Ultrasound research interface

An ultrasound research interface (URI) is a software tool loaded onto a diagnostic clinical ultrasound device which provides functionality beyond typical clinical modes of operation.

A normal clinical ultrasound user only has access to the ultrasound data in its final processed form, typically a B-Mode image, in DICOM format. For reasons of device usability they also have limited access to the processing parameters that can be modified.Dickie K, Leung C, Zahiri R, Pelissier L. A flexible research interface for collecting clinical ultrasound images. SPIE Multispectral Image Acquisition. 2009 Oct;7494(02)Rohling R, Fung W, Lajevardi P. PUPIL: Programmable Ultrasound Platform and Interface Library. MICCAI. 2003 Nov;(2879);424-431Shamdasani V, Bae U, Sikdar S, Yoo YM, Karadayi K, Managuli R, Kim Y. Research interface on a programmable ultrasound scanner. Ultrasonics. 2008 Jul;48(03);159-168.

A URI allows a researcher to achieve different results by either acquiring the image at various intervals through the processing chain, or changing the processing parameters.

Typical B-mode receive processing chain

A typical digital ultrasound processing chain for B-Mode imaging may look as follows:
*Multiple analog signals are acquired from the ultrasound transducer (the transmitter/receiver applied to the patient)
*Analog signals may pass through one or more analog notch filters and a variable-gain amplifier (VCA)
*Multiple analog-to-digital converters convert the analog radio frequency (RF) signal to a digital RF signal sampled at a predetermined rate (typical ranges are from 20MHz to 160MHz) and at a predetermined number of bits (typical ranges are from 10 bits to 16 bits)
*Beamforming is applied to individual RF signals by applying time delays and summations as a function of time and transformed into a single RF signal
*The RF signal is run through one or more digital FIR or IIR filters to extract the most interesting parts of the signal given the clinical operation
*The filtered RF signal runs through an envelope detector and is log compressed into a grayscale format

Multiple signals processed in this way are lined up together and interpolated and rasterized into a readable image.

Data access

A URI may provide data access at many different stages of the processing chain, these include:
*Pre-beamformed digital RF data from individual channels
*Beamformed RF data
*Envelope detected data
*Interpolated image data

Where many diagnostic ultrasound devices have Doppler imaging modes for measuring blood flow, the URI may also provide access to Doppler related signal data, which can include:
*Demodulated (I/Q) data
* FFT spectral data
*Autocorrelated velocity color Doppler data

Tools

A URI may include many different tools for enabling the researcher to make better use of the device and the data captured, some of these tools include:
*Custom MATLAB programs for reading and processing signal and image data
*Software Development Kits (SDKs) for communicating with the URI, signal processing and other specialized modes of operation available on the URI

References

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Ultrasound Research Laboratories

The following non-exhaustive list of research labs are typical candidates that would use an ultrasound research interface for conducting experiments and collecting data.
NTNU Ultrasound Research GroupDuke Biomedical ImagingMayo Clinic Ultrasound Imaging LabWestern Biomedical Ultrasound Research LabPhysics for Medicine lab, Paris


Ultrasound
Medical ultrasonography
Medical physics