Traditional
Chinese characters

Chinese characters (traditional Chinese:
正體字/繁體字; simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字,
Pinyin: Zhèngtǐzì/Fántǐzì) are
Chinese characters

Chinese characters in any
character set that does not contain newly created characters or
character substitutions performed after 1946.[dubious –
discuss] They are most commonly the characters in the standardized
character sets of Taiwan, of
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong and Macau. The modern shapes of
traditional
Chinese characters

Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of
the clerical script during the
Han dynasty

Han dynasty and have been more or less
stable since the 5th century (during the Southern and Northern
Dynasties).
The retronym "Traditional Chinese" is used to contrast traditional
characters with Simplified Chinese characters, a standardized
character set introduced by the government of the People's Republic of
China

China on Mainland
China

China in the 1950s.
Traditional
Chinese characters

Chinese characters are used in Taiwan,
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong and
Macau, as well as in
Overseas Chinese

Overseas Chinese communities outside Southeast
Asia. In contrast,
Simplified Chinese characters
.svg/200px-Hanzi_(simplified).svg.png)
Simplified Chinese characters are used in Mainland
China, Malaysia and Singapore in official publications.
The debate on traditional and simplified
Chinese characters

Chinese characters has been a
long-running issue among Chinese communities. Currently, many overseas
Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both character
sets.[citation needed]
Contents
1 Modern usage in Chinese-speaking areas
1.1 China
1.2
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong & Macau
1.3 Taiwan
1.4 Philippines
1.5 United States
2 Chinese names
3 Printed text
4 Computer encoding
5 Web pages
6 Usage in other languages
7 See also
8 References
Modern usage in Chinese-speaking areas[edit]
China[edit]
Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the
government of China, there is no prohibition against the use of
traditional characters. Traditional characters are used informally in
regions in
China

China primarily in handwriting and also used for
inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or
graphics to evoke yesteryear. Nonetheless, the vast majority of media
and communications in
China

China is dominated by simplified characters.
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong & Macau[edit]
In
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written
form since colonial times. In recent years, simplified Chinese
characters in
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong and
Macau

Macau has appeared to accommodate Mainland
Chinese tourists and immigrants.[1] This has led to concerns
by many residents to protect their local
heritage.[2][3]
Taiwan[edit]
Taiwan

Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified
characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government
of Taiwan.[citation needed] Simplified characters are
understood to a certain extent by most Taiwanese, and learning to read
them takes little effort. Some stroke simplifications that have been
incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in
handwriting.[4][5]
Philippines[edit]
Job announcement in a Filipino Chinese daily newspaper written in
Traditional Chinese characters.
In Southeast Asia, the
Chinese Filipino

Chinese Filipino community continues to be one
of the most conservative regarding simplification.[citation
needed] While major public universities are teaching simplified
characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use
traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News,
World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters. On
the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside
from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou
Zhoukan, are also found in some bookstores.
In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that
is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan. This is
because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the
subtitles are in Traditional Characters.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
Overseas Chinese

Overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional
characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States
occurred during the latter half of the 19th century, before the
standardization of simplified characters. Therefore, United States
public notices and signage in Chinese are generally in Traditional
Chinese.[6]
Chinese names[edit]
Traditional
Chinese characters

Chinese characters (Standard characters) are called
several different names within the Chinese-speaking world. The
government of
Taiwan

Taiwan officially calls its Chinese character standard
standard characters or orthodox characters (traditional Chinese:
正體字; simplified Chinese: 正体字; pinyin:
zhèngtǐzì;
Zhuyin

Zhuyin Fuhao: ㄓㄥˋ ㄊㄧˇ ㄗˋ).[7]
However, the same term is used outside
Taiwan

Taiwan to distinguish standard,
simplified and Traditional characters from variant and idiomatic
characters.[8]
In contrast, users of Traditional characters outside Taiwan, such as
those in Hong Kong,
Macau

Macau and overseas Chinese communities, and also
users of simplified Chinese characters, call them complex characters
(traditional Chinese: 繁體字; simplified Chinese:
繁体字; pinyin: fántǐzì). An informal name sometimes used by
users of simplified characters is "old characters" (Chinese:
老字; pinyin: lǎozì).
Users of Traditional Chinese also sometimes refer them as "Full
Chinese characters" (traditional Chinese: 全體字; simplified
Chinese: 全体字; pinyin: quántǐ zì;
Zhuyin

Zhuyin Fuhao:
ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄊㄧˇ ㄗˋ) to distinguish them from simplified
Chinese characters.
Some users of Traditional
Chinese characters

Chinese characters argue that their standard
comprises the original form of the
Chinese characters

Chinese characters and cannot be
called "complex". In that vein, Simplified characters cannot be
"standard" because they are not used in all Chinese-speaking regions.
Conversely, supporters of simplified
Chinese characters

Chinese characters object to the
description of Traditional characters as "standard," and treat
Simplified characters as the contemporary standard as they are used by
the vast majority of Chinese speakers. They also point out that
Traditional characters are not truly traditional as many Chinese
characters have been made more elaborate over time,[9] and
that there have been multiple writing systems for Chinese throughout
history, only one of which resembles modern Traditional Chinese
characters.
Some people refer to Traditional characters as simply "proper
characters" (Chinese: 正字; pinyin: zhèngzì) and
modernized characters as "simplified-stroke characters" (simplified
Chinese: 简笔字; traditional Chinese: 簡筆字;
pinyin: jiǎnbǐzì) or "reduced-stroke characters" (simplified
Chinese: 减笔字; traditional Chinese: 減筆字;
pinyin: jiǎnbǐzì) (simplified- and reduced- are actually
homophones in Mandarin Chinese, both pronounced jiǎn).
The use of such words as "complex", "standard" and "proper" in the
context of such a visceral subject as written language arouses strong
emotional reactions, especially since there are also political
ramifications in this case. Debate on Traditional and Simplified
Chinese characters

Chinese characters explores the differences of opinion that exist on
this matter within Chinese-speaking regions.
Printed text[edit]
When printing text, people in
China

China and Singapore mainly use the
simplified system, developed by the People's Republic of China
government in the 1950s. In writing, most people use informal,
sometimes personal simplifications. In most cases, an alternative
character (異體字) will be used in place of one with more strokes,
such as 体 for 體. In the old days,[when?] there were two
main uses of alternative characters. First, alternative characters
were used to avoid using the characters of the formal name of an
important person in less formal contexts as a way of showing respect
to the said person by preserving the characters of the person's name.
This act is called "offense-avoidance" (避諱) in Chinese. Secondly,
alternative characters were used when the same characters were
repeated in context to show that the repetition was intentional rather
than an editorial mistake (筆誤).
Computer encoding[edit]
In the past, Traditional Chinese was most often rendered using the
Big5 character encoding scheme, a scheme that favors Traditional
Chinese. Unicode, however, has become increasingly popular as a
rendering method.
Unicode

Unicode gives equal weight to both simplified and
traditional Chinese characters. There are various IMEs (Input Method
Editors) available to input Chinese characters.
There are still many
Unicode

Unicode characters that cannot be written using
most IMEs; one example would be the character used in the Shanghainese
dialect instead of 嗎, which is U+20C8E 𠲎 (伐 with a 口
radical).[citation needed]
Web pages[edit]
The
World Wide Web Consortium

World Wide Web Consortium recommends the use of the language tag
zh-Hant as a language attribute value and Content-Language value to
specify web-page content in Traditional Chinese.[10]
Usage in other languages[edit]
In Japanese, kyūjitai are the now-obsolete unsimplified forms of
simplified
Shinjitai

Shinjitai Jōyō kanji; as with Korean, these unsimplified
characters are mostly congruent with the traditional characters in
Chinese, save for a few minor regional graphical differences.
Furthermore, characters that are not included in the Jōyō list are
generally recommended to be printed in their original unsimplified
forms, save for a few exceptions.
In most cases traditional
Chinese characters

Chinese characters are identical with Hanja
in Korean (now almost completely replaced by
Hangul

Hangul for general use,
but nonetheless unchanged from Chinese except for some Korean-made
Hanja).
See also[edit]
Simplified Chinese characters
Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters
Chữ Nôm
Hanja
Kaishu
Kanji
Kyūjitai

Kyūjitai (旧字体 or 舊字體 - Japanese traditional characters)
Multiple association of converting Simplified Chinese to Traditional
Chinese
References[edit]
^ 李翰文 BBC國際媒體觀察部.
分析:中國與香港之間的「繁簡矛盾」 - BBC News 中文
(in Chinese). Bbc.com. Retrieved 2018-07-01..mw-parser-output
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.1em center .mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a
background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right
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background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right
.1em center .mw-parser-output code.cs1-code
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.cs1-maint display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em
.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output
.cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format font-size:95%
.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left
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^ Post Magazine. "
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong actor's criticism of simplified Chinese
character use stirs up passions online | South
China

China Morning
Post". Scmp.com. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
^ "
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong TV station criticized for using simplified Chinese -
China

China News". SINA English. 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
^ Yat-Shing Cheung. "Language variation, culture, and society." In
Kingsley Bolton. Sociolinguistics Today: International Perspectives.
p. 211
^ Success with Asian Names: A Practical Guide for Business and
Everyday Life
^ See, for instance,
https://www.irs.gov/irm/part22/irm_22-031-001.html (Internal Revenue
Manual 22.31.1.6.3 - "The standard language for translation is
Traditional Chinese."
^ 查詢結果. Laws and Regulations Database of The Republic of
China. Ministry of Justice (Republic of China). 2014-09-26. Retrieved
2014-10-07.
^ Academy of Social Sciences, (1978), Modern Chinese Dictionary, The
Commercial Press: Beijing.
^ Norman, Jerry (1988) Chinese, Cambridge University Press, p81.
^ "Internationalization Best Practices: Specifying Language in XHTML
& HTML Content". W3.org. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
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