input may have helped Head Start develop some of its environmental intervention methods, such as family support services, home visits, and education for parenthood.

Legacy and influence

According to Melvin L. Kohn, a sociologist from

Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins is the oldest research university in the United States and in the western hemisphere. It consi ...

, Bronfenbrenner was critical in making social scientists realize that, "...interpersonal relationships, even tthe smallest level of the parent-child relationship, did not exist in a social vacuum but were embedded in the larger social structures of community, society, economics and politics." His theory also helped to push developmental research into conducting observations and experiments to discern the impact of certain environmental variables on human development. His research and ideas were also influential in the formation and direction of Head Start (see above). Bronfenbrenner's teaching in th
Department of Human Development
at

produced a large number of developmental researchers who are now, as Cornell University claims, "leaders in the field."

Awards

* The James McKeen Catell Award from the American Psychological Society1993 James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award
/ref> * The

American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over 133,000 members, including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. It ha ...

renamed its "Lifetime Contribution to Developmental Psychology in the Service of Science and Society" as "The Bronfenbrenner Award." * Chair, 1970 White House Conference on Children

Publications

* ''Two Worlds of Childhood: US and USSR''. Simon & Schuster, 1970. * ''Influencing Human Development''. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973. * ''Influences on Human Development''. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1975. * ''The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979. * ''The State of Americans: This Generation and the Next''. New York: Free Press, 1996. * ''Making Human Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human Development''. Sage, 2005.

References

External links

Guide to the Urie Bronfenbrenner Papers

Obituary: "Urie Bronfenbrenner; theories altered approach to child development; at 88" by Elaine Woo, Los Angeles Times. September 29, 2005.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bronfenbrenner, Urie 20th-century American psychologists Jewish American social scientists Systems psychologists Developmental psychologists Early childhood education in the United States Soviet emigrants to the United States Cornell University faculty Cornell University alumni Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni University of Michigan alumni Deaths from diabetes 1917 births 2005 deaths American people of Russian descent Human ecologists 20th-century American Jews 21st-century American Jews