Tomato hornworm

''Manduca quinquemaculata'', the five-spotted hawkmoth, is a brown and gray hawk moth of the family Sphingidae. The caterpillar, often referred to as the tomato hornworm, can be a major pest in gardens; they get their name from a dark projection on their posterior end and their use of tomatoes as host plants. Tomato hornworms are closely related to (and sometimes confused with) the tobacco hornworm ''Manduca sexta''. This confusion arises because caterpillars of both species have similar morphologies and feed on the foliage of various plants from the family Solanaceae, so either species can be found on tobacco or tomato leaves. Because of this, the plant on which the caterpillar is found does not indicate its species.

Range

''M. quinquemaculata'' is found across North America and Australia. The tobacco hornworm, a close relative of the tomato hornworm, tends to dominate the south while tomato hornworms are more prevalent in the northern United States.

Food plants

Larva

Tomato hornworms are known to eat various plants from the family Solanaceae, commonly feeding on tomato, eggplant, pepper, tobacco, moonflowers and potato. Females prefer to oviposit on young leaves near the stem of host plants, and early instar caterpillars can often be found here during the day. In the evening or early morning when sunlight is less direct, the caterpillars will feed on more distal leaves.

Adult

Adult diet

Adults feed on nectar from flowering plants including '' Datura meteloides,'' ''Oenothera caespitosa,'' and '' Mirabilis multiflora.'' Most of the food plants they target have large, fragrant white flowers.

Interactions with host plants

Hawkmoths, including ''M. quinquemaculata,'' are the primary pollinators of ''D. meteloides.'' The length of the moth’s proboscis (around 10 cm), which is an elongated, tubular mouthpart used for sucking and feeding, is well-suited for retrieving nectar from the flowers. Aside from being a host plant for ''M. quinquemaculata, D. meteloides'' has also been used by humans for its psychoactive effects. ''D. meteloides'' contains tropane alkaloids, which are present throughout the plant including in the flowers. These alkaloids have an intoxicating effects on the moth, which displays erratic flight patterns as well as uncoordinated, and often unsuccessful, landing attempts after consuming the nectar. Despite the impairment the nectar causes, the moths have been observed returning to the flowers and consuming more nectar. It has been hypothesized that the “spiked” nectar offers the moths reward beyond just nutrients.

Both ''Mirabilis multiflora'' and ''Oenothera caespitosa'' are also dependent on hawkmoths for pollination. ''M. quinquemaculata'' has been found to feed from ''Oenothera caespitosa'' first and only later to visit ''Mirabilis multiflora,'' indicating a preference for the former.

Life cycle

Oviposition

Females lay eggs singly on the surface of host plant leaves in late spring. Larvae hatch after approximately one week. The female decides where to lay eggs based on an assessment of the risk of predation her offspring will face. On the tobacco plant ''Nicotiana attenuata'', young leaves close to a plant's stem are more protected from predators and larvae that grow there gain more mass than larvae grown elsewhere on the plant; females prefer to oviposit, or lay their eggs, on these leaves. Eggs are large and range in color from pale green to off-white.

Larva

''M. quinquemaculata'' larvae are large green caterpillars reaching a length of up to 10 cm (3.9 inches) when fully grown. The caterpillars have a dark, pointed projection on their rear end that earns them the name "hornworm". Although the tomato hornworm, ''M. quinquemaculata,'' can be confused with the tobacco hornworm, '' M. sexta,'' the larvae of these species can be distinguished by their lateral markings: tomato hornworms have eight V-shaped white markings with no borders and dark blue or black horns, while tobacco hornworms have seven white diagonal lines with a black border and red horns.

Caterpillars hatch in late spring to early summer. They develop through five instars to reach maturity. In warmer climates where the first generation emerges earlier in the year, two generations of caterpillars can coexist in a single summer. Once fully grown, caterpillars fall from their host plants to pupate.

Pupa

Caterpillars pupate in early fall, which means they enter a stage of their life cycle where they become a pupa and undergo transformation into a moth. After pupation, ''M. quinquemaculata'' overwinter in the soil near their host plants, with adults emerging the following summer.

Adults

Adults are large, with a wingspan of up to . The wings of the moth are brown and gray with large mottled front wings and smaller hindwings with light and dark zig-zag patterned bands. The abdomens are brown and white with a row of five yellow spots down each side, giving them the name "five-spotted hawkmoth." The moths of ''M. quinquemaculata'' and ''M. sexta'' can be distinguished by the number of spots on their abdomens.

Shortly after adults emerge from the soil, they mate and females lay their eggs on host plants, renewing the life cycle.
File:Tomato hornworm.jpg, Tomato hornworm larva
File:Tobacco Hornworm 1.jpg, closely related tobacco hornworm - note the red horn and lack of V-shaped white markings
File:Manduca quinquemaculata MHNT CUT 2010 0 116 Sorel-Tracy Quebec Canada female dorsal.jpg, Female - dorsal view
File:Manduca quinquemaculata MHNT CUT 2010 0 116 Sorel-Tracy Quebec Canada female ventral.jpg, Female - ventral view

Relationship with ''M. sexta''

''M. quinquemaculata'' and ''M. sexta'' are both large hawkmoths of the genus ''Manduca.'' The two species have similar appearances in both larvae and adults and share common food sources, including tobacco. Past research, observing that the two species are similar, referred to the two as sister species. However, a recent phylogenetic analysis from Kawahara et al. (2013) found that the two species, though closely related, are not sister species. The authors tracked the ancestral origin of both species to Central America, where the two species diverged from one another.

Pest control

Because the larvae are pests of crop plants such as tomatoes and tobacco, biological control agents and traps have been used to control their populations. Gardeners whose tomato plants are predated by the tomato hornworm pick the caterpillars off of their plants.The use of a UV blacklight at night helps to find them, as they glow bright green. (see photo below). Some gardeners plant marigolds, which repel the species, near their tomato plants to reduce predation. Among other examples, the larvae can also be eaten by most common bird species.

Parasites

The parasitoid wasp ''Trichogramma'' attacks ''M. quinquemaculata'' eggs. The larvae of the wasp develop in the egg, preventing the development of the caterpillar larvae. ''Trichogramma'' is a natural enemy of ''M. quinquemaculata'' and has also been used as a biological control agent by humans.
A second parasitoid wasp, ''Cotesia congregata'' of the family Braconidae, also kills ''M. quinquemaculata''. Adult females lay their eggs inside the skin of the hornworm caterpillar. After hatching, the wasp larvae use the organs and tissues of the caterpillar as food sources before burrowing out of the skin and pupating on the back and sides of the caterpillar. Once the wasps have emerged from their cocoons, the weakened caterpillar dies. Like the parasitoid wasp mentioned above, these wasps have also been suggested as a means of biological control of the tomato hornworm.

Traps

Adult ''M. quinquemaculata'' are most active in flight after dark. Early studies found that the moths are attracted to blacklight, which is used as a lure in some traps. Although the traps can be used for research and the moths can be released after capture, traps like these have been suggested as a means of population control. However, one study found that the reduction in population was not strong enough to significantly impact population size.

Images

Tomato Hornworm Larva - Relic38 - Ontario Canada.JPG, Tomato hornworm larva
Manduca quinquemaculata diversity sjh.JPG, ''M. quinquemaculata'' diversity
Manduca quinquemaculata detail.JPG, Head detail
Manduca quinquemaculata at DEN airport.jpg, Live ''M. quinquemaculata''
Tomato worm under uv.png, Tomato worm illuminated with UV on tomato plant

References

External links

The Tomato Hornworms
Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, Denver County
''Manduca quinquemaculata''
Butterflies and Moths of North America

on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manduca Quinquemaculata
Manduca
Tomato diseases
Moths described in 1803
Moths of North America