UK Holocaust Memorial
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A UK Holocaust Memorial memorial and learning centre was first proposed in 2015 to preserve the testimony of British
Holocaust The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; a ...
survivors and concentration camp liberators and to honour Jewish and other victims of Nazi persecution, including
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,
homosexual Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" to peop ...
, and
disabled people Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, se ...
. In 2016 a site in
Victoria Tower Gardens Victoria Tower Gardens is a public park along the north bank of the River Thames in London, adjacent to the Victoria Tower, at the south-western corner of the Palace of Westminster. The park, extends southwards from the Palace to Lambeth Bridge, ...
, a Royal Park next to the
Houses of Parliament The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the north bank ...
in London, was chosen for the memorial. This location caused controversy because of the popularity and nature of the location and the amount of space the memorial would take. In July 2021, following a public inquiry, planning permission was granted for the Memorial. In November 2021 the High Court allowed a review of that decision. In April 2022, the planning permission was quashed and permission to appeal refused. In July 2022, the
Court of Appeal A court of appeals, also called a court of appeal, appellate court, appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In much of t ...
refused an application for the case to be reheard, ruling that the planning process had overlooked a 1900 law banning construction in the park.


Background


Holocaust Commission report

In January 2014, UK Prime Minister
David Cameron David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British former politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016. He previously served as Leader o ...
tasked a Holocaust Commission with establishing what more Britain could do to preserve the memory of the Holocaust and ensure that the lessons it teaches are never forgotten. The Commission ran a national call for evidence, to which there were nearly 2,500 responses. This included one of Britain's largest ever gatherings of Holocaust survivors at
Wembley Stadium Wembley Stadium (branded as Wembley Stadium connected by EE for sponsorship reasons) is a football stadium in Wembley, London. It opened in 2007 on the site of the Wembley Stadium (1923), original Wembley Stadium, which was demolished from 200 ...
. The Holocaust Commission report was published in 2015. It concluded: # there is widespread dissatisfaction with the current national memorial in Hyde Park # effective Holocaust education fails to reach significant numbers of young people # there is inadequate support for regional projects, compounded by a lack of long-term funding for Holocaust education # the testimony of survivors and liberators needs to be urgently recorded and appropriately preserved and recommended: # a striking and prominent new national memorial # a world-class learning centre at the heart of a campus, driving a network of national educational activity # an endowment fund to secure the long-term future of Holocaust education, including the new learning centre and projects across the country # an urgent programme to record and preserve the testimony of British Holocaust survivors and liberators


Memorial and Learning Centre

The learning centre was to be a visitors' centre and research facility which would teach visitors about the Holocaust and subsequent
genocide Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944, combining the Greek word (, "race, people") with the Latin ...
s with the aid of media including historic photographs, film footage and audio recordings. On 28 January 2021, the then Communities Secretary
Robert Jenrick Robert Edward Jenrick (born 9 January 1982) is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Immigration since October 2022. He served as Minister of State for Health from September to October 2022. He served as Secretary of State for H ...
announced that the government would provide free entry, in perpetuity, to all visitors.Jenrick announces free admission to the proposed UK Holocaust Memorial
/ref> "Giving universal free access to the memorial puts the UK on the same footing as the most important monuments and museums and will reassure Holocaust survivors their testimony will be freely available to all when they are no longer able to tell the story themselves, forever," Jenrick said. Subject to planning permission, it was expected to open in 2024.


UK Holocaust Memorial Foundation

The UK Holocaust Memorial Foundation (UKHMF) was formed to oversee the project. The British government allocated £50 million (later increased to £75 million,) to be supplemented by £25 million from charitable donations, to the UKHMF to support the construction of the memorial. Additional funding was to be sought for the construction of the learning centre.


Holocaust Memorial Charitable Trust

The Holocaust Memorial Charitable Trust was registered as a charity by the
Charity Commission , type = Non-ministerial government department , seal = , seal_caption = , logo = Charity Commission for England and Wales logo.svg , logo_caption = , formed = , preceding1 = , ...
on 30 January 2019 (Registered Charity Number: 1181806). The charity, which has a website, was established to support the building and subsequent operation of the UK Holocaust Memorial and Learning Centre. It was not intended to own or operate the Holocaust Memorial, but to support it and associated activities by way of grant-funding.


Proposed location

In September 2015, the UKHMF issued specifications for the Memorial and for the education and learning centre. In 2016, the UKHMF undertook a search of over 50 locations and, in July 2016, it was announced that London's
Victoria Tower Gardens Victoria Tower Gardens is a public park along the north bank of the River Thames in London, adjacent to the Victoria Tower, at the south-western corner of the Palace of Westminster. The park, extends southwards from the Palace to Lambeth Bridge, ...
had been chosen for both the memorial and underground learning centre. Victoria Tower Gardens is a public park along the north bank of the
River Thames The River Thames ( ), known alternatively in parts as the The Isis, River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the Longest rivers of the United Kingdom, se ...
in
London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
. It is adjacent to
Victoria Tower The Victoria Tower is a square tower at the south-west end of the Palace of Westminster in London, adjacent to Black Rod's Garden on the west and Old Palace Yard on the east. At , it is slightly taller than the Elizabeth Tower (formerly known a ...
, the south-western corner of the
Palace of Westminster The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parli ...
and extends southwards from the Palace to
Lambeth Bridge Lambeth Bridge is a road traffic and footbridge crossing the River Thames in an east–west direction in central London. The river flows north at the crossing point. Downstream, the next bridge is Westminster Bridge; upstream, the next bridge i ...
, between
Millbank Millbank is an area of central London in the City of Westminster. Millbank is located by the River Thames, east of Pimlico and south of Westminster. Millbank is known as the location of major government offices, Burberry headquarters, the Millb ...
and the river. Victoria Tower Gardens is a Grade II* listed park created in 1864–70, following the embankment of the Thames. It is in a
Conservation Area Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values. There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the ena ...
, is partly within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Westminster, and is designated a zone of Monument Saturation. The park holds three listed memorials: ''
The Burghers of Calais ''The Burghers of Calais'' (french: Les Bourgeois de Calais) is a sculpture by Auguste Rodin in twelve original castings and numerous copies. It commemorates an event during the Hundred Years' War, when Calais, a French port on the English Cha ...
'', the
Buxton Memorial Fountain The Buxton Memorial Fountain is a memorial and drinking fountain in London, the United Kingdom, that commemorates the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, and in particular, the role of British parliamentarians in the abolition ...
and the
Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial The Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial is a memorial in London to Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel Pankhurst, Christabel, two of the foremost British suffragettes. It stands at the entrance to Victoria Tower Gardens, south ...
. It also contains a small children's playground and often holds temporary cultural events (for example, a light installation, '' spectra,'' by Japanese artist
Ryoji Ikeda Ryoji Ikeda (池田 亮司 ''Ikeda Ryōji'', born 1966) is a Japanese visual and sound artist who currently lives and works in Paris, France. Ikeda's music is concerned primarily with sound in a variety of "raw" states, such as sine tones and noi ...
, commemorated the centenary of the start of the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
), and outdoor film screenings. It is cherished by many as a surprisingly peaceful green space in the heart of London.


Potential impact

The project design team intended the project to be contextualised among these other memorials, but campaigners opposing the Holocaust memorial said it was vastly different in scale and nature from the existing memorials; the memorial would have taken around a quarter of the green space in the park. The proposed construction was submitted for planning permission to
Westminster City Council Westminster City Council is the local authority for the City of Westminster in Greater London, England. The city is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors. The council is currently composed of 31 Labour Party members and 23 Cons ...
, who would have to bear in mind their own rules on new monuments in this zone, the effect on heritage views of the Palace of Westminster and the
Mayor of London The mayor of London is the chief executive of the Greater London Authority. The role was created in 2000 after the 1998 Greater London Authority referendum, Greater London devolution referendum in 1998, and was the first Directly elected may ...
's stated commitment to protect London's green spaces from development. As part of the planning process, Westminster council launched a public consultation regarding the memorial, with critical comments by UK and international organisations publicised in the British press. The official adviser to
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...
on
World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for h ...
s,
ICOMOS The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS; french: links=no, Conseil international des monuments et des sites) is a professional association that works for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage places around the worl ...
, objected to the Victoria Tower Gardens location, saying the building would "interrupt substantially the key view of the Tower and Palace". It further said that two lines of trees may not survive the construction, which "would have a massive visual impact."
The Royal Parks The Royal Parks of London are lands that were originally used for the recreation, mostly hunting, of the royal family. They are part of the hereditary possessions of The Crown, now managed by The Royal Parks Limited, a charity which manages ...
, which administers several key parks, strongly supported the principle of the project, but believed its scale and design would have "significant harmful impacts" on the "character and function" of the park. The
Environment Agency The Environment Agency (EA) is a non-departmental public body, established in 1996 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, with responsibilities relating to the protection and enha ...
raised concerns that the building could compromise flood defences crucial to local businesses and homes, saying: "The proposed development is likely to adversely affect the construction and stability of the flood defence eaning thatsurrounding areas will be highly susceptible to rapid inundation." Another aspect that was brought up by tree radar is that apart from roots, there may be a chance of striking unexploded munitions from
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
during the construction process, adding complexity to creating a memorial on this site.
Lord Carlile Alexander Charles Carlile, Baron Carlile of Berriew, (born 12 February 1948) is a British barrister and crossbench member of the House of Lords. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Montgomeryshire from 1983 to 1997. Early life and career ...
, the former independent reviewer of terror laws, described the siting of the memorial on the same broad site as the Houses of Parliament as a "self-evident terrorism risk". A grassroots campaign of local residents, ‘Save Victoria Tower Gardens’, helped raise public awareness about the memorial's proposed site. It launched a petition attracting over 10,000 signatures and wrote letters to editors of national newspapers. Meanwhile, the UKHMF was also active in the press and in submitting consultation responses to the local council website. Over 90% of responses to the consultation opposed the proposed development. The government was criticised for influencing the results of the consultation by engaging a private company, Big Ideas, to communicate the planned design to the public and solicit responses to the consultation. The company focussed on contacting members of Jewish community groups, obtaining a large number of responses, all in favour of the plan in a generic manner with similar text, which the company then submitted to Westminster Council's consultation portal. An answer to a Parliamentary Question from 8 October 2019 showed that around £140,000 was spent by the government on private campaigning companies, in addition to its ongoing funding of the UKHMF. In November 2019, proponents of a memorial to the Transatlantic Slave Trade complained that ample public funding had been provided to the UKHMF, “but not to us”.


Design and planning process

An international competition was held for the design of the UK Holocaust Centre. In October 2017, it was announced that the competition was won by a team led by the British-Ghanaian architect
David Adjaye Sir David Frank Adjaye (born 22 September 1966) is a Ghanaian-British architect. He is known for having designed many notable buildings around the world, including the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C ...
(through Adjaye Associates), with
Ron Arad Architects Ron Arad, ( he, רון ארד; born ) is a British-Israeli industrial designer, artist, and architectural designer. Biography Born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to a Jewish family. He studied at the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design in Jerusalem ...
as Memorial Architect, and Gustafson Porter + Bowman as landscape architect. The design combines a memorial sculpture with an underground learning centre that will help to educate visitors about prejudice and discrimination. The Memorial consists of 23 bronze fins, with the gaps between the fins representing the 22 countries where the Holocaust destroyed Jewish communities, and acting as separate paths down to a hall named the 'Threshold' leading into the Learning Centre, along with a "contemplation court" and "hall of testimonies". A public consultation on the latest designs was held on 4–8 September 2018. Opponents to the construction of the memorial claim the design is linked to the Adjaye Associates' rejected Ottawa Holocaust Memorial application. The lead architect of the project, David Adjaye, sparked rebuke from opponents by arguing that ‘disrupting’ the pleasure of being in a park is key to its thinking.
David Aaronovitch David Morris Aaronovitch (born 8 July 1954) is an English journalist, television presenter and author. He is a regular columnist for ''The Times'' and the author of ''Paddling to Jerusalem: An Aquatic Tour of Our Small Country'' (2000), ''Voodoo ...
of ''
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'' and ''
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s architecture critic
Rowan Moore Rowan Moore is an architecture critic. Rowan William Gillachrist Moore was born on 22 March 1961. His brother is the journalist, newspaper editor and Margaret Thatcher's official biographer Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham, and his gr ...
Moore, Rowan (9 February 2019)
"UK Holocaust memorial – time for a rethink"
''The Observer''.
discussed arguments against the park. The ensuing flurry of media attention brought to light some of the critical consultation submissions, such as that from
Historic England Historic England (officially the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England) is an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. It is tasked wit ...
. Furthermore, co-signed letters from politicians for and against the park have been published in the press. Notably, a group of Jewish members of the
House of Lords The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the Bicameralism, upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by Life peer, appointment, Hereditary peer, heredity or Lords Spiritual, official function. Like the ...
co-signed a letter stating that the memorial 'evokes neither Holocaust nor Jewish history'. In January 2019, 174 politicians co-signed a statement supporting the scheme.
Sadiq Khan Sadiq Aman Khan (; born 8 October 1970) is a British politician serving as Mayor of London since 2016. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Tooting from 2005 until 2016. A member of the Labour Party, Khan is on the party's sof ...
,
Mayor of London The mayor of London is the chief executive of the Greater London Authority. The role was created in 2000 after the 1998 Greater London Authority referendum, Greater London devolution referendum in 1998, and was the first Directly elected may ...
, voiced concern about growing opposition.


Redesign and response

On 29 April 2019, following a consultation exercise, Westminster City Council announced a revised design had been submitted in response to criticisms of the location and design by local residents, the media and bodies including The Royal Parks and Historic England. Barbara Weiss of the Save Victoria Tower Gardens campaign blamed the cost, delay and disruption of a redesign on an initial lack of consultation. The new plans increased loss of green space due to a wider memorial courtyard to accommodate planting. The resubmitted design was covered in specialist architecture and building press. Royal Parks said: "From the evidence available it is not clear that the revised designs will significantly reduce the impact that the proposed structure will have on this much-loved public amenity space, in an area of central London with few public parks, which is significant." The designs were submitted under the existing planning application. The consultation continued thereafter. Published documents also indicated that the redesign would not meet
Environment Agency The Environment Agency (EA) is a non-departmental public body, established in 1996 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, with responsibilities relating to the protection and enha ...
concerns about provisions to reduce flood risk during building and thereafter. A letter exchange between Westminster City Council and the UKHMF in August 2019 showed that the memorial "was heading towards an unfavourable recommendation" by planners. The UKHMF claimed that "officers presented as giving excessive weight to the number of objections lodged on the planning portal". The council disputed their "irresponsible and frankly offensive assertions" about the operation of the council's planning service.


"Calling in" of planning decision

Following a request by UKHMF co-chairs Lord Pickles and
Ed Balls Edward Michael Balls (born 25 February 1967) is a British broadcaster, writer, economist, professor and former politician who served as Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families from 2007 to 2010, and as Shadow Chancellor of the Exc ...
, the Communities Secretary Robert Jenrick and Esther McVay, the then Minister for State for Housing, "called in" the application on 6 November 2019. A spokesman said, "A public inquiry will be held and overseen by an independent planning inspector. The Minister will make the final decision on the application taking into account the inspector’s recommendation." A spokesman for Westminster City Council subsequently said: "We’ve been clear to date that we would consider the scheme on its merits and in line with our planning policy." In February 2020, Westminster City Council's planning committee voted unanimously to reject the planning application, saying it contravened planning rules on size, design and location.


Public inquiry (2020)

The inspector David Morgan chaired the inquiry from 6 October to 13 November 2020. Due to ongoing
COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei, identified in Wuhan, China, in December ...
restrictions, the inquiry was held as a virtual event; main parties and participants were invited to join via Microsoft Teams or telephone, with documents available online. The inspector's report was submitted to the Secretary of State in early 2021. On 29 July 2021, it was announced that the
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government The Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC), formerly the Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG), is a Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom, department of Government of the United King ...
(MHCLG) had ruled in favour of the Memorial going ahead. Communities Secretary Robert Jenrick told the BBC News Channel the memorial and learning centre would "educate and inform future generations about the horrors of the Holocaust" and that he hoped millions of people would visit it every year. The Save Victoria Tower Gardens campaign group said it intended to appeal against the MHCLG decision.


Planning Statutory Review

The London Historic Parks And Gardens Trust applied for a Planning Statutory Review (the right to appeal the decision to build the centre in Victoria Tower Gardens). In November 2021, Mrs Justice Lieven of the High Court Queen’s Bench Division Planning Court granted them permission. The appeal was granted on two grounds, firstly on a technicality regarding procedure and secondly, because "Although the Inspector did consider the IWM as an alternative location, the way that he has done so effectively places the burden on the objector to produce a 'detailed scheme', which would in practice be almost impossible to discharge."


Overturning of planning permission

In April 2022, the High Court found for The London Historic Parks And Gardens Trust and quashed the planning permission. Giving judgement, Mrs Justice Thornton said that those involved in the court case all “support the principle of a compelling memorial to the victims of the Holocaust and all those persecuted by the Nazis during those years when ‘humanity was tipped into the abyss of evil and depravity’.” The plans did not comply with a 1900 statute specifically relating to Victoria Tower Gardens, the requirements of which represented “a prohibition on using Victoria Tower Gardens as anything other than a garden open to the public”. The Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities said it would consider the next steps, adding: “The government remains committed to the creation of a new national memorial commemorating the victims of the Holocaust and it is disappointing – especially for Holocaust survivors – that this judgment will delay its completion.” In July 2022, the project was dealt a further blow when the Court of Appeal refused permission for an appeal against the High Court decision. The public inquiry into the scheme – and the planning report produced for it – was ruled invalid as the planning inspector had not properly considered the London County Council (Improvements) Act 1900 which banned construction in Victoria Tower Gardens. This law would need to be repealed for the monument to be built. The project, originally estimated to cost £50m, is now expected to cost £103 million.


Holocaust Memorial Bill

In January 2023, UK prime minister
Rishi Sunak Rishi Sunak (; born 12 May 1980) is a British politician who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of the Conservative Party since October 2022. He previously held two Cabinet of ...
committed to new legislation in the Holocaust Memorial Bill to repeal the 1900 statute that prevented construction of the memorial and learning centre at the Victoria Tower Gardens site. The Holocaust Memorial Bill was introduced in February 2023.


Other UK Holocaust memorial sites

A Holocaust memorial garden was opened in
Hyde Park Hyde Park may refer to: Places England * Hyde Park, London, a Royal Park in Central London * Hyde Park, Leeds, an inner-city area of north-west Leeds * Hyde Park, Sheffield, district of Sheffield * Hyde Park, in Hyde, Greater Manchester Austra ...
in 1983. The
Heritage Lottery Fund The National Lottery Heritage Fund, formerly the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF), distributes a share of National Lottery funding, supporting a wide range of heritage projects across the United Kingdom. History The fund's predecessor bodies were ...
in 2018 and 2019 provided significant funding to open a Holocaust Education and Learning Centre in Huddersfield and to refresh and expand the
Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre Beth Shalom (lit. "House of Peace"), also named the National Holocaust Centre and Museum, is a Holocaust memorials, Holocaust memorial centre near Laxton, Nottinghamshire, Laxton in Nottinghamshire in England. Opened in 1995, it is England's only ...
in Nottinghamshire. In August 2019, the
Imperial War Museum Imperial War Museums (IWM) is a British national museum organisation with branches at five locations in England, three of which are in London. Founded as the Imperial War Museum in 1917, the museum was intended to record the civil and military ...
announced plans to spend over £30m on a new set of galleries over two floors at its London site covering the Holocaust and its importance in World War II. The galleries opened in 2021, replacing an existing permanent Holocaust exhibition.


See also

* The
Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust and Genocide The Wiener Holocaust Library () is the world's oldest institution devoted to the study of the Holocaust, its causes and legacies. Founded in 1933 as an information bureau that informed Jewish communities and governments worldwide about the pe ...
(London) *
List of Holocaust memorials and museums A number of organizations, museums and monuments are intended to serve as memorials to the Holocaust, the Nazi Final Solution, and its millions of victims. Memorials and museums listed by country: __NOTOC__ A - D: AlbaniaArgentinaAustraliaAustr ...


References


External links


UK Holocaust Memorial FundHolocaust exhibition of the Imperial War MuseumSave Victoria Tower Gardens
{{Authority control Buildings and structures in Victoria Tower Gardens Buildings and structures on the River Thames Holocaust memorials Monuments and memorials in London The Holocaust and the United Kingdom