USS McCulloch (1897)

USS ''McCulloch'', previously USRC ''McCulloch'' and USCGC ''McCulloch'', was a ship that served as a United States Revenue Cutter Service cutter from 1897 to 1915, as a United States Coast Guard Cutter from 1915 to 1917, and as a United States Navy patrol vessel in 1917. She saw combat during the Spanish–American War during the Battle of Manila Bay and patrolled off the United States West Coast during World War I. In peacetime, she saw extensive service in the waters off the U.S. West Coast. She sank in 1917 after colliding with another steamer.

Construction and commissioning

William Cramp & Sons built ''McCulloch'' at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as a three- masted cruising cutter for the United States Revenue Cutter Service at a cost of $196,500 and launched her in 1896. She was of composite construction, with a hull made of wood planks mounted on a steel frame. She had a single triple-expansion steam engine and a barkentine rig that allowed her to extend her range by operating under sail power. Her four guns were mounted in sponsons on her forward and aft quarters, and her single torpedo tube was molded into her bow stem. At the time, she was the largest cutter ever built for the Revenue Cutter Service, and she remained the largest cutter in the Revenue Cutter Service – and later the United States Coast Guard – fleet throughout her service life.sanctuaries.noaa.gov U.S. Coast Guard Cutter ''McCulloch''
/ref>sanctuaries.noaa.gov U.S. Coast Guard Cutter ''McCulloch''
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The ship was commissioned into service with the Revenue Cutter Service as USRC ''McCulloch'' on 12 December 1897. Captain D. B. Hodgsdon, USRCS, was her first commanding officer, who later commanded ''McCulloch'' at the Battle of Manila Bay.

Namesake

''McCulloch'' was named for Hugh McCulloch (1808–1895), an American statesman who served as the 27th United States Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson from 9 March 1865 to 3 March 1869 and as the 36th U.S. Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Chester A. Arthur and Grover Cleveland from 31 October 1884 to 7 March 1885.U.S. Coast Guard History Program: ''McCulloch'', 1897
/ref> She was the third Revenue Cutter Service ship to bear the name ''McCulloch'' or ''Hugh McCulloch''.

Operational history

Spanish–American War

As the Spanish–American War was about to commence in early 1898, ''McCulloch'' was on her shakedown cruise, a voyage from Philadelphia via the Suez Canal and the Far East to her first duty station at San Francisco, California. Upon her arrival at Singapore on 8 April 1898, two full weeks before the United States declared war on Spain, ''McCulloch'' received orders directing her to report for duty with the United States Navy′s Asiatic Squadron under the command of Commodore George Dewey.

Dewey's squadron was composed of the protected cruisers , , , and , the gunboats and , the store ships and , and ''McCulloch''. The squadron stood out of Mirs Bay, China, on 27 April 1898, and entered Manila Bay off Luzon in the Philippines on the evening of 30 April 1898. By midnight ''Olympia'' had passed stealthily into the harbor. Successive ships followed in close order.

Just as ''McCulloch'' brought El Fraile Rock abaft the starboard beam, soot in her funnel caught fire and sent up a column of fire like a signal light, breaking the black stillness. Immediately thereafter, a Spanish battery on El Fraile took ''McCulloch'' under fire. ''Boston'', in column just ahead of ''McCulloch'', answered the battery, as did ''McCulloch'' with her starboard guns, and the Spanish gun emplacement was silenced. ''McCulloch''s chief engineer, Frank B. Randall, died of overexertion and heat exhaustion while trying to extinguish the soot fire in the funnel.

As the rock fell astern, Dewey reduced speed to so as to reach the head of Manila Bay in time to join action with the Spanish Navy squadron off Cavite at daybreak on 1 May 1898. His orders required ''McCulloch'' to guard the two store ships from Spanish gunboats. She was also to protect the ships in the line of battle from surprise attack, tow any disabled ship out of range of Spanish gunfire, and take her place in the line.

In the ensuing Battle of Manila Bay, Dewey′ ships made five firing runs at close range, wreaking devastation on the Spanish squadron. ''MccCulloch''. under fire, guarded the store ships and made ready a hawser with which to assist any U.S. ship that ran aground, although that turned out to be unnecessary; at one point, in between firing passes by the U.S. squadron, she intercepted the British mail steamer ''Esmeralda'' to convey to the British steamer Dewey's orders for ''Esmeralda''s movements in the vicinity of the battle. The battle, which began at 05:40, was over in seven hours. All of the Spanish warships were destroyed, and 381 Spanish seamen were killed. No American warship was seriously damaged, and only eight American sailors were wounded. Randall was the only American to die during the battle.

After the battle, because of her speed, ''McCulloch'' was dispatched to the closest cable facility, that at Hong Kong, bearing the first dispatches of the great U.S. naval victory. On 17 May 1898, ''McCulloch'' left Hong Kong with Emilio Aguinaldo – the Philippine revolutionary who would later lead the Philippine forces in the Philippine–American War – aboard, arriving at Cavite in Manila Bay on 19 May.

In a 12 June 1898 message to United States Secretary of the Navy John D. Long, Dewey commended Captain Hogsdon for the efficiency and readiness of ''McCulloch'' during the Battle of Manila Bay. Dewey presented ''McCulloch'' with four of the six 1-pounder revolving Hotchkiss guns taken from the wreck of the Spanish flagship, the cruiser . These four guns, each of which has five revolving barrels, are displayed in pairs to either side of the front of Hamilton Hall facing the parade ground at the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut.

Later career

''McCulloch'' arrived at San Francisco, California, on 10 January 1899 and operated on patrol out of that port along the United States West Coast, cruising from the Mexican border to Cape Blanco, Oregon, on law enforcement and lifesaving duties. After the 1,160- gross register ton, steamer ''Cleveland'' was wrecked on Cape Rodney () on the west-central coast of the Territory of Alaska in a snowstorm and sank with the loss of one life on 23 October 1900, ''McCulloch'' rescued her 38 survivors from the beach.alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (C)
/ref> ''McCulloch'' helped maintain order in the San Francisco area after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck on 18 April 1906.

Tasked on 9 August 1906 with the enforcement of fur seal regulations, ''McCulloch'' operated in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands until 1912. During these years of service on the Bering Sea Patrol, she was especially well known because of her services as a floating court to towns along the coast of the Territory of Alaska. Upon her return to San Francisco in 1912, ''McCulloch'' resumed patrol operations in her regular cruising district along the U.S. West Coast, with occasional deployments to Alaska. In 1914, she underwent an overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo, California, in which her boilers were replaced, fuel tanks were installed, her mainmast was removed, and her bowsprit was shortened. Her barkentine rig also was removed, and she emerged from the overhaul with two military masts instead. On 24 November 1914, she came to the aid of the steam passenger schooner ''Hanalei'', which had run aground on Duxbury Reef in the Pacific Ocean off California with the loss of 18 lives.

When the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the United States Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to form the United States Coast Guard, ''McCulloch'' became a United States Coast Guard Cutter as USCGC ''McCulloch''. In January 1917, she came to the assistance of the U.S. Navy armored cruiser , which had run aground at Samoa, California, on 13 January. In March 1917, ''McCulloch'' underwent another overhaul at Mare Island in which her hull was recaulked and of copper sheathing were removed.

On 6 April 1917 – the same day that the United States entered World War I – ''McCulloch'' was transferred to the U.S. Navy for wartime service as a patrol vessel, serving as USS ''McCulloch'', the first U.S. Navy ship to bear the name. She continued patrol operations in the Pacific Ocean along the U.S. West Coast.

Sinking

On 13 June 1917, ''McCulloch'' was steaming with 90 U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy personnel on board from San Pedro, California, to Mare Island Navy Yard, where she was to be fitted with larger guns for her wartime Navy service. She was proceeding cautiously in heavy fog about west-northwest of Point Conception, California, at 07:30 when her crew heard the fog signal of the Pacific Steamship Company passenger steamer ''Governor'', which was southbound from San Francisco to San Pedro with 429 passengers and crew aboard. ''Governor''s crew also heard ''McCulloch''s fog signal, and ''Governor''s captain ordered full speed astern and ordered ''Governor''′s whistle to blow three times to indicate that her engines were at full speed astern. ''McCulloch'' was off ''Governor''s port bow when ''Governor'' struck her on the starboard side just aft of the pilot house at 07:33, tearing a hole in ''McCulloch''s hull and seriously injuring one of ''McCulloch''s crewmen in his bunk. ''Governor'', which suffered no casualties among her passengers and crew, took aboard all of ''McCulloch''s crew, and ''McCulloch'' sank 35 minutes after the collision three nautical miles northwest of Point Conception. Her injured crewman died on 16 June 1917 in a hospital in San Pedro.

The sinking of ''McCulloch'' was headline news across the United States because of her involvement in the Battle of Manila Bay 19 years before. An inquiry into the collision found ''Governor'' at fault for disobeying the "rules of the road." ''Governor''s owners agreed to a settlement payment of $167,500 to the United States Government in December 1923.

Discovery of wreck

In October 2016, when the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) conducted a routine hydrographic survey as a joint remotely operated vehicle (ROV) training expedition off Point Conception, surveyors noted a congregation of fish – which can indicate the presence of a wreck – three nautical miles off Point Conception at a depth of . During seven dives by a NOAA VideoRay Mission Specialist ROV operating from the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary′s research vessel (ROV video of the wreck obtained by RV Shearwater https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4IlTZYu3jU&t=297s), researchers found a wreck at the site and took images that identified it as that of ''McCulloch''. Key identifying features of the wreck included the 15-inch torpedo tube molded into ''McCulloch''s bow stem, a 3-inch 6-pounder gun still mounted on its sponson on the starboard bow, and the top of a bronze propeller blade. Researchers also photographed the ship's wheel from ''McCulloch''s flying bridge, her steam engine, and a sounding machine. White sea anemones of the genus '' Metridium'' were noted living on many portions of the wreck. The Coast Guard cutters and supported the operations.Moore, Kirk, "Wreck of storied Coast Guard cutter ''McCulloch'' identified off California ," workboat.com, June 13, 2017.
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On 13 June 2017 – the 100th anniversary of ''McCulloch''s sinking – the U.S. Coast Guard held a media event to announce the discovery of the wreck. Officials also announced a decision to leave all remains of the cutter on the ocean floor because strong currents and a build-up of sediment at the wreck site and the fragility of the wreck made recovery of parts of the wreck impractical.

In a statement marking the discovery, Rear Admiral Todd Sokalzuk, the commander of Coast Guard District 11, said:

''McCulloch'' and her crew were fine examples of the Coast Guard's long-standing multi-mission success from a pivotal naval battle with Commodore Dewey, to safety patrols off the coast of California, to protecting fur seals in the Pribilof Islands in Alaska. The men and women who crew our newest cutters are inspired by the exploits of great ships and courageous crews like the ''McCulloch''."

The shipwreck was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.

Awards

* Dewey Medal
*Spanish Campaign Medal
* World War I Victory Medal

References

Sources

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External links

U.S. Coast Guard History Project: ''McCulloch'', 1897

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCulloch, USS
Ships of the United States Revenue Cutter Service
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
Cutters of the United States Navy
Spanish–American War ships of the United States
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Ships built by William Cramp & Sons
1896 ships
Ships sunk in collisions
Maritime incidents in 1917
Shipwrecks of the California coast
World War I shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Barbara County, California
Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in California