Trillium parviflorum

''Trillium albidum'' is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. It is the only trillium characterized by a stalkless white flower. The species is endemic to the western United States, ranging from central California through Oregon to southwestern Washington. In the San Francisco Bay Area, it is often confused with a white-flowered form of '' Trillium chloropetalum''. In northern Oregon and southwestern Washington, it has a smaller, less conspicuous flower.

''Trillium albidum'' was first described by John Daniel Freeman in 1975. The specific epithet ''albidum'' means "white", a reference to the uniformly white flower color of this distinctive species. It is commonly known as the giant white wakerobin or white toadshade.

Description

''Trillium albidum'' is a perennial herbaceous plant that persists by means of underground rhizomes. There are three large leaf-like bracts arranged in a whorl about a scape that rises directly from the rhizome, growing to in height. The bracts are sessile and broadly ovate, each long and wide. The bracts are green and weakly mottled with brown or dark green spots (which often fade later in the season).

Each stem produces one flower, which is held on top of the bracts. The fragrant flower has three lance-shaped green sepals and three wider white (sometimes pink or purple-tinged) petals measuring long and wide (although there is a conspicuously small-flowered subspecies as noted in the previous section).

''Trillium albidum'' subsp. ''albidum'' and ''T. albidum'' subsp. ''parviflorum'' are distinguished on the basis of multiple characters:

In the region between Corvallis, Oregon and the Columbia River, the species is variable and difficult to identify to subspecies level. The directional arrows in the table above point toward the subspecies that dominates with respect to that character.

''Trillium albidum'' is the only sessile-flowered ''Trillium'' species characterized by white flowers. Throughout most of its range, this characteristic is sufficient to identify the species, but in the San Francisco Bay Area where both ''T. albidum'' and a white-flowered variety of ''T. chloropetalum'' occur, the two species are distinguished by their reproductive organs. The latter has dark purple stamens and carpels while those of ''T. albidum'' are almost invariably white or pale green, with occasional purple stain.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Taxonomy

''Trillium albidum'' was one of five new species described by John Daniel Freeman in 1975 (the others being '' T. decipiens'', '' T. foetidissimum'', '' T. kurabayashii'', and '' T. reliquum''). The specific epithet ''albidum'', which means "white", refers to its uniformly white flower. Despite being one of the most distinctive species in subgenus ''Sessilium'', the taxon was treated under the misapplied epithet ''chloropetalum'' for almost 75 years. To alleviate the confusion, Freeman gave a completely new treatment of '' Trillium chloropetalum'' that dissociated the latter from ''T. albidum''.

The following infraspecific names are accepted by most naming authorities:

* ''Trillium albidum'' subsp. ''albidum''
* ''Trillium albidum'' subsp. ''parviflorum''

The two subspecies are distinguished by overall size as well as the size and shape of the flower petals. In subsp. ''parviflorum'', the scape is just half the length of the typical subspecies while the petals are consistently shorter and narrower.

In 2002, Case described two distinct but related ''Trillium'' species, ''T. albidum'' J.D.Freeman and ''T. parviflorum'' V.G.Soukup. Some naming authorities still consider both of these species names to be valid while other authorities consider the latter name to be a synonym for ''T. albidum'' subsp. ''parviflorum'', in which case the two species originally described by Case become a single species. In any case, there is evidence that ''T. albidum'' and ''T. albidum'' subsp. ''parviflorum'' are less closely related to each other than the latter is to ''T. luteum'', a sessile trillium species native to eastern North America.

Distribution and habitat

''Trillium albidum'' has the widest range of any sessile-flowered trillium in western North America, from central California through Oregon to southwestern Washington. In northern California, its range extends eastward from the Pacific coast through the Klamath Mountains into the Sierra Nevada. The type specimen was collected in Josephine County in southern Oregon. The southern edge of its range overlaps with that of ''T. chloropetalum'' in the San Francisco Bay Area. The intermediate populations found in this region may be due to hybridization of the two species.

The typical subspecies ''Trillium albidum'' subsp. ''albidum'' ranges from northern California to central Oregon while ''T. albidum'' subsp. ''parviflorum'' is found in northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington. In the region where the two subspecies overlap, from the Umpqua River north to the Columbia River, there are populations of considerable variation, which complicates identification at the subspecies level based on morphological characters alone. In southwestern Oregon, just north of the California line, there is a population of plants with flowers that are pale yellow or creamy (not white) with no purple pigments whatsoever. Since these plants grow at the higher elevations, flowering is delayed to May or early June. Evidently this taxon has not been named.

''Trillium albidum'' is found in diverse habitats, on the moist slopes of mixed deciduous-coniferous forests, among shrubs and thickets, and along stream banks and river beds.

Ecology

Flowering typically occurs in the spring, from mid March to early May. In California, flowers bloom between February and June.

Like other ''Trillium'' species, ''T. albidum'' has a one-leaf vegetative stage followed by a three-leaf vegetative (juvenile) stage. After several years of vegetative growth, the plant finally reaches its three-leaf reproductive (flowering) stage. It has an indefinite life span of many years.

Bibliography

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References

External links

Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON): occurrence data and maps for ''Trillium albidum''
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albidum
Endemic flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Endemic flora of Washington (state)
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Plants described in 1975