Trinidadian Creole is an English-Based creole language commonly spoken throughout the island of Trinidad in Trinidad and Tobago. It is distinct from Tobagonian Creole – particularly at the basilectal level – and from other Lesser Antilles, Lesser Antillean English creoles. English is the country's official language (the national standard variety is Trinidadian and Tobagonian English), but the main spoken languages are Trinidadian English Creole and Tobagonian English Creole. Prior to English being designated as the official language, French Creole was more prominent throughout the island. English became the country's official language in 1823. Consequently, government and educational intuitions endorsement of the language change significantly influenced the progressive transition and phaseout of French Creole to English Creole. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African languages (especially Yoruba language, Yoruba). Trinidadian English Creole is also influenced by French language, French, Antillean Creole French#Trinidadian French Creole, French Creole, Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani, Trinidadian Hindustani, Tamil language, Tamil, other Languages of South Asia, South Asian languages, Spanish language, Spanish, Portuguese language, Portuguese, Chinese language, Chinese (mainly Cantonese, with some Hakka language, Hakka, and now Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin), and Arabic language, Arabic. As of 2011, there were 1 million native speakers.

History

Like other Caribbean English-based creole languages, English-based creoles, Trinidadian English Creole has a primarily English-derived vocabulary. The island also has a creole with a largely French language, French lexicon, which was in widespread use until the late nineteenth century, when it started to be gradually replaced, due to influence and pressure from the British. Spanish language, Spanish, Portuguese language, Portuguese, a number of African languages (especially Yoruba language, Yoruba), Chinese language, Chinese (mainly Cantonese, with some Hakka language, Hakka, and now Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin), Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani, Trinidadian Hindustani, Tamil language, Tamil, and other Languages of South Asia, South Asian languages have also influenced the language.

Phonological features

Although there is considerable variation, some generalizations can be made about the speech of Trinidad: * Like a number of related creoles, Trinidadian English Creole is Rhoticity in English, non-rhotic, meaning that does not occur after vowels, except in recent loanwords or names from Spanish, Hindi/Bhojpuri, and Arabic. * In mesolectal forms, ''cut'', ''cot'', ''caught'', and ''curt'' are all pronounced with . * The dental fricatives of English are replaced with dental stop, dental/alveolar stops. * Trinidad English Creole is usually syllable-timed and not stress-timed; therefore it often has full vowels where Standard English has the reduced form /ə/

* There is no clear connection between pitch and stress.

Vowels

Consonants

Usage

Both Trinidad and Tobago feature post-creole speech continuum, creole continua between more conservative Creole forms and forms much closer to Trinidadian English, with the former being more common in spontaneous speech and the latter in more formal speech. Because of the social values attributed to linguistic forms, the more common varieties (that is, more creolized forms) carry little prestige in certain contexts.

Example words and phrases

*: insolence.tobagowi.com
dictionary of terms for Trinidad and Tobago *''bad-john'': a bully or gangster. *bacchanal: any incident or time marked by drama, scandal, confusion or conflict *''chinksin'': miserly; distributing less than one could or should.WiWords.com
dictionary of the West Indies *''calypso music, calypso'': a musical or lyrical comment on something, particularly popular during Carnival. *''dougla'': a person having both Indian and African parentage. *''macco'': someone who gets into other people's business. *''maljo'': a sickness manifested upon newborn babies and young animals (like puppies) out of envy or ill wishes. *''pothound'': a mongrel dog of no specific breed or whose breed is unknown; mutt. *''tabanca'': heartbreak. *''ups kabat'': a type of game played with marbles, otherwise known as "marble pitch". *zaboca: avocado *dingolay: cheerful dance that involves fast paced movements *broughtupsy/brought-upsie: good manners, proper upbringing or home training

Notes

References

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