Tokugawa Ienari ( ja, 徳川家斉, November 18, 1773 – March 22, 1841) was the eleventh and longest-serving ''

shōgun , officially , was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the Kamaku ...

'' of the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...

who held office from 1787 to 1837.Hall, John Whitney ''et al.'' (1991)
''Early Modern Japan'', p. 21.
/ref> He was a great-grandson of the eighth shōgun

Tokugawa Yoshimune was the eighth '' shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Lineage Yoshi ...

through his son Munetada (1721–1764), head of the Hitotsubashi branch of the family, and his grandson Harusada (1751–1827). Ienari died in 1841 and was given the Buddhist name Bunkyouin and buried at

Kan'ei-ji (also spelled Kan'eiji or Kaneiji) is a Tendai Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan, founded in 1625 during the Kan'ei era by Tenkai, in an attempt to emulate the powerful religious center Enryaku-ji, in Kyoto. The main object of worship is .Ni ...

Events of Ienari's ''bakufu''

* 1787 (''Tenmei 7''): Ienari becomes the 11th ''

'' of the bakufu government. * 1788 (''Tenmei 7''): Riots in rice shops in

Edo Edo ( ja, , , "bay-entrance" or "estuary"), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. Edo, formerly a ''jōkamachi'' (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the ''de facto'' capital of ...

and

Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the third most populous city in Japan, following Special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of ...

. * March 6 – 11, 1788 (''Tenmei 8, 29th day of the 1st month – 4th day of the second month''): Great Fire of

Kyoto Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the c ...

. A fire in the city, which begins at 3 o'clock in the morning of March 6 burns uncontrolled until the 1st day of the second month (March 8); and embers smolder until extinguished by heavy rain on the 4th day of the second month (March 11). The emperor and his court flee the fire, and the Imperial Palace is destroyed. No other re-construction is permitted until a new palace is completed. This fire was considered a major event. The Dutch '' VOC'' '' Opperhoofd'' in Dejima noted in his official record book that "people are considering it to be a great and extraordinary heavenly portent." * February 28, 1793 (''Kansei 5, on the 18th day of the 1st month''): Collapse of the peak of Mount Unzen.Screech, p.154. * March 17, 1793 (''Kansei 5, on the 6th day of the 2nd month''): Eruption of Mt. Biwas-no-kubi * April 15, 1793 (''Kansei 5, on the 1st day of the 3rd month''): The Shimabara

earthquake An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, fr ...

.Screech, p. 155. * May 10, 1793 (''Kansei 5, on the 1st day of the 4th month''): Eruption of Mt. Miyama. * September 1817, the Shōgun orders the expulsion of Titia Bergsma, the first European woman to visit Japan * 1833–1837, the Tenpō famine * 1837 (''Tenpō 7''): Tokugawa Ieyoshi becomes the 12th ''shōgun'' of the bakufu government. Ienari's time in office was marked by an era of pleasure, excess, and corruption, which ended in the disastrous '' Tenpō'' Famine of 1832–1837, in which thousands are known to have perished.

Family life

First wife

In 1778, the four-year-old Hitotsubashi Toyochiyo (豊千代), a minor figure in the Tokugawa clan hierarchy, was betrothed to Shimazu Shigehime or Tadakohime, the four-year-old daughter of Shimazu Shigehide, the ''

tozama daimyō was a class of powerful magnates or '' daimyō'' (大名) considered to be outsiders by the ruler of Japan.Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, ''Tozama daimyō'' were classified in the Tokugawa Shogunate (江戸幕府) as ''daimyō' ...

'' of

Satsuma Domain The , briefly known as the , was a domain (''han'') of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1602 to 1871. The Satsuma Domain was based at Kagoshima Castle in Satsuma Province, the core of the modern city of Kagoshima, l ...

on the island of

Kyūshū is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surround ...

. The significance of this alliance was dramatically enhanced when, in 1781, the young Toyochiyo was adopted by the childless shōgun, Tokugawa Ieharu. This meant that when Toyochiyo became Shōgun Ienari in 1786, Shigehide was set to become the father-in-law of the shōgun. The marriage was completed in 1789, after which Tadako became formally known as ''

Midaidokoro The ''midaidokoro'' (御台所) was the official wife of the '' shōgun''. During the Edo period, she resided in the '' Ōoku'' of Edo Castle and sometimes wielded considerable political power behind the scenes. Heian period * Miyoshi Takako, wi ...

'' Sadako, or "first wife" Sadako. Protocol required that she be adopted into a court family, and the

Konoe family is a Japanese aristocratic family. Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003)"Konoe," ''Nobiliare du Japon'', p. 24 retrieved 2013-8-13. The family is a branch of Hokke and ...

agreed to take her in but this was a mere formality.

Other relationships

Ienari kept a

harem Harem ( Persian: حرمسرا ''haramsarā'', ar, حَرِيمٌ ''ḥarīm'', "a sacred inviolable place; harem; female members of the family") refers to domestic spaces that are reserved for the women of the house in a Muslim family. A har ...

of 900 women and fathered over 75 children. Many of Ienari's children were adopted into various ''

daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominall ...

'' houses throughout Japan, and some played important roles in the history of the

Bakumatsu was the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended. Between 1853 and 1867, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the modern empire of the Meiji governm ...

and

Boshin War The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a clique seeking to seize political power in the name of the Imperi ...

. Some of the more famous among them included: *

Hachisuka Narihiro was a Japanese '' daimyō'' of the late Edo period, who ruled the Tokushima Domain. He was a son of the eleventh shōgun, Tokugawa Ienari. Biography As stated above, Narihiro was a son of the 11th shōgun, Ienari. Ienari had many children ...

, Tokushima Domain **

Hachisuka Mochiaki was the 14th and final ''daimyō'' of Tokushima Domain, Awa Province, and the 2nd President of the House of Peers in Meiji period Japan. Early life Hachisuka was born at the Hachisuka domain residence in Edo, as the eldest son of the 13th ...

*** Hachisuka Masaaki (1871–1932) **** Hachisuka Masauji (1903–1953) ***** Hachisuka Masako (1941) **** Hachisuka Toshiko (1896–1970) * Matsudaira Naritami,

Tsuyama Domain was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Mimasaka Province in modern-day Okayama Prefecture.Tokugawa Narikatsu Tokugawa may refer to: * Tokugawa era, an alternative term for the Edo period, 1603 to 1868 * Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal regime of Japan during the Edo period ** Tokugawa clan, a powerful family of Japan ***Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616), most n ...

(1820–1849), Shimizu Tokugawa family then to Wakayama Domain * Matsudaira Narisawa, Fukui Domain * Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846), Wakayama Domain **

Tokugawa Iemochi (July 17, 1846 – August 29, 1866) was the 14th ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, who held office from 1858 to 1866. During his reign there was much internal turmoil as a result of the "re-opening" of Japan to western nations. ...

* Tazawa Hidenari, Tazawa Domain, as Tazawa Hideyasu's adopted son

Parents and siblings

* Father: Tokugawa Harusada (1751–1827) * Mother: O-Tomi no Kata (d. 1817) * Adoptive Father: Tokugawa Ieharu * Siblings: ** Kiihime married Hosokawa Naritatsu of Kumamoto Domain ** Matsudaira Yoshisue (1785–1804) of Takasu Domain ** Kuroda Naritaka (1777–1795) of

Fukuoka Domain was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Chikuzen Province in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu. The domain was also sometimes referred to as Chikuzen Domain, or as Kuroda Domain, after the ruling Kuroda ...

** Tokugawa Harukuni (1776–1793) ** Tokugawa Nariatsu ** Hisanosuke ** Honnosuke ** Tokugawa Narimasa ** Yunosuke

Wife and concubines

* Wife: Shimazu Shigehime, later Kodaiin (1773–1844), daughter of Shimazu Shigehide of

* Concubine: ** Omiyo no Kata (1797–1872) (There is legend said that Omiyo was daughter of Tokugawa Ieharu with a servant) later Senkoin ** O-ito no kata ** Oyae no Kata (d. 1843) later Kaishun'in ** Oraku no Kata (d. 1810) later Korin'in ** Otase no Kata (d. 1832) later Myosoin ** Ohana no Kata (d. 1845) later Seiren'in ** Ohachi no Kata later Honrin'in (d. 1850) ** Ohachi no Kata (d. 1813) later Chisoin ** Osode no Kata (d. 1830) later Honshoin ** Oyachi no Kata (d. 1810) later Seishoin ** Osato no Kata (d. 1800) later Chosoin ** Ocho no Kata (d. 1852) later Sokuseiin ** Oshiga no Kata (d. 1813) later Keimeiin ** Outa no Kata (d. 1851) later Hoschiin ** Oume no Kata (d. 1794)later Shinsei-in ** Oman no Kata (d. 1835) later Seishin'in ** Obi no Kata (d. 1808) later Hoshin'in

Children

* Toshihime (1789–1817) married

Tokugawa Naritomo was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the Edo period, who ruled the Owari Domain. His childhood name was Yasuchiyo (愷千代). He had a retreat north of Nagoya Castle called ''Shin Goten'' (新御殿 New Palace) in what is today Horibata-chō (堀端 ...

by Oman * Koso-in (b. 1790) by Oman * Takechiyo (1792–1793) by Oman * Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1793-1837) by Korin'in * Hidehime (b. 1794) later Tansei-in by Oume * Ayahime (1795–1797; infant when died and replaced by her younger sister, Asahime) Married

Date Chikamune was an mid- Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 9th '' daimyō'' of Sendai Domain in northern Japan, and the 25th hereditary chieftain of the Date clan. Biography Chikamune was the eldest son of Date Narimura. His childhood name was Masachiy ...

of Sendai Domain by Oman * Tokugawa Keinosuke (1795–1797) by Outa * Tokugawa Atsunosuke (1796–1799) born by Shigehime inherited Shimazu-Tokugawa family * Sohime (1796–1797) by Oshiga * Tokugawa Toyasaburo (b. 1798) by Outa * Kakuhime (1798–1799) by Osato * Gohyakuhime (1799–1800) by Outa * Tazawa Hidenari * Tokugawa Hidemaru * Mine-hime (1800–1853) born by Otase and married

Tokugawa Narinobu Tokugawa may refer to: * Tokugawa era, an alternative term for the Edo period, 1603 to 1868 * Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal regime of Japan during the Edo period ** Tokugawa clan, a powerful family of Japan ***Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616), most n ...

Owari Domain The was a feudal domain of Japan in the Edo period. Located in what is now the western part of Aichi Prefecture, it encompassed parts of Owari, Mino, and Shinano provinces. Its headquarters were at Nagoya Castle. At its peak, it was rated ...

* Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846) inherited Shimizu-Tokugawa family later inherited

Kii Domain Kii can refer to: History * Kii House, a branch family of the Tokugawa clan that ruled Japan during the Edo era Company * Kii Corporation, a mobile cloud services company (MBaaS) Geography * Kii Channel, a separating Honshū and Shikoku is ...

and born to Otase * Toruhime (1801–1802) by Ocho * Jiyohime (1802–1803) by Oume * Asahime (1803–1843) married

later married

Matsudaira Naritsugu was the 14th ''daimyō'' of Fukui Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate in Echizen Province.Burks, Ardath W. (1985) ''The Modernizers: overseas students, foreign employees, and Meiji Japan'', p. 47 Naritsugu was born in Fukui as the ...

of Fukui Domain by Obi * Jukihime (1803–1804) by Otase * Tokugawa Tokinosuke (1803–1805) by Ocho * Harehime (1805–1807) by Otase * Tokugawa Torachiyo (1806–1810) by Ocho * Kohime (b. 1806) * Kishihime (1807–1811) * Motohime (1808–1821) married Matsudaira Katahiro of

Aizu Domain was a Han (Japan), domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1601 to 1871.Ravina, Mark. (1998) ''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan,'' p. 222 The Aizu Domain was based at Aizuwakamatsu Castle, Tsuruga Castle in ...

by Oyachi * Ayahime (1809–1837) married Matsudaira Yoritane of Takamatsu Domain by Osode * Tokugawa Tomomatsu (1809–1813) by Ocho * Yohime (1813–1868), married

Maeda Nariyasu was an Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 12th '' daimyō'' of Kaga Domain in the Hokuriku region of Japan. He was the 13th hereditary lord of the Kanazawa Maeda clan. Biography Nariyasu was born in Kanazawa in 1811,

, born to Omiyo * Nakahime (1815–1817), born to Omiyo * Tokugawa Narinori (1810–1827) inherited Shimizu family of Gosankyō and born by Oyae *

Tokugawa Naritaka was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the early late-Edo period. The son of the 11th shōgun Tokugawa Ienari, he succeeded Tokugawa Narimasa as head of the Tayasu Tokugawa house, before succeeding to the Tokugawa house of Owari Domain in 1839. His chil ...

born by Ocho * Tsuyahime (b.1811) by Osode * Morihime (1811–1846) married Nabeshima Naomasa of Saga Domain by Oyae * Ikeda Narihiro (1812–1826) born by Oyae * Kazuhime (1813–1830) married Mori Narito of

Chōshū Domain The , also known as the , was a domain (''han'') of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1871.Deal, William E. (2005) ''Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan,'' p. 81 The Chōshū Domain was based ...

by Ocho * Takahime (1813–1814) by Osode * Tokugawa Okugoro (1813–1814) by Ohachi * Kotohime (1815–1816) by Ohana * Tokugawa Kyugoro (1815–1817) by Ocho * Matsudaira Naritami born to Oyae * Suehime (1817–1872) married

Asano Naritaka Asano Naritaka (November 7, 1817 – February 5, 1868) was a Japanese '' daimyō'' of the Edo period, who ruled Hiroshima Domain. His childhood name was Katsukichi (勝吉) later Nagataka (長粛). Family * Father: Asano Narikata * Wife: Tokugawa ...

of Hiroshima Domain later Yousein by Omiyo * Kiyohime (1818–1868), married

Sakai Tadanori is a city located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It has been one of the largest and most important seaports of Japan since the medieval era. Sakai is known for its keyhole-shaped burial mounds, or kofun, which date from the fifth century and inc ...

Himeji Domain was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Harima Province in what is now the southern portion of modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture. It was centered around Himeji Castle, which is located in what is now th ...

later Seiko-in, born to Oyae * Matsudaira Nariyoshi (1820–1838) adopted to Fukui-Matsudaira family by Ohana * Tokugawa Shichiro (1818–1821) by Osode * Matsudaira Nariyoshi (1819–1839) of Hamada Domain and born to Oyae * Ei-hime (1819–1875) married Tokugawa Narikura of Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa Family by Ohana * Tokugawa Nariharu born by Ohana * Matsudaira Narisawa born by Honrin'in * Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1850) inherited Shimizu-Tokugawa family later inherited

and born by Osode *

born by Oyae * Tokugawa Hachiro (1822–1823) by Osode * Matsudaira Narisada (1823–1841) born by Ohana * Matsudaira Narikoto (1825–1844) of Akashi Domain born by Ohana * Taehime (1827–1843) by Ohana and married Ikeda Narimichi of

Tottori Domain 270px, Ikeda Yoshinori 270px, Front gate of the Tottori Domain residence in Edo was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now Tottori Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It controlled all of Inaba P ...

* Tokugawa Taminosuke, born by O-ito * Fumihime

Notable descendants

Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846) * Kikuhime * Yohime *

Asahime (1803–1843) married

* Kikuhime (1829–1829) * Yoshimaru (1835–1835) * Kuninosuke

* Shomaru (1846–1847) inherited Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family * Rihime married

Asano Yoshiteru was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the Edo period, who ruled Hiroshima Domain. His childhood name was Sadakichi (定吉) later become Sadanosuke (定之丞) later become Zenjirō (善次郎). Family * Father: Asano Naritaka * Wife: Tokugawa Toshi ...

* Fuhime married Matsudaira Noritoshi Yo-hime (1813–1868) married

* Ikeda Yoshitaka (1834–1850) * Kanoshimaru *

Maeda Yoshiyasu was a late-Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 13th (and final) ''daimyō'' of Kaga Domain in the Hokuriku region of Japan, and the 14th hereditary lord of the Maeda clan. Yoshiyasu was born in Edo as Inuchiyo (犬千代), the first son of ...

** Maeda Toshitsugu (1858–1900) *** Namiko married Toshinari Maeda **** Maeda Toshitatsu (1908–1989) ***** Maeda Toshiyasu (b. 1935) ****** Maeda Toshinori (b. 1963) Matsudaira Naritami * Matsudaira Yasutomo * Hitoshimaru * daughter married Miura Yoshitsugu * Matsudaira Yasutami (1861–1921) ** Matsudaira Yasuyoshi ** Matsudaira Yasuharu ** Takako married Ichishima Noriatsu ** Teruko married Shuta Yasuto ** Watanabe Akira ** Tsuruko married Matsudaira Yoritsune ** Sansuko married Isahaya Fujio ** Matsudaira Shiro ** Matsudaira Fumihiro Suehime * Yakuhime (1843–1843) Kiyo-hime * Tokudairo (1835–1837) * Kisohime (b. 1834) married Sakai Tadatomi Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1850) * Ryuchiyo * Tatsujiro * Nobehime * Akihime * Junhime * Kikuhime

* Kayohime (1848–1865) married

Matsudaira Mochiaki was a Bakumatsu period ''daimyō'' under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was the 7th ''daimyō'' of Itoigawa Domain in Echigo Province and later the 17th (and final) ''daimyō'' of Fukui Domain in Echizen Province.Burks, Ardat ...

** Hachisuka Masaaki (1871–1932) *** Hachisuka Tsuruko *** Hachisuka Yoshiko *** Hachisuka Saeko married Satake Yoshitane *** Hachisuka Fueko married Masayuki Matsuda **** Asako married Prince Kaya-no-Miya Harunori *** Hachisuka Toshiko (1896–1970) married Matsudaira Yasuharu **** 1 son and 4 daughters ***

Masauji Hachisuka , 18th Marquess Hachisuka, was a Japanese ornithologist and aviculturist.Delacour, J. (1953) The Dodo and Kindred Birds by Masauji Hachisuka (Review). The Condor 55 (4): 223.Peterson, A. P. (2013Author Index: Hachisuka, Masauji (Masa Uji), marqui ...

(1903–1953) **** Masako Hachisuka (b. 1941) Tokugawa Ieyoshi * Takechiyo (1813–1814) * Tatsuhime (1814–1818) * Tomohime (1815–1815) * Saigen-in (1816–1816) * Yochiyo (1819–1820) * Entsuin (1822-1822) * Tokugawa Iesada * Maihime (1824–1829) * Tokugawa Yoshimasa (1825–1838) of Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa Family * Teruhime (1826–1840) married Tokugawa Yoshiyori and later known as Teimei-in * Hanhime (1826–1826) by Okaju * Tokugawa Harunojo (1826–1827) * Tokugawa Atsugoro (1828–1829) * Tokugawa Jikimaru (1829–1830) * Tokugawa Ginnojo (1832–1833) * Satohime (1833–1834) * Chiehime (1835–1836) * Yoshihime (1836–1837) * Tokugawa Kamegoro (1838–1839) * Maijihime (1839–1840) * Wakahime (1842–1843) * Shoyo-in (1843–1843) * Okuhime (1844–1845) * Tokugawa Tadashimaru (1845–1846) * Shikihime (1848–1848) * Sashin-in (1849–1849) * Tokugawa Choyoshiro (1852–1853)

Eras of Ienari's ''bakufu''

The years in which Ienari was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or '' nengō''.Titsingh, Isaac. (1834)
''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 420.
/ref> * '' Tenmei'' (1781–1789) * '' Kansei'' (1789–1801) * '' Kyōwa'' (1801–1804) * '' Bunka'' (1804–1818) * '' Bunsei'' (1818–1830) * '' Tenpō'' (1830–1844)

Ancestry

Notes

References

* Hall, John Whitney and Marius Jansen. (1991)
''Early Modern Japan: The Cambridge History of Japan''.
Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer. Cambridge University Pr ...

.
OCLC 62064695
* Screech, Timon. (2006). ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822''. London:

RoutledgeCurzon Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, ...

. * Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''

Nihon Ōdai Ichiran , ', is a 17th-century chronicle of the serial reigns of Japanese emperors with brief notes about some of the noteworthy events or other happenings. According to the 1871 edition of the '' American Cyclopaedia'', the 1834 French translation of ...

''; ou
''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''
Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland
OCLC 5850691
* Totman, Conrad. (1967). ''Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600–1843''. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retir ...

External links

PBS timeline of Japanese History
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tokugawa, Ienari 1773 births 1841 deaths 18th-century shōguns 19th-century shōguns Tokugawa shōguns Tokugawa clan Child rulers from Asia