Uncinaria stenocephala
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''Uncinaria stenocephala'' is a
nematode The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhab ...
that parasitizes
dog The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...
s, cats, and
fox Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or ''brush''). Twelve sp ...
es as well as humans. It is rare to find in cats in the United States. ''Uncinaria stenocephala'' is the most common canine hookworm in cooler regions, such as Canada and the northern regions of the US, where it can be found primarily in foxes (40%). ''U. stenocephala'' is also one of the most common hookworms in the UK, called the northern hookworm, however it has a rather low prevalence. ''U. stenocephala is'' also considered to be zoonotic hookworms because they live in animals but can be transmitted to humans.


Life cycle

The host ingests an infective third stage
larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...
. The larva matures to the adult in the small intestine. Eggs are laid in the small intestine and pass out with the feces. The prepatent period is about 15 to 17 days. The eggs hatch in the soil and the larvae molt twice to reach the infective third-stage. Infections worsen and amplify when dogs who are regularly kept outside are not routinely dewormed. Adult worms may live for 4 to 24 months in the small intestine. Dog and cat hookworms range in size from 10 to 20 mm by 0.4 to 0.5 mm and the eggs are 71 to 93 μm by 35 to 58 µm. A study shown a high number of eggs per female ''U. stenocephala'' worm was measured at over 5,000 eggs. Adult parasites are most often found in their hosts'
small intestine The small intestine or small bowel is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract where most of the absorption of nutrients from food takes place. It lies between the stomach and large intestine, and receives bile and pancreatic juice through the p ...
. A second type of infection occurs with transdermal larval infection into the dog's skin, usually made possible by warm weather and humidity which allows the larvae to grow in the environment. These transdermal infections are not very significant in ''U. stenocephala'' because about 2.3% ± 1.3% of infective larvae actually reach the small intestine to finish its life cycle.


Diagnosis

Diagnostic Stage: * Eggs are found in
fecal flotation Feces ( or faeces), known colloquially and in slang as poo and poop, are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Feces contain a relat ...
. * Eggs measure 75 um long by 45 um wide. Common Diagnostic Test * Fecal float to recover eggs. Clinical Signs: *''U. stenocephala'' ingests plasma protein rather than whole blood, so the loss of nutrients is evident. *All hookworms suck blood, they are capable of removing 0.1mL of blood per worm, per 24-hour period. * Light infections are asymptomatic. * Infected pups may present with pale mucus membranes and anemia, ill thrift, failure to gain weight, poor hair coat, dehydration, and dark, tarry diarrhea (melena). Puppies harboring many worms will develop an acute normocytic, normochromic anemia followed by hypochromic, microcytic anemia due to iron deficiency. Without immediate intervention, these animals may die of the infection. Those that survive may continue as "poor doers" with chronic anemia. ''U. stenocephala'' is considered a zoonotic hookworm and can cause a few different diseases in humans, including cutaneous larva migrans. Humans become infected when the larvae penetrate unprotected skin due to contaminated animal feces in the environment.


Treatment/Prevention

Effective treatment of ''U. stenocephala'' includes proper medical treatment and the proper choice of anthelmintic. It is recommended for infected animals to have their feces examined 3 weeks after treatment is complete. Febantel, Febantel/Pyrantel embonate, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin, Mebendazole, Pyrantel Pamoate Heartworm prevention products that include Ivermectin/Pyrantal/Praziquantel or Moxidectin are good at controlling ''U. stenocephala'' in dogs.


References

* Foreyt, W. J. (2001). Veterinary parasitology reference manual. (5 ed.). Ames, IA: ZBlackwell publishing. * Plumb, D. C. (2008). Plumb's veterinary drug handbook. Wiley-Blackwell. {{DEFAULTSORT:Uncinaria Stenocephala Strongylida Parasites of carnivores Animals described in 1884