USS New Orleans (CA-32)

USS ''New Orleans'' (CL/CA-32) was the lead in service with the United States Navy. The ''New Orleans''-class cruisers were the last U.S. cruisers built to the specifications and standards of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Such ships, with a limit of standard displacement and calibre main guns may be referred to as "treaty cruisers." Originally classified a light cruiser, because of her thin armor, she was reclassified, soon after being laid down, a heavy cruiser, because of her 8-inch guns. The term "heavy cruiser" was not defined until the London Naval Treaty in 1930.

Inter-war period

''New Orleans'' keel was laid on 14 March 1931, at the New York Navy Yard, commonly known as the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The ship was launched on 12 April 1933, sponsored by Cora S. Jahncke, a native of New Orleans, Louisiana, and daughter of Ernest L. Jahncke, a civil engineer and president of the Jahncke Shipbuilding Co. in New Orleans. Jahncke had served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the administration of President Herbert Hoover, returning to private life in March 1933 with the inauguration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. ''New Orleans'' was commissioned at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 15 February 1934, with Captain Allen B. Reed as the first commander. Attending the commissioning ceremonies were Rear Admiral Yates Stirling Jr., Commandant of the New York Naval Yard and former Assistant Navy Secretary Jahncke. Among ''New Orleans'' junior officer plankowners in 1934, were Jahncke's son, Ensign E.L. Jahncke Jr. and Ensign T.H. Moorer, who as Admiral Thomas H. Moorer was Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) from 1967 to 1970 and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1974.

Under Captain Reed's command that ended on 30 August 1935, ''New Orleans'' made a shakedown Transatlantic crossing to Great Britain and Scandinavia in May and June 1934. ''New Orleans'' made ports of call and was greeted by thousands at Stockholm, Sweden, Copenhagen, Denmark, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Portsmouth, England, returning to New York on 28 June. On 5 July, ''New Orleans'' sailed to Balboa, Panama, the western entrance to the Panama Canal to rendez-vous with the heavy cruiser , carrying President Roosevelt, on a nearly . cruise to Hawaii and an exercise with the United States Airship and her aircraft off the California coast.

''New Orleans'' reached Honolulu, Hawaii, on 26 July 1934, and Astoria, Oregon, on 2 August, where the cruise ended. ''New Orleans'' sailed at once for Panama and Cuba, stopping at San Pedro, Los Angeles, on 7 August 1934. She exercised off New England into 1935, then visited her namesake city at the end of March while en route to join United States Fleet Scouting Force Cruiser Division 6 (CruDiv 6) based out of San Pedro, and operating along the coast of California and the eastern Pacific. ''New Orleans'' was open for public viewing while visiting the "Crescent City" and thousands of citizens visited the ship during the time she was berthed there. Shortly after arriving at San Pedro, the cruiser participated in Fleet problem XVI from 29 April to 10 June. It was the largest mock battle ever staged and conducted in five separate stages over five million square miles of the North Central Pacific between Midway, Hawaii, and the Aleutian Islands, involving 321 vessels and 70,000 men. In June ''New Orleans'' visited San Diego for the first-ever Fleet Week, one of 114 American warships in the "mightiest fleet ever assembled under the U.S. flag" for the California Pacific International Exposition.

''New Orleans'' returned to the Brooklyn Navy Yard in New York where she was dry-docked for maintenance from 20 August to 7 December 1936. Early in 1937, she was once more in the Pacific. Aside from winter training in the Caribbean early in 1939, she served out of California ports until joining the Hawaiian Detachment on 12 October 1939, for exercises, training, and, as war drew close, vigilant patrol.

World War II

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Moored in Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, ''New Orleans'' was taking power and light from the dock, her engines under repair. With yard power out during the attack, ''New Orleans'' engineers began to raise steam, working by flashlight, while on deck men fired on the Japanese attackers with rifles and pistols. The crew was forced to break the locks on the ammunition ready boxes as the keys couldn't be located, and because the ship was taking power from the dock, the 5"/25 cal AA gun had to be aimed and fired manually. The gunners topside were ducking machine gun bullets and shrapnel, training their guns manually, as they had no ammunition other than the few shells in their ready boxes. The ammunition hoists did not have power, making it nearly impossible to get more ammunition topside to the gun crews. The shells had to be pulled up the powerless hoists by ropes attached to their metal cases. Every man with no specific job at the moment formed ammunition lines to get the shells to the guns. A number of her crew were injured when a fragmentation bomb exploded close aboard. ''New Orleans'' suffered no severe damage during the attack. The ship's chaplain was Howell Forgy, who during the attack walked the ammo handling lines patting sailors on the back and urging them to "Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition".

1942

Before having the engine work complete at Pearl Harbor, the cruiser convoyed troops to Palmyra Atoll and Johnston Atoll operating on only three of her four engines; she then returned to San Francisco on 13 January 1942 for engineering repairs and installation of new search radar and 20 mm guns. She sailed on 12 February, commanding the escort for a troop convoy to Brisbane; from Australia she screened a convoy to Nouméa, and returned to Pearl Harbor to join Task Force 11 (TF 11).

Battle of Coral Sea

TF 11 sortied on 15 April to join the task force southwest of the New Hebrides. It was this joint force, together with a cruiser-destroyer group, which won the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7–8 May, driving back a southward thrust of the Japanese which threatened Australia and New Zealand and their seaborne life lines. In this battle was sunk and ''New Orleans'' stood by, her men diving overboard to rescue survivors and her boat crews closing the burning carrier, saving 580 of ''Lexington''s crew who were subsequently landed at Nouméa. ''New Orleans'' then patrolled the eastern Solomons until sailing to replenish at Pearl Harbor.

Battle of Midway

''New Orleans'' sailed on 28 May, screening , to surprise the Japanese in the Battle of Midway. On 2 June, she rendezvous with the ''Yorktown'' force, and two days later joined battle. Three of the four Japanese carriers -- ''Akagi,'' ''Kaga,'' and ''Soryu''—were sunk by hits scored in dive bomber attacks. The fourth carrier, ''Hiryu,'' was found and wrecked later, but not before her dive bombers had damaged ''Yorktown'' so badly she had to be abandoned.

Battle of the Eastern Solomons

Again the ''New Orleans'' was replenished at Pearl Harbor, steaming out on 7 July to rendezvous off the Fiji Islands for the invasion of the Solomon Islands, during which she screened the . Fighting off enemy air attacks on 24–25 August, the ''New Orleans'' aided the U.S. Marine Corps beachhead on Guadalcanal, as a Japanese landing expedition was turned back in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. At this point, ''New Orleans'' had been in the Coral Sea for two full months, and food began to run low. The crew went on half rations and Spam became the main course of every meal; eventually they ran out of rice. When the ''Saratoga'' was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine on 31 August, the ''New Orleans'' escorted her to Pearl Harbor, arriving on 21 September.

Battle of Tassafaronga

With the repaired carrier, ''New Orleans'' sailed to Fiji early in November 1942, then proceeded to Espiritu Santo, arriving on 27 November to return to action in the Solomons. With four other cruisers and six destroyers, she fought in the Battle of Tassafaronga on the night of 30 November, engaging a Japanese destroyer-transport force. When the flagship ''Minneapolis'' was struck by two torpedoes, ''New Orleans'', next astern, was forced to sheer away to avoid collision, and ran into the track of a torpedo which detonated the ship's forward magazines and gasoline tanks. This explosion severed of her bow just forward of turret No. 2. The severed bow, including Turret No. 1, swung around the port side and punched several holes in the length of ''New Orleans'' hull before sinking at the stern and damaging the port inboard propeller. With one quarter of her length gone, slowed to , and on fire forward, damage control parties managed to repair the ship enough to sail to Tulagi Harbor near daybreak on 1 December. The crew camouflaged their ship from air attack, jury-rigged a bow of coconut logs, and worked clearing away wreckage. Eleven days later, ''New Orleans'' sailed stern first to avoid sinking to Cockatoo Island Dockyard in Sydney, Australia, arriving on 24 December. At Cockatoo, the damaged propeller was replaced and other repairs were made including the installation of a temporary stub bow. On 7 March 1943, she left Sydney for Puget Sound Navy Yard, sailing backward the entire voyage, where a new bow was fitted with the use of ''Minneapolis'' No. 2 Turret. All battle damage was repaired and she was given a major refit involving the reducing of the forward superstructure along the lines of other pre-war cruisers, adding new air-search and surface search radars, as well as numerous 20mm and 40mm ''Bofors'' anti-aircraft guns. In addition, her boilers, machinery, and hull structures were overhauled to almost new condition. She continued to sail with the back portion (aft) riveted and the front portion (bow) welded.

Image:NewOrleansTulagiBowMissing.jpg, ''New Orleans'' with torpedo damage in Tulagi Harbor on 1 December 1942 after The Battle of Tassafaronga.
Image:Damages New Orleans Tassafaronga.jpg, Damage to ''New Orleans'' with everything ahead of Turret No. 2 missing after being hit by a single torpedo which exploded her forward magazines. Photographed after the Battle of Tassafaronga, which occurred on 30 November 1942.
Image:Survivors on PT boat after Tassafaronga.jpg, ''New Orleans'' seen after the Battle of Tassafaronga near Tulagi on 1 December 1942. The PT boat in the foreground is carrying survivors from ''Northampton''.
Image:TassaNewOrleans.gif, ''New Orleans'' under a camouflage net at Tulagi undergoing field repairs suffered in the Battle of Tassafaronga on 1 December 1942. Once field repairs were completed, ''New Orleans'' traveled to rear-area ports for further repairs.
Image:Titan lifting temporary bow to be welded to USS New Orleans.jpg, :Titan lifting temporary bow to be welded ''New Orleans'' at Cockatoo Island Dockyard.
Image:False bow being fitted to USS New Orleans.jpg, False bow being fitted to ''New Orleans''.
Image:Temporary bow fitted to USS New Orleans.jpg, Temporary bow fitted to ''New Orleans'' to enable her return to the United States to repair damage sustained from torpedo damage at the Battle of Tassafaronga. The guns have been removed from No. 2 Turret.

1943

Returning to Pearl Harbor on 31 August for combat training, ''New Orleans'' next joined a cruiser-destroyer force to bombard Wake Island on 5–6 October, repulsing a Japanese torpedo-plane attack. Her next sortie from Pearl Harbor came on 10 November when she sailed to fire precision bombardment in the Gilberts on 20 November, then to screen carriers striking the eastern Marshalls on 4 December. In aerial attacks that day, the new , namesake of the carrier whose men ''New Orleans'' had pulled from the Coral Sea, was torpedoed, and ''New Orleans'' guarded her successful retirement to repairs at Pearl Harbor, arriving on 9 December.

1944

From 29 January 1944, ''New Orleans'' fired on targets in the Marshalls, hitting air installations and shipping as the Navy took Kwajalein. She fueled at Majuro, then sailed 11 February to join the fast carriers in a raid on Truk, Japanese bastion in the Carolines on 17–18 February. While air strikes were flown, ''New Orleans'', with other warships circled the atoll to catch escaping ships; the task force's combined gunfire sank a light cruiser, a destroyer, a trawler, and a submarine chaser. The force sailed on to hit the Marianas, then returned to Majuro and Pearl Harbor.

The carriers, with ''New Orleans'' in escort, attacked targets in the Carolines late in March, then in April, sailed south to support Allied landings at Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura), New Guinea. There on 22 April, a disabled plane flew into ''New Orleans'' mainmast, hitting gun mounts as it fell into the sea. The ship was sprayed with gas as the plane exploded on hitting the water, one crew member was lost, another badly injured, but ''New Orleans'' continued in action, patrolling and plane guarding off New Guinea, then joining in further raids on Truk and Satawan, which she bombarded on 30 April. She returned to Majuro on 4 May.

Preparations were made in the Marshalls for the invasion of the Marianas, for which ''New Orleans'' sortied from Kwajalein on 10 June. She bombarded Saipan on 15–16 June, then joined the screen protecting carriers as they prepared to meet the Japanese Mobile Fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.

''New Orleans'' made patrols and bombardments on Saipan and Tinian into August, returned to Eniwetok on the 13th, and sailed the 28th for carrier raids on the Bonins, bombardments of Iwo Jima on 1–2 September, and direct air support for the invasion of the Palaus. After re-provisioning at Manus, the task force assaulted Okinawa, Formosa, and Northern Luzon, destroying Japanese land-based aviation which otherwise would have threatened the landings on Leyte on 20 October.

''New Orleans'' was present during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, which started on 23 October. On 25 October, the Fast Carrier Strike Force had steamed north, to attack the Northern Force commanded by Jisaburō Ozawa. ''New Orleans'' again screened for the carriers, which sank or damaged several Japanese carriers. Task Force 34 was detached to finish off several of the crippled Japanese ships with gunfire; ''New Orleans'' and three other cruisers sank the light carrier and the destroyer .

1945

After replenishing at Ulithi, ''New Orleans'' guarded carriers during raids throughout the Philippines in preparation for the invasion of Mindoro, then late in December sailed for a Mare Island Navy Yard overhaul, followed by training in Hawaii. She returned to Ulithi on 18 April 1945, and two days later, departed to join Task Force 54 (TF 54), in the ongoing invasion of Okinawa, arriving at Okinawa on 23 April. Here, she engaged with shore batteries and fired directly against the enemy lines. After nearly two months on station, she sailed to replenish and repair in the Philippines, and was at Subic Bay when hostilities ceased in the Pacific War.

Post-war

''New Orleans'' sailed on 28 August with a cruiser-destroyer force to ports of China and Korea. She covered the internment of Japanese ships at Tsingtao, the evacuation of liberated Allied prisoners-of-war, and the landing of troops in Korea and China. She sailed on 17 November from the mouth of the Peking River (Hai He), carrying veterans homeward bound. More returning troops came aboard at the Sasebo U.S. Fleet Activities base, and all were disembarked at San Francisco 8 December. After similar duty took her to Guam in January 1946, she sailed through the Panama Canal for a 10-day visit to her namesake city. She then steamed to Philadelphia Navy Yard, arriving on 12 March. There, she decommissioned on 10 February 1947 and lay in reserve until struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959 and sold for scrapping on 22 September to Boston Metals Company, Baltimore, Maryland.

Awards

*''New Orleans'' received 17 battle stars for her war service, placing her among the Most decorated US ships of World War II.
*Other honors include the American Defense Service Medal, the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, as well as 5 Navy Crosses, 10 Silver Stars, 1 Bronze Star, 1 Air Medal and 206 Purple Hearts awarded to members of her crew.

Legacy

*One Destroyer (DD) and four Destroyer Escorts (DE) were named after ''USS New Orleans'' sailors killed in action at the Battle of Tassafaronga.
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# USS ''Haines'' (DE-792/APD-84).

*Diosdado Rome, OCC of ''New Orleans'' has been additionally honored by the naming of a Mess Hall at the Naval Station Pearl Harbor in his name, the Diosdado Rome Galley.
*The famous song "Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition" written by Frank Loesser was inspired by those heartening words uttered by chaplain Howell M. Forgy of ''New Orleans'' during the attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941.U.S.Historical Society, http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-f/h-forgy.htm
*When ''New Orleans'' was sold for scrap, little was saved. However, a few items from the ship are on display at th
''USS Kidd'' & Louisiana Veterans Memorial
in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In particular are the ship's bell and the builder's model of the ship as well as some mementos of the launching ceremony. There are some items at th
Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum
in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, and at the Navy Marine Corps Memorial in Annapolis, Maryland. A plaque was donated to th
Nimitz Museum
in Fredericksburg, Texas, by ''New Orleans'' Reunion Association. A memorial honoring ''New Orleans'' has been installed in the New Orleans Walk of Fame outside the Hilton Hotel in downtown New Orleans.
*The flag flown by ''New Orleans'' when she was struck by the torpedo on 30 November 1942 is on display in the US Naval Academy Museum, Annapolis, Maryland.
*She is also featured in the game World of Warships as the seventh US Navy Cruiser available on the nation's ship tree.

References

Sources

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External links

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Navy photographs of ''New Orleans'' (CA-32)"Battle of Tassafaronga Images"

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Orleans (CA-32)
New Orleans-class cruisers
Ships built in Brooklyn
1933 ships
World War II cruisers of the United States
Ships present during the attack on Pearl Harbor