Trumpeter (fish)
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Latridae commonly called trumpeters, is a family of marine
ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or hor ...
. They are found in temperate seas in the Southern Hemisphere. The classification of the species within the Latridae and the related
Cheilodactylidae Cheilodactylidae , commonly called morwongs but also known as butterfish, fingerfins, jackassfish, sea carp, snappers, and moki, is a family of marine ray-finned fish. They are found in subtropical oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. The common ...
is unclear.They are fished commercially and for sport.


Taxonomy

Latridae is classified within the
superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...
Cirrhitoidea Cirrhitoidea is a superfamily within the suborder Percoidei of the large order of ray-finned fishes, the Perciformes. Systematics The Cirrhitoidera has been considered to be a superfamily within the large order Perciformes, within the suborder Per ...
, under the
suborder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...
Percoidei Percoidei is one of 3 suborders of bony fishes in the order Perciformes. Many commercially harvested fish species are considered to be contained in this suborder, including the snappers, groupers, basses, goatfishes and perches. Divisions The ...
of the large order
Perciformes Perciformes (), also called the Percomorpha or Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish. If considered a single order, they are the most numerous order of vertebrates, containing about 41% of all bony fish. Perciformes means ...
. Molecular studies have also placed the superfamily within the order
Centrarchiformes Centrarchiformes is an obsolete order of ray-finned fish, now included amongst the perciformes, with 17 previously included families. This order first appeared about 55.8 million years ago in the Eocene Era, and is composed primarily of omnivore ...
, although the Cirrhitoidea is confirmed as a
monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
. The 5th Edition of ''
Fishes of the World ''Fishes of the World'' by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011) is a standard reference for fish systematics. Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of the diversity and classification of the ...
'' does not recognise Centrarchiformes and retains the superfamily within the order Perciformes. The family has three genera according to the 5th Edition of ''
Fishes of the World ''Fishes of the World'' by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011) is a standard reference for fish systematics. Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of the diversity and classification of the ...
'', however the authors of that book admit that further studies need to be carried out to resolve the true relationships of all the taxa within the Cirrhitoidea. Latridae was first formally desecrribed as a family in 1862 by
Theodore Nicholas Gill Theodore Nicholas Gill (March 21, 1837 – September 25, 1914) was an American ichthyologist, mammalogist, malacologist and librarian. Career Born and educated in New York City under private tutors, Gill early showed interest in natural history ...
. The traditional delimitation of this family and Chaeilodactylidae is based on morphological differences, but the reliability of these differences has been questioned, and
genetics Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar wor ...
do not support this treatment, either, leading some to suggest the majority of species traditionally classified as Cheilodactylidae should be placed within Latridae. Based on this, the only species that should remain in the family Cheilodactylidae are the relatively small ''
Cheilodactylus fasciatus The redfingers (''Cheilodactylus fasciatus'') is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Cheilodactylidae, commonly referred to as morwongs. It is found only off the coasts of Namibia and South Africa, in rock pools and from ...
'' and '' C. pixi'' from
southern Africa Southern Africa is the southernmost subregion of the African continent, south of the Congo and Tanzania. The physical location is the large part of Africa to the south of the extensive Congo River basin. Southern Africa is home to a number of ...
. This also means the broader definition of the genus ''
Cheilodactylus ''Cheilodactylus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cheilodactylidae, known as morwongs, although this name is not unique to this family. They are found in the temperate waters of the southern hemisphere and in the N ...
'' is
polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...
. All other species traditionally placed within the genus "''Cheilodactylus''" clearly do not, according to these analyses, belong with these two in ''Cheilodactylus'' and instead appear to belong in several different genera within Latridae, but how many and their exact delimitation is not clear at present.


Genera

The traditional classification places the following three genera in the family Latridae: * ''
Latridopsis ''Latridopsis'' is a genus of marine ray finned fish belonging to the family Latridae, the trumpeters. They are found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean and the southeastern Indian Ocean. Taxonomy ''Latridopsis'' was described in 1862 by the Amer ...
'' Gill 1862 * '' Latris''
Richardson Richardson may refer to: People * Richardson (surname), an English and Scottish surname * Richardson Gang, a London crime gang in the 1960s * Richardson Dilworth, Mayor of Philadelphia (1956-1962) Places Australia * Richardson, Australian Cap ...
, 1839
* ''
Mendosoma ''Mendosoma'' is a genus of marine ray finned fish belonging to the family Latridae, the trumpeters. Taxonomy ''Mendosoma'' was first formally described in 1848 by the French zoologist Alphonse Guichenot. Some authorities consider the genus ' ...
'' Guichenot 1848 The revised classification ''sensu'' Ludt, Burridge and Chakrabarty 2019 is: * **''
Chirodactylus ''Chirodactylus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, traditionally regarded as belonging to the family Cheilodactylidae, the members of which are commonly known as morwongs. They are native to the Atlantic, Indian and eastern Pacific oceans of ...
'' Gill, 1862 * ''
Dactylophora The dusky morwong (''Dactylophora nigricans'') is a species of marine ray-finned fish, traditionally regarded as belonging to the family Cheilodactylidae, the members of which are commonly known as morwongs. It is native to the western and southe ...
''
De Vis Charles Walter de Vis (Birmingham, England, 9 May 1829 – Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 30 April 1915),
, 1883
* *''
Goniistius ''Goniistius'' is a subgenus of marine ray-finned fishes, traditionally classified as being within the genus ''Cheilodactylus'' and belonging to the family Cheilodactylidae, known as morwongs, although this name is not unique to this family and t ...
'' Gill, 1862 * ''Latridopsis'' Gill, 1862 * ''Latris'' Richardson, 1839 * ''Mendosoma'' Guichenot 1848 * *'' Morwong'' Whitley, 1957 * ''
Nemadactylus ''Nemadactylus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, traditionally regarded as belonging to the family Cheilodactylidae, the members of which are commonly known as morwongs. They are found in the South Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific Oceans. ...
'' Richardson, 1839 * *'' Pseudogoniistius'' Ludt,
Burridge Burridge is a small village in the Borough of Fareham, south of Hampshire, England. It lies approximately 14 miles south of Winchester on the A3051 between Botley and Park Gate. It is also to the north of Sarisbury and to the west of White ...
& Chakrabarty, 2019
* means at least one member, the red moki (''C. spectabilis'') was traditionally classified in ''Chelidactylus'' ''sensu lato''
** means traditionally classified in ''Chelidactylus'' ''
sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...
''


Characteristics

Latridae Fishes have somewhat elongate bodies, small mouths and sharp teeth. They have a continuous
dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through conv ...
which has an incision separating the spiny part and the soft-rayed part. They have small
pectoral Pectoral may refer to: * The chest region and anything relating to it. * Pectoral cross, a cross worn on the chest * a decorative, usually jeweled version of a gorget * Pectoral (Ancient Egypt), a type of jewelry worn in ancient Egypt * Pectoralis ...
and
pelvic fin Pelvic fins or ventral fins are paired fins located on the ventral surface of fish. The paired pelvic fins are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. Structure and function Structure In actinopterygians, the pelvic fin consists of two en ...
s and a forked
caudal fin Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as se ...
. There are 14-24 spines in the dorsal fin and 24-30 soft rays while the anal fin has 18-35 soft rays. The lowest pectoral fin rays of the Latridae species in the traditional classification are not thickened or extended.


Distribution and habitat

The Latridae are found in the temperate South Atlantic, South Pacific and southern Indian Oceans where they tend to be associated with reefs and rock substrates.


Fisheries

The Latridae contains species which are important species for game fisheries.


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1128304 Ray-finned fish families Cirrhitoidea