Trewartha climate classification scheme

The Trewartha climate classification (TCC) or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC) is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen–Geiger system, created to answer some of its deficiencies. The Trewartha system attempts to redefine the middle latitudes to be closer to vegetation zoning and genetic climate systems. It was considered a more true or "real world" reflection of the global climate.

The changes were seen as most effective on the large landmasses in Asia and North America, where many areas fall into a single group (''C'') in the Köppen–Geiger system. For example, under the standard Köppen system, Washington and Oregon are classed into the same climate zone (''Csb'') as parts of Southern California, even though the two regions have strikingly different weather and vegetation. Another example was classifying cities like London or Boston in the same climate group (''C'') as Brisbane or New Orleans, despite great differences in seasonal temperatures and native plant life.

Scheme

Trewartha's modifications to the 1899 Köppen climate system sought to reclass the middle latitudes into three groups: ''C'' ( subtropical)—8 or more months have a mean temperature of or higher; ''D'' temperate—4 to 7 months have a mean temperature of 10 °C or higher; and ''E'' boreal climate—1 to 3 months have a mean temperature of 10 °C or higher. Otherwise, the tropical climates and polar climates remained the same as the original Köppen climate classification.

The "highland" climate is ambiguously defined. Newer users of KTC generally omit this option.

Group A: Tropical climates

This is the tropical climate realm, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme (i.e., all 12 months average , or above). The "A" climates are the realm of the winterless frost-free zone.

Climates with no more than two dry months (defined as having less than , average precipitation, same as per Köppen) are classified ''Ar'', while others are classified ''Aw'' if the dry season is at the time of low sun/short days or ''As'' if the dry season is at the time of high sun/long days. There was no specific monsoon climate identifier in the original scheme, but ''Am'' was added later, with the same parameters as Köppen's (except that at least three months, rather than one, must have less than 60 mm average precipitation).

Group B: Dry (arid and semi-arid) climates

''BW'' and ''BS'' mean the same as in the Köppen scheme. However, a different formula is used to quantify the aridity threshold: 10(''T'' − 10) + 3''P'', with ''T'' equaling the mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius and ''P'' denoting the percentage of total precipitation received in the six high-sun months (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere and October through March in the Southern).

If the precipitation for a given location is less than the above formula, its climate is said to be that of a desert (''BW''); if it is equal to or greater than the above formula but less than twice that amount, the climate is classified as steppe (''BS''); and if the precipitation is more than double the value of the formula the climate is not in Group B. Unlike in Köppen's scheme, no thermal subsets exist within this group in Trewartha's, unless the Universal Thermal Scale (see below) is used.

Group C: Subtropical climates

In the Trewartha scheme the "C" climate group encompasses Subtropical climates that have 8 or more months with a mean temperature of or higher.

There are only two types within the "C" or subtropical climate group, ''Cs'' which is a dry -summer or Mediterranean climate, and a ''Cf'' or humid Subtropical climate. ''Cw'' types occur within the ''Cf'' group and mean subtropical Monsoon climates (like much of east Asia).

Group D: Temperate and continental climates

In the Trewartha scheme the "D" climate group encompasses Temperate climates that have 4 to 7 months with a mean temperature of or higher.

"D" climate groups have two types – an Oceanic type (Do), where the coldest month has a mean temperature or higher, and a Continental type (Dc), where the coldest monthly mean temperature reaches below 0 °C in some interior landmasses like North America and Asia.

For the continental climates (Dc), sometimes the third letter (''a'' or ''b'') is used to denote a hot or cold summer. "Dca" is where the warmest month has a mean temperature of or higher, and "Dcb" is used for cool summer temperate climates, where the warmest month has a mean temperature below 22.2 °C.

Most of Europe north of 44th parallel north exhibits ''Do'' or ''Dc'' climate types.

Group E: Boreal climates

This represents subarctic and subpolar oceanic climate realms, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme, where 1 to 3 months have an average temperature of or above. In this climate zone there is only a short period (normally 50 to 90 days) that is frost free. In the original scheme, this group was not further divided; later, the designations ''Eo'' and ''Ec'' were created, with ''Eo'' (maritime subarctic) signifying that the coldest month averages above , while ''Ec'' (continental subarctic or "boreal") means that at least one month has an average temperature of −10 °C or below. As in Group D, a third letter can be added to indicate seasonality of precipitation. There is no separate counterpart to the Köppen ''Dfd'', ''Dwd'', and ''Dsd'' climate types in Trewartha's scheme, but a letter can optionally be added to the end of the symbol to indicate the temperature of the coldest month ( see below).

Group F: Polar climates

This is the polar climate group, where all months must have a monthly mean air temperature of below . Polar climates have two subtypes ''Ft'' (tundra) and ''Fi'' ( ice cap):

In the "Ft" climate type, at least one month has an average temperature above (but not above ), so that there is a brief time when the surface might be free of snow or ice and a scrub or Tundra vegetation cover is possible.

In the "Fi" climate type, all months have an average temperature below , this is the region of the vast deserts of perpetually frozen Ocean in the North Pole, and the permanent ice plateaus of Antarctica and Greenland.

Group H: Highland climates

Highland climates are those in which altitude plays a role in determining climate classification.McKnight, 237–40 Specifically, this would apply if correcting the average temperature of each month to a sea-level value using the formula of adding for each of elevation would result in the climate fitting into a different thermal group than that into which the actual monthly temperatures place it.

Sometimes ''G'' is used instead of ''H'' if the above is true and the altitude is between , but the ''G'' or ''H'' is placed in front of the applicable thermal letter rather than replacing it. The second letter used reflects the ''corrected'' monthly temperatures, not the actual monthly temperatures. G stands for glacier for instances.

Universal Thermal Scale

An option exists to include information on both the warmest and coldest months for every climate by adding a third and fourth letter respectively. The letters used conform to the following scale:
*''i'' — severely hot: Mean monthly temperature ≥ or higher
*''h'' — very hot:
*''a'' — hot:
*''b'' — warm:
*''l'' — mild:
*''k'' — cool:
*''o'' — cold:
*''c'' — very cold:
*''d'' — severely cold:
*''e'' — excessively cold: or below.

Examples

;A:
* ''Awha'' for Surabaya, Indonesia
* ''Ambb'' for Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
* ''Arhb'' for Miami, United States

;B:
* ''BWil'' for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
* ''BWhl'' for Aswan, Egypt
* ''BSbc'' for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
* ''BSaa'' for Patos, Brazil
* ''BWho'' for Turpan, China
* ''BWih'' for Dallol, Ethiopia
* ''BSlk'' for Río Gallegos, Argentina

;C:
* ''Cfak'' for Tokyo
* ''Csll'' for San Francisco, California
* ''Cfhk'' for Dallas, U.S.
* ''Cwhl'' for Hanoi, Vietnam
* ''Cfbl'' for Melbourne, Australia
* ''Cfbk'' for Vigo, Spain
* ''Cflk'' for Nelson, New Zealand
* ''Cfal'' for Buenos Aires, Argentina
* ''Csal'' for Faro, Portugal

;D:
* ''Dobk'' for London, U.K.
* ''Dcao'' for Seoul, South Korea
* ''Dcbo'' for Klagenfurt, Austria
* ''Doak'' for New York City, United States
* ''Dclo'' for Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
;E:
* ''Ecle'' for Oymyakon, Russia
* ''Ecbd'' for Yakutsk, Russia
* ''Eolo'' for Tromsø, Norway
* ''Ecld'' for Norilsk, Russia
* ''Eclc'' for Karasjok, Norway
* ''Eolk'' for Punta Arenas, Chile
;F:
* ''Ftkd'' for Utqiagvik, Alaska, U.S.
* ''Ftkk'' for Ushuaia, Argentina
* ''Fide'' for Vostok Station in Antarctica.

See also

* Holdridge life zones climate classification by three dimensions: precipitation, humidity, and potential evapotranspiration ratio
* Koppen climate classification

References

{{reflist

External links

Use of the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification for the People’s Republic of China

Climate and weather classification systems