The Tricholomataceae are a large

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

mushroom A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans. The standard for the name "mushroom" is ...

s within the

Agaricales The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over 13,000 described species, alo ...

. Originally a classic " wastebasket taxon", the family included any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to e.g. the

Amanitaceae The Amanitaceae is a family of mushroom-forming fungi. ''Amanita'' Pers. is one of the most specious and best-known fungal genera. The family, also commonly called the amanita family, is in order Agaricales, the gilled mushrooms. The family con ...

, Lepiotaceae,

Hygrophoraceae The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics (gilled mushrooms), including ''Hygrophorus'' and ''Hygrocybe'' species (the waxcaps or waxy caps), DNA eviden ...

, Pluteaceae, or Entolomataceae. The name derives from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

''trichos'' (τριχος) meaning hair and ''loma'' (λωμα) meaning fringe or border, although not all members display this feature. The name "Tricholomataceae" is seen as having validity in describing '' Tricholoma'' and its close relatives, and whatever other genera can at some future point be described as part of a monophyletic family including ''Tricholoma''. To that end, the

International Botanical Congress International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotati ...

has voted on two occasions (1988 and 2006) to conserve the name "Tricholomataceae" against competing names. This decision does not invalidate the use of segregate families from the Tricholomataceae, but simply validates the continued use of Tricholomataceae.

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

analysis has greatly aided the demarcation of clear

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gr ...

groups among the Tricholomataceae. So far, most of these groups have been defined

cladistically Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

rather than being defined as formal Linnean

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

, though there have been several cases in which older proposed segregates from the Tricholomataceae have been validated by evidence coming from

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bio ...

phylogenetics In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups ...

. As of 2006, validly published families segregated from the Tricholomataceae include the Hydnangiaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Marasmiaceae, Mycenaceae,

Omphalotaceae The Marasmiaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi which have white spores. They mostly have tough stems and the capability of shrivelling up during a dry period and later recovering. The widely consumed edible fungus ''Lentinula edodes'', the ...

, Physalacriaceae, and Pleurotaceae. Arnolds (1986) and Bas (1990) also place the genera of the Hygrophoraceae within this family, but this classification is not accepted by the majority of fungal

taxonomists In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given ...

. In 2014 a study recovers seven

genera within the Tricholomataceae;

Leucopaxillus ''Leucopaxillus'' is a genus of fairly large white-spored gilled mushrooms which are found worldwide growing on the ground in woodlands. These are saprotrophs, but may sometimes be ectomycorrhizal. Less than ten species of ''Leucopaxillus'' ar ...

, Tricholoma, Pseudotricholoma stat. nov, Porpoloma s.str,

Dennisiomyces ''Dennisiomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. Described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1955, the genus contains five species found in South America. The genus name of ''Dennisiomyces'' is in honour of Richard William George ...

, Corneriella gen.nov. and Albomagister gen. nov. The aim of the study was to delimit the highly

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...

Tricholomataceae, and identyfiy

groups within the Tricholomatoid clade, which includes the families Tricholimoaceae, Entolomataceae, and Lyophyllaceae. According to this study there have been several different ways of distributing Porpoloma, which is highly

. This study suggests that the genus Porpoloma is distributed in four groups within the Trichlomatatic clade; Porpoloma s.str, Corneriella gen.nov. and Pseudotricholoma stat. nov. and Pogonoloma. Some species of

fungus-growing ants Fungus-growing ants (tribe Attini) comprise all the known fungus-growing ant species participating in ant–fungus mutualism. They are known for cutting grasses and leaves, carrying them to their colonies' nests, and using them to grow fungus o ...

in the genus ''

Apterostigma ''Apterostigma'' is a genus of New World ants of the subfamily Myrmicinae. Two species have been described from fossils preserved in Dominican amber, while the others are extant. They are fungus-growing ants, though, unlike the majority of other ...

'' cultivate species of Tricholomataceae. The extinct genus '' Archaeomarasmius'', described from

Turonian The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous Epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma and 89.8 ± 1 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded b ...

-age

New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delawa ...

amber, is one of four known genera of Agaricales in the fossil record.

References

*Alexopolous CJ, ''et al.'' (2004). Introductory Mycology (4th ed.) Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons. *Arnolds E. (1986). *Bas C. (1990). Tricholomataceae R.Heim ex Pouz. In: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 2:65. *Binder M, Larsson KH, Matheny PB & Hibbett DS (2010). Amylocorticiales ord. nov. and Jaapiales ord. nov.: Early diverging clades of Agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms. Mycologia 102: 865–880. https://dx.doi.org/10.3852/09-288 *Kuo M. (2004)

*Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen D, DeNitis M, Daniel GM, Desjardin,D.E., Kropp, B.R., Norvell, L.L., Parker, A., Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R. & Hibbet DS (2006). Major clades of Agaricales: Amultilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98: 982–995. https://dx.doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982 *McNeill J, Redhead SA, Wiersema JH. (2006). Report of the General Committee: 9. Taxon 55(3):795–800. *Redhead SA. (2003). (1571) Proposal to conserve the name Tricholomataceae nom. cons. against two additional names, Mycenaceae and Hygrophoraceae (Fungi). Taxon 52(1):135–136. *Sánchez-García M, Matheny PB, Palfner G, Lodge DG. (2014) Deconstructing the Tricholomataceae (Agaricales) and introduction of the new genera Albomagister, Corneriella, Pogonoloma and Pseudotricholoma. Taxon 63(5): 993–1007. *Young AM. (2002
Brief notes on the status of Family Hygrophoraceae Lotsy.
Australasian Mycologist 21(3):114–116. {{Taxonbar, from=Q1147371 Tricholomataceae, Tricholomataceae

Taxonomy

See also

References