The elm

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...

''Ulmus'' 'Crispa' 'curled', the leaf margin sometimes known as the Fernleaf Elm, arose before 1800 and was first listed by

Willdenow Carl Ludwig Willdenow (22 August 1765 – 10 July 1812) was a German botanist, pharmacist, and plant taxonomist. He is considered one of the founders of phytogeography, the study of the geographic distribution of plants. Willdenow was also ...

as ''U. crispa'' (1809). Audibert listed an ''U. campestris'' Linn. 'Crispa', ''orme à feuilles crépues'' 'frizzy-leaved elm' in 1817, and an ''Ulmus urticaefolia'' 'nettle-leaved elm'in 1832; the latter is usually taken to be a synonym. Loudon considered the tree a variety of ''U. montana'' (1838). In the 19th century, ''

Ulmus × hollandica ''Ulmus'' × ''hollandica'' Mill. , often known simply as Dutch elm, is a natural hybrid between Wych elm ''Ulmus glabra'' and field elm ''Ulmus minor'' which commonly occurs across Europe wherever the ranges of the parent species overlap. In E ...

'' cultivars, as well as those of

Wych Elm ''Ulmus glabra'' Hudson, the wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and from the Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese and Sicily, where the species reaches i ...

, were often grouped under ''Ulmus montana''. Elwes and Henry (1913) listed 'Crispa' as a form of wych elm, but made no mention of the non-wych

samara Samara ( rus, Сама́ра, p=sɐˈmarə), known from 1935 to 1991 as Kuybyshev (; ), is the largest city and administrative centre of Samara Oblast. The city is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Samara rivers, with a population ...

(see 'Description'). Hanham (1857) noted that in his day concave-leaved Field Elm, ''U. campestris concavaefolia'', was frequently mistaken for and sold as 'Crispa' in nurseries, "though there is a wide difference between them".Hanham, F. (1857)
''A Manual for the Park''
(Royal Victoria Park, Bath). Longman, London. The

Louis van Houtte Louis Benoît van Houtte (29 June 1810, in Ypres – 9 May 1876, in Ghent) was a Belgian horticulturist who was with the Jardin Botanique de Brussels between 1836 and 1838 and is best known for the journal '' Flore des Serres et des Jardins d ...

nursery used the synonym ''Ulmus campestris adiantifolia'' for 'Crispa', and ''Ulmus campestris crispa'' for the cultivar 'Webbiana'.''Cultures de Louis van Houtte: Plantes Vivaces de Pleine Terre''
''Catalogue de Louis van Houtte, 1881-2'', p.303 The Baudriller nursery of

Angers Angers (, , ) is a city in western France, about southwest of Paris. It is the prefecture of the Maine-et-Loire department and was the capital of the province of Anjou until the French Revolution. The inhabitants of both the city and the pr ...

went one step further, listing ''Ulmus campestris adiantifolia'', ''orme à feuilles de capillaire'' 'downy-leaved elm' separately from both ''Ulmus campestris crispa'', ''orme à feuilles crispées'' 'wrinkled leaved elm'and ''Ulmus campestris webbiana'', ''orme de Webb''.

Koch Koch may refer to: People * Koch (surname), people with this surname * Koch dynasty, a dynasty in Assam and Bengal, north east India * Koch family * Koch people (or Koche), an ethnic group originally from the ancient Koch kingdom in north east I ...

, noting similarities between 'Crispa' and ''Ulmus montana rugosa'', conjectured (1872) that the latter cultivar, which has "similar but less frizzy leaves", may have arisen from the former.

Description

'Crispa' is a slow-growing tree with pendulous branches bearing narrow,

linear Linearity is the property of a mathematical relationship ('' function'') that can be graphically represented as a straight line. Linearity is closely related to '' proportionality''. Examples in physics include rectilinear motion, the linear ...

oblanceolate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular ...

leaves up to 9 cm long by 3.5 cm broad, distinctively wrinkled and with numerous incised curved teeth.Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London. Hanham (1857), concurring with Loudon (1838), described it as "generally of a slender and stunted habit of growth", and

Henry Henry may refer to: People *Henry (given name) * Henry (surname) * Henry Lau, Canadian singer and musician who performs under the mononym Henry Royalty * Portuguese royalty ** King-Cardinal Henry, King of Portugal ** Henry, Count of Portugal, ...

(1913) as a small tree;Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. p.1867. Private publication, Edinburgh

/ref> mature specimens in Sweden, however, have attained a height comparable to the type. The seed is near the apex (margin) of the

,Herbarium specimen AMD.127087, naturalis.nl
/ref> confirmed from specimens in The Netherlands – a diagnostic feature which points to Ulmus × hollandica, hybridity. The petiole is variable – short on thick twigs, but longer and unwych-like on more slender twigs.

Arnold Arboretum The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University is a botanical research institution and free public park, located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts. Established in 1872, it is the oldest public arboretum in ...

, Massachusetts, described their specimen of 'Crispa' (1915) as "more curious than beautiful". Image:Ulmus glabra Crispa (glabra) 071007b.jpg, 'Crispa' leaf Image:RN Ulmus glabra Crispa (bonte hoek).JPG, Leaves of 'Crispa' Image:Ulmus glabra Crispa bladdetail (bottomside).JPG, Underside of 'Crispa' leaves

Pests and diseases

'Crispa' is susceptible to

Dutch elm disease Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into America, Europe ...

Cultivation

'Crispa' was once to be found in collections in Britain, including Kew, the

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...

, and the Royal Victoria Park, Bath. A specimen obtained from Späth as ''U. montana crispa'' and planted in 1916, stood in the

Ryston Hall Ryston Hall, Ryston, Norfolk, England is a 17th-century country house built by Sir Roger Pratt for himself. The house was constructed between 1669 and 1672 in the Carolean style. In the late 18th century, John Soane made alterations to the hou ...

arboretum,

Norfolk Norfolk () is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and south-west, and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the Nor ...

, in the early 20th century. The tree was propagated and marketed in the UK by the Hillier & Sons nursery,

Winchester, Hampshire Winchester is a cathedral city in Hampshire, England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government district, at the western end of the South Downs National Park, on the River Itchen. It is south-west of Londo ...

, from 1945, with just 12 sold in the period 1962 to 1977, when production ceased.Hillier & Sons (1977). ''Catalogue of Trees & Shrubs''. Hillier, Ampfield, UK.Hillier & Sons ''Sales inventory 1962 to 1977'' (unpublished). Only one mature tree is now known to survive in the UK, at the Rosemoor Garden in

Devon Devon ( , historically known as Devonshire , ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in South West England. The most populous settlement in Devon is the city of Plymouth, followed by Devon's county town, the city of Exeter. Devo ...

. Specimens survive in Sweden (see 'Notable trees') and Latvia. As 'Crispa' was marketed in Poland in the 19th century by the Ulrich nursery,Ulrich, C. (1894), ''Katalog Drzew i Krezewow, C. Ulrich'', Rok 1893–94, Warszawa

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officiall ...

, and by the

Späth nursery The Späth (often spelt ''Spaeth'') family created one of the world's most notable plant nurseries of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The nursery had been founded in 1720 by Christoph Späth but removed to the erstwhile district of Baumschulenw ...

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...

, other specimens may survive elsewhere in Eastern Europe. The Hesse Nursery of

Weener Weener () is a town in the district of Leer, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Ems. The towns population is at 15,654, making it the largest town of the region Rheiderland. It has a railw ...

, Germany, distributed the tree as ''U. campestris urticifolia'' Hort. in the 1930s. The tree remains in cultivation in Europe (see 'Nurseries'). The tree was introduced to the Dominion Arboretum,

Ottawa Ottawa (, ; Canadian French: ) is the capital city of Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River in the southern portion of the province of Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the c ...

, Canada in 1896 as ''U. montana crispa'' (syn. ''U. campestris urticaefolia''). ''Ulmus crispa'' was distributed by Hovey's nursery of

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

, Massachusetts from the 1850s. 'Crispa' appeared as ''U. urticifolia'', 'Nettle-leaved elm' with "undulating leaves", in Kelsey's 1904 catalogue, New York. It was listed by nurseries in Australia in the early 20th century, but there are no records of any survivors there.Spencer, R., Hawker, J. and Lumley, P. (1991). ''Elms in Australia''. Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. .

Notable trees

Large specimens survive in Sweden, in Krusenburg near

Uppsala Uppsala (, or all ending in , ; archaically spelled ''Upsala'') is the county seat of Uppsala County and the fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 177,074 inhabitants in 2019. Located north of the ca ...

, and in Stockholm (Hantverkargatan and two in Serafimerparken) (2017).

Varieties

* 'Crispa Aurea' * 'Crispa Pendula'

Synonymy

*''Ulmus urticaefolia'': Audibert 1832 catalogue. *''Ulmus adiantifolia'' Hort.:

Kirchner Kirchner, a surname of German origin, from the Middle High German word, 'kirchenaere' (English: ' sexton'). Kirchner originated as an occupational surname for a church worker, such as a priest, church assistant or a church property administrator. N ...

, in Petzold & Kirchner, ''Arboretum Muscaviense'', 565, 1864. ''Arboretum Muscaviense'' 566 (1864)
/ref> Name in synonymy. *''Ulmus campestris adiantifolia'' ?: Baudriller 1880 catalogue,

1881 catalogue. *''Ulmus campestris'' var. ''sublaciniatus'':

Mathieu Mathieu is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include: Surname * André Mathieu (1929–1968), Canadian pianist and composer * Anselme Mathieu (1828–1895), French Provençal poet * Claude-Louis Mathieu (1783–1875) ...

''Flore générale de Belgique'' 1: 480, 1853
. *''Ulmus montana filicifolia'' ?: Smith & Co., Worcester, 1887–88, Thompson & Watson: a wych elm cultivar with "dissected foliage" *''Ulmus campestris filicifolia'' ? :

1881 catalogue *''Ulmus asplenifolia'':

Bean A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes th ...

(1936)

Accessions

;Europe *

Grange Farm Arboretum The Grange Farm Arboretum is a small private arboretum comprising 3 hectares accommodating over 800 trees, mostly native and ornamental species or cultivars, notably oaks, ashes, walnuts and elms, growing on a calcareous loam.Ostler, J. (2009) ...

Lincolnshire Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs.) is a Counties of England, county in the East Midlands of England, with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east. It borders Norfolk to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south-we ...

, UK. Acc. no. 1069. *Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. no. 18101 * Linnaean Gardens of Uppsala, Sweden. Acc. no. 1996-1558 * Rosemoor Garden, Torrington,

, UK. One tree, in Lady Anne's Garden, planted 1976, 8 m high (2008

obtained from the D M van Gelderen nursery,

Boskoop Boskoop () is a town in the province of South Holland. It was a separate municipality until it merged into Alphen aan den Rijn in 2014. The town had a population of 15,050 in 2012 and covers an area of of which is water. It's the world's bigge ...

, Netherlands. *

Tallinn Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju '' ...

Botanic Garden, Estoni

No details available. * Netherlands Plant Collection Ulmus,

Wijdemeren Wijdemeren () is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland, on the western border of the Gooi region. Wijdemeren contains many lakes. In the north(east) ''Spiegelplas'' and ''Ankeveense Plassen'', in the (south)west ''Lo ...

, 3 planted as Ulmus glabra ‘Crispa’ 2021 Rading

Loosdrecht Loosdrecht () is a town in the municipality of Wijdemeren, North Holland, the Netherlands, with a population of about 8,600 inhabitants. Loosdrecht consists of two small villages: Nieuw-Loosdrecht and Oud-Loosdrecht. Nieuw Loosdrecht covers a s ...

and De Kwakel

Kortenhoef Kortenhoef is a village in North Holland, Netherlands with a population of about 6,780. It is an important part of the municipality of Wijdemeren, and lies about 5 km northwest of Hilversum. Kortenhoef was a separate municipality until 1966, ...

obtained from Chris van der Wurff nursery,

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

.Netherlands Plant Collection: Iepen, ''Ulmus''
/ref>

Nurseries

*Arboretum Waaslan

Nieuwkerken-Waas Nieuwkerken-Waas is a village in the Belgian province East Flanders. Since 1977, it has been a subdivision (deelgemeente) of the municipality of Sint-Niklaas. History In comparison with towns bordering Sint-Niklaas such as Waasmunster, Belsele ...

, Belgium. *Centrum voor Botanische Verrijking vzw,

Kampenhout Kampenhout () is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant. The municipality comprises the towns of Berg, Buken, Kampenhout proper and Nederokkerzeel. On 1 January 2006 Kampenhout had a total population of 10,956. The tota ...

, Belgium.Centrum voor Botanische Verrijking vzw
Voorraadlijst
accessdate: November 2, 2016 *Lønbæk Planteskol

Holstebro Holstebro is the main town in Holstebro Municipality, Denmark. The town, bisected by ''Storåen'' ("The Large Creek") and has a population of 36,489 (1 January 2022).
Wilhelminaoord, Netherlands. *Szkółki Konieczk

Gogolin, Poland.

References

External links

* Kew specimen (1881) * Sheet labelled ''Ulmus crispa'', Amsterdam specimen; samarae and leaves * Sheet labelled ''Ulmus crispa'', Amsterdam specimen (1859); samarae and leaves
"Herbarium specimen BR0000026205151V"
Botanic Garden, Meise. Sheet labelled ''Ulmus effusa'' var. ''crispa'', Jardin Botanique de Liège (C. Aigret; 1904) * Labelled ''U. urticaefolia'' (1925) *

Ayrshire Ayrshire ( gd, Siorrachd Inbhir Àir, ) is a historic county and registration county in south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde. Its principal towns include Ayr, Kilmarnock and Irvine and it borders the counties of ...

specimen in RBGE archive (1947) *

specimen in RBGE archive (1947) * Sheet labelled ''Ulmus scabra'' var. ''adiantifolia'' {{Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars , state=collapsed Elm cultivars Ulmus articles with images Ulmus