The Tubulinea are a major grouping of
Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In traditional and currently no longer supported c ...
, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''
Amoeba
An amoeba (; less commonly spelled ameba or amœba; plural ''am(o)ebas'' or ''am(o)ebae'' ), often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudop ...
'', ''
Arcella'', ''
Difflugia
''Difflugia'' is the largest genus of Arcellinida, one of several groups of Tubulinea within the eukaryote supergroup Amoebozoa. Arcellinida species produce shells or tests from mineral particles or biogeonic elements (e.g. diatom frustules) and ...
'' and ''
Hartmannella''.
Characteristics
During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical form or produce numerous cylindrical pseudopods. Each cylinder advances by a single central stream of
cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. ...
, granular in appearance, and has no subpseudopodia. This distinguishes them from other amoeboid groups, although in some members this is not the normal type of locomotion.
Classification
This class was anticipated by some biologists like Jahn, who grouped all amoebae with granular pseudopodia together, but most split the lobose amoebae into testate
Testacealobosia and naked
Gymnamoebia. These latter are
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
, but molecular trees by Bolivar ''et al.'' identified a core monophyletic subgroup. Subsequent studies showed the testate lobose amoebae belong to the same group, which was thus renamed Lobosea ''sensu stricto'' or Tubulinea.
Taxonomy
Class Tubulinea
Smirnov et al. 2005 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018
* Subclass
Corycidia Kang et al. 2017 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018
** Order
Trichosida
The Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''Amoeba'', ''Arcella'', ''Difflugia'' and '' Hartmannella''.
Characteristics
During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical fo ...
Moebius 1889
*** Family
Trichosphaeriidae Sheehan & Banner 1973a
*** Family
Microcoryciidae
The Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''Amoeba'', ''Arcella'', ''Difflugia'' and '' Hartmannella''.
Characteristics
During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical fo ...
de Saedeleer 1934
* Subclass
Echinamoebia Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018
** Order
Echinamoebida
The Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''Amoeba'', ''Arcella'', ''Difflugia'' and '' Hartmannella''.
Characteristics
During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical fo ...
Cavalier-Smith 2004 em. 2011
*** Family Vermamoebidae
Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov 2011
*** Family
Echinamoebidae Page 1975
* Subclass
Elardia Kang et al. 2017 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018
** Superorder
Leptomyxia Cavalier-Smith 2016
*** Order
Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons 1976 em. Page 1987
**** Family
Flabellulidae
Leptomyxida is an order of Amoebozoa.
It includes species such as '' Flabellula citata'', '' Paraflabellula hoguae'', '' Paraflabellula reniformis'', '' Rhizamoeba saxonica'' and '' Leptomyxa reticulata''.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of Leptomyxida ...
Bovee & Jahn, 1967 ex Bovee 1970
**** Family
Gephyramoebidae
Leptomyxida is an order of Amoebozoa.
It includes species such as '' Flabellula citata'', '' Paraflabellula hoguae'', '' Paraflabellula reniformis'', '' Rhizamoeba saxonica'' and '' Leptomyxa reticulata''.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of Leptomyxida ...
Pussard & Pons 1976
**** Family
Leptomyxidae
Leptomyxida is an order of Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In traditional ...
Goodey 1915
** Superorder
Eulobosia
The Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''Amoeba'', ''Arcella'', ''Difflugia'' and '' Hartmannella''.
Characteristics
During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical fo ...
Cavalier-Smith 2016
*** Order
Euamoebida
The Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''Amoeba'', ''Arcella'', ''Difflugia'' and '' Hartmannella''.
Characteristics
During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical fo ...
Lepşi 1960 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016
**** Family
Nolandellidae
The Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''Amoeba'', ''Arcella'', ''Difflugia'' and '' Hartmannella''.
Characteristics
During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical fo ...
Cavalier-Smith 2011
**** Family
Hartmannellidae
The Hartmannellidae are a family of amoebozoa, usually found in soils. When active they tend to be roughly cylindrical in shape, with a single leading pseudopod and no subpseudopodia. This form somewhat resembles a slug and as such they are also ...
Singh 1951 em. Smirnov et al. 2011
**** Family
Amoebidae
The Amoebidae are a family of Amoebozoa, including naked amoebae that produce multiple pseudopodia of indeterminate length. These are roughly cylindrical with granular endoplasm and no subpseudopodia, as found in other members of the class Tubuli ...
(Ehrenberg 1838) Page 1987
*** Order
Arcellinida
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
Kent 1880
**** Family
Bipseudostomatidae Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
**** Family
Mississippiellidae Huddleston & Haman 1985
**** Family
Shamkiriidae Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
**** Suborder
Phryganellina
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
Bovee 1985
***** Family
Phryganellidae
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
Jung 1942
***** Family
Cryptodifflugiidae
Cryptodifflugiidae is a family of arcellinid testate amoebae. Description
Members of this family are conopodous (with conical pseudopods) amoebae with the body in a clear, usually firm, vase-shaped test, and conical pseudopods for locomotion t ...
Jung 1942
**** Suborder
Organoconcha Kosakyan et al. 2016
***** Family
Microchlamyiidae Ogden 1985
**** Suborder
Glutinoconcha Kosakyan et al. 2016
***** Infraorder
Volnustoma Kosakyan et al. 2016
****** Family
Heleoperidae Jung 1942
***** Infraorder
Hyalospheniformis Kosakyan et al. 2016
****** Family
Hyalospheniidae Jung, 1942 ebelidae Taranek 1882***** Infraorder
Excentrostoma Kosakyan et al. 2016
****** Family
Centropyxidae
****** Family
Plagiopyxidae
***** Infraorder
Longithecina Kosakyan et al. 2016
****** Family
Lesquereusiidae araquadrulidae Deflandre 1953****** Family
Difflugiidae Wallich 1864
***** Infraorder
Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. 2016
****** Family
Cucurbitellidae Gomaa et al. 2017
****** Family
Distomatopyxidae Bonnet 1970
****** Family
Lamtopyxidae Bonnet 1974
****** Family
Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. 2016 yclopyxidae Schönborn 1989****** Family
Arcellidae Ehrenberg 1832
****** Family
Trigonopyxidae Loeblich 1964
File:Amoeba proteus.jpg, ''Amoeba proteus
''Amoeba proteus'' is a large species of amoeba closely related to another genus of giant amoebae, '' Chaos''. As such, the species is sometimes given the alternative scientific name ''Chaos diffluens''.
This protozoan uses extensions called pseu ...
''
File:Chaos carolinense.jpg, ''Chaos
Chaos or CHAOS may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media Fictional elements
* Chaos (''Kinnikuman'')
* Chaos (''Sailor Moon'')
* Chaos (''Sesame Park'')
* Chaos (''Warhammer'')
* Chaos, in ''Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy''
* Cha ...
'' sp.
File:Arcella sp.jpg, '' Arcella'' sp. test
File:FMIB 40813 Trichosphaerium sieboldi.jpeg, ''Trichosphaerium sieboldi''
References
Amoebozoa classes
{{Amoebozoa-stub