The Upper Amazon Maipurean languages, a.k.a. North Amazonian or Inland Northern Maipuran, are Arawakan languages of the northern Amazon in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil.
Upper Amazon Arawakan has been surveyed comprehensively by
Henri Ramirez (2001), which includes a
historical reconstruction as well.
Languages
Kaufman (1994)
Kaufman (1994) gives the following breakdown (Aikhenvald's names of branches in parentheses):
* Western Nawiki (Colombian)
** Wainumá group ''(†)''
***
Wainumá ''(†)''
***
Mariaté ''(†)''
***
Anauyá ''(†)''
** Piapoko group
***
Achagua (Achawa)
***
Piapoco
Piapoco is an Arawakan language of Colombia and Venezuela.
A "Ponares" language is inferred from surnames, and may have been Piapoco or Achagua.
History
Piapoco is a branch of the Arawak language, which also includes Achagua and Tariana. P ...
***
Amarizana ''(†)''
***
Caviyari (Cabiyarí) ''(†?)''
** Warekena group
***
Guarequena (Warekena)
***
Mandahuaca (Mandawaka)
** Río Negro group ''(†)''
***
Jumana (Yumana) ''(†)''
***
Pasé ''(†)''
***
Cawishana ''(†)''
** Yucuna group
***
Yucuna (Jukuna)
***
Guarú ''(†)''
* Eastern Nawiki (Upper Rio Negro)
**
Tariana
** Karu group
***
Kurripako (a.k.a. Ipeka-Tapuia-Curripako)
***
Baniwa (of Içana) (Carútana-Baniwa)
*** Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai ''(Kadaupuritana)''
*
Resígaro ''(†?)''
* Central Upper Amazon (Orinoco)
** Baré group
***
Marawá ''(†)''
***
Baré
***
Guinao ''(†)''
** Yavitero group ''(†)''
***
Yavitero ''(†)''
***
Baniwa (Abane)
***
Maipure ''(†)''
* Manao (Middle Rio Negro) ''(†)''
**
Manao ''(†)''
**
Kariaí (Cariyai) ''(†)''
He leaves the following Upper Amazon languages unclassified:
*
Shiriana (Xiriâna) ''(†)'',
Yabaána ''(†)'',
Waraikú (Araikú) ''(†)'',
Wiriná ''(†)''
Aikhenvald (1999)
In 1999 Aikhenvald
classified a couple languages Kaufman left out (Shiriana, Yabaâna), but leaves several of the Western Nawiki languages and branches unclassified. Several languages — Maipure, Resígaro, Cawishana, Mandahuaca, and Guarequena — are moved. She treats the Yucuna, Karu (Baniwa), and Bare groups as single languages.
* Western Nawiki (Colombian)
**
Maipure ''(†)''
**
Resígaro ''(†?)''
**
Achagua (Achawa)
**
Piapoco
Piapoco is an Arawakan language of Colombia and Venezuela.
A "Ponares" language is inferred from surnames, and may have been Piapoco or Achagua.
History
Piapoco is a branch of the Arawak language, which also includes Achagua and Tariana. P ...
**
Caviyari (Cabiyarí) ''(†?)''
**
Yucuna (Jukuna) (dialect: Guarú ''(†)'')
* Eastern Nawiki (Upper Rio Negro)
**
Tariana
**
Baniwa (Carútana-Baniwa) (dialects:
Curripako, Catapolítani)
**
Guarequena (Warekena)
* Central Upper Amazon (Orinoco)
**
Mandahuaca (Mandawaka)
**
Yabaâna ''(†)''
**
Baré (dialect:
Guinao ''(†)'')
**
Yavitero ''(†)''
**
Baniwa of Guainia ''(†)''
* Manao (Middle Rio Negro) ''(†)''
**
Manao ''(†)''
**
Shiriana (Xiriâna) ''(†)''
**
Cawishana (Kaiʃana) ''(†)''
Unclassified ''(†)'':
Wainumá,
Mariaté,
Anauyá,
Amarizana,
Jumana (Yumana),
Pasé,
Kariaí (Cariyai),
Waraikú (Araikú),
Wiriná.
Cabre (Cavare) was found in the area of the Western Nawiki languages, but only a few words are known. The "
Ponares language" listed in ''Ethnologue'' may have been Piapoco or Achagua.
References
*Ramirez, Henri. 2001. ''Línguas Arawak da Amazônia Setentrional''. Manaus: EDUA. 745pp.
{{Arawakan languages
Arawakan languages
Upper Amazon