Tobacco product

Tobacco is the agricultural product of the leaves of plants in the genus ''Nicotiana'', commonly termed ''tobacco plants''. All species of ''Nicotiana'' contain the addictive drug nicotine—a psychostimulant alkaloid found in all parts of the plants except the seeds, and most heavily-concentrated in the leaves—which occurs in varying amounts depending on the species of ''Nicotiana'' grown; the breed, type, or variety of tobacco cultivated and produced; and the method used to cure and process tobacco leaves once they have been harvested.

This article provides a list of tobacco preparations and products. This list includes both tobacco products meant for consumption and those intended for other uses. Under the heading of consumable tobacco products, several categories of tobacco product are described in this list. Of these four basic categories, the first two include what are most often traditional types of tobacco products and preparations, relegated to the broad sub-categories of ''smoked tobacco'' and ''smokeless tobacco''; the latter two categories include those types of tobacco products which have only recently been developed or widely adopted: ''heated tobacco products'' and ''nicotine-only products''. Following is a brief description of each of these categories:

* Smoked tobacco products – Tobacco-containing products which consist of tobacco meant for smoking. Common smoked tobacco products include cigarettes, cigars, and hookah tobacco (usually '' mu'assel'').
* Smokeless tobacco products – Tobacco-containing products used in a manner which does not produce smoke, while still being distinct from heated tobacco products. Common smokeless tobacco products include dipping tobacco (also called moist snuff or ''dip''), snus, and the various forms of chewing tobacco.
* Heated tobacco products – Tobacco-containing products used by heating tobacco in order to produce an aerosol or particulate suspension that can be inhaled. Also known as ''heat-not-burn tobacco products'' or ''smokeless cigarettes'', common lines of heated tobacco products include IQOS tobacco cylinders and the loose tobacco blends vaporized in Pax dry herb vaporizers.
* Nicotine-only products – Nicotine-containing products that do not contain tobacco, featuring nicotine either extracted from tobacco or non-tobacco nicotine, usually synthetic nicotine. Common nicotine-only products include e-liquid (aerosolized using an e-cigarette or ''vape''), nicotine pouches, and various types of nicotine replacement therapy products.

Overview

Cultivation and types of tobacco

The vast majority of commercially-available tobacco is derived from the species ''Nicotiana tabacum'' (cultivated tobacco or common tobacco), although to a lesser extent it is also produced from ''Nicotiana alata'', ''Nicotiana clevelandii'', '' Nicotiana longiflora'', and ''Nicotiana rustica'', among others. (This is especially the case in certain areas, among particular cultures, or by certain industries or businesses; for example, the use of ''N. alata'' to produce particular kinds of hookah tobacco by various tobacco companies or retailers in Iran.) ''N. rustica'' (called Aztec tobacco, strong tobacco, ''thuốc lào'' in Vietnam, ''mapacho'' in South America, and ''makhorka'' ( Russian: маxорка) in Russia) in particular contains much more nicotine than ''N. tabacum'' and other species of ''Nicotiana'', and forms the basis of a number of unique tobacco products, as well as typically noncommercial preparations traditionally used in a shamanic, spiritual, or entheogenic context by various Indigenous peoples of the Americas. (For example, the use of ''rapéh'' mapacho snuff by Indigenous Brazilians.)

Once tobacco has been grown, harvested, cured, and processed, it is used to produce a number of different products, both commercial and noncommercial. These are most often consumable; however, tobacco and the nicotine derived from it are also used to create pesticides.

Terminology

''Tobacco products'', when the term is used to refer specifically to those products which contain material from the tobacco plant and are intended for consumption, often implies two general categories of product: smoked tobacco and smokeless tobacco.

When the term ''tobacco product'' is used to refer to any product containing tobacco or nicotine and intended for consumption, a third and fourth category of such products may become relevant, and especially with regard to recent developments in methods of nicotine consumption: heated tobacco products (''HTPs'') and nicotine-only products (also called ''alternative nicotine products'' or simply ''nicotine products'')—the term itself essentially a misnomer because, while nicotine-only products do not contain tobacco, but rather nicotine in the absence of tobacco, they typically also contain other ingredients besides nicotine—both of which function to deliver nicotine to a user while potentially providing harm reduction from the negative effects of ingesting tobacco smoke (which contains tar, carbon monoxide, and other dangerous constituents) or the high level of carcinogenic nitrosamines normally found in tobacco.

An expert in tobacco, tobacco products, and tobacciana (objects, accoutrements, and paraphernalia associated with tobacco consumption, and especially items of historical or collectible value)—namely pipes, pipe tobacco, and cigars—including their procurement and sale, is called a tobacconist. (The term ''tobacconist'' may also refer to the type of business run by tobacconists; to a lesser extent the word refers to retail outlets, often called ''smoke shops'' or '' head shops'', that typically sell tobacco products alongside other smoking products, legal psychotropics, cannabis culture-associated products and paraphernalia, and related consumables and accoutrements.)

Health impacts

Tobacco products

The health effects of tobacco consumption are significantly deleterious: tobacco use, and especially smoked and smokeless tobacco use, is associated with the development and aggravation of numerous diseases, many of which may lead to mortality or a lessening of lifespan and quality of life. Nicotine is an exceptionally addictive chemical, its repeated consumption associated with a high likelihood of developing a physical and psychological dependence upon the substance. (Additionally, nicotine withdrawal is associated with nicotine cessation following addiction or habituation to nicotine—this includes the discontinuation of tobacco smoking.)

While nicotine is one of the most widely-used recreational drugs, the consequences of its popularity and addictiveness are considerably negative. The effects of the prevalence of tobacco consumption upon society include what has long been the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, economic losses, and serious strains upon the healthcare systems of various countries.

There is some evidence to suggest that when nicotine is consumed in the form of tobacco, MAOIs called harmala alkaloids present in the tobacco leaf may interact with nicotine in the body to increase its effects, and therefore addictiveness.

Nicotine-only products

Less clear than the health impacts of tobacco use—though still concerning to many medical professionals—is the impact upon health and society at large of nicotine-only products, and the sheer preponderance and rapid growth of what is their relatively recent adoption for use: that is, nicotine-containing products which do not contain tobacco, i.e. non-tobacco products which contain either nicotine isolated from tobacco or non-tobacco nicotine. (''NTN'' (as abbreviated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration), mainly consisting of products containing synthetic nicotine.)

This type of product mainly includes nicotine products consisting of nicotine—typically free nicotine, nicotine salts, or nicotine polacrilex—combined with other ingredients, which themselves may or may not be harmful to health depending on the particular ingredients in question and the route of administration involved.

E-cigarette liquid (otherwise known as vape juice, e-liquid, vape oil, or simply juice), for instance, may contain ingredients that when ''vaped'' (aerosolized and inhaled) alongside nicotine, such as formaldehyde, are harmful to health and well-being. However, scientific evidence currently points to the possibility that e-cigarettes are at least somewhat safer than conventional (combustible) cigarettes.

The use of nicotine, either in the absence of tobacco or via tobacco consumption, produces a number of physiological effects. These include, but are not limited to: a form of euphoric intoxication typically known among recreational users as a ''buzz'', ''nicotine buzz'', or ''nic buzz''; changes in blood pressure and circulation; and acute—or, with frequent or repeated use, chronic—alterations of the hormonal, cardiac, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems; with acute adverse effects including nausea, lightheadedness, sleep disturbances, rapid heart rate, and headaches.

The only medicinal nicotine agents currently approved as safe for medical intervention—namely nicotine cessation—are nicotine replacement therapy products.

Consumable

Smoked tobacco

Cigars

A cigar is a tightly rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco which is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth and expelled; thus the cigar is generally "puffed on" (like a tobacco pipe) as opposed to being inhaled from (as is the case with cigarettes). The cigar is one of the oldest methods of preparing tobacco for consumption, some of the first cigars being introduced to Europeans as rolls of tobacco smoked by the Taíno people of 15th century Cuba.

There are numerous varieties of cigar, differentiated by their size, shape, color, and composition. Some products developed from the cigar are, however, markedly different from the traditional product. (Cigarillos, blunts, and little cigars, for instance.) Cigarettes may be the most notable example of this deviation, although they do, in a sense, represent a category of their own.

Tobacciana associated with cigars include cigar ashtrays, cigar tubes, cigar boxes, cigar holders (also known as ''cigar mouthpieces'', which are similar to cigarette holders), cigar cutters (including cigar scissors or shears), cigar cases, and humidors.

= Blunts

=

Blunts are wide, somewhat stubby versions of cigars. Most, if not all, are machine-made "domestic cigars" created from homogenized or reconstituted tobacco. They are usually inexpensive, and only lightly fermented.

= Cigarillos

=

Cigarillos are long, thin cigars, somewhat larger than cigarettes but smaller than regular cigars. They may be fitted into a cigarillo holder in order to be smoked, though they are most often smoked without such a device. Using a cutting tool in order to prepare a cigarillo is less common than with larger cigars, as they are often open on both ends. Cigarillos may be machine-made, although many hand-made versions do exist; the latter are often produced by premium cigar manufacturers. In modern-day America, machine-made cigarillos can be used as marijuana cigars in a manner similar to machine made-large cigars.

= Little cigars

=

A little cigar is a cigar that is the same size as a cigarette—often featuring a filter—however, it still retains its identity as a cigar because it is wrapped in a tobacco leaf, or more often a paper wrapper made of tobacco pulp, reconstituted tobacco or homogenized tobacco. Flavored little cigars are available on the market as well. Flavored little cigars have been steadily increasing in popularity among cigar smokers. Manufacturers lik
Prime Time
have been offering flavored little cigars since 1993.

Roll-your-own cigars

Several manufacturers have begun producing cigar wraps. Cigar wraps consist of tobacco leaf which can then be used with a tobacco blend to produce a hand-rolled cigar.

Cigarettes

Cigarettes are a product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (generally less than 120 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter).

= Bidis

=

= Kreteks

=

Kreteks are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring 'sauce'.

= Roll-Your-Own

=

Roll-Your-Own (RYO) or hand-rolled cigarettes, are very popular particularly in European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers and filters all bought separately. They are usually much cheaper to make.

Creamy snuff

Creamy snuff is a tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube. It is marketed mainly to women in India, and is known by the brand names Dentobac, Tona, Ganesh. It is locally known as "mishri" in some parts of Maharashtra. According to the U.S. NIH-sponsore
2002 Smokeless Tobacco Fact Sheet
The same factsheet also mentions that it is "often used to clean teeth". The manufacturer recommends letting the paste linger in the mouth before rinsing.

Dissolvable tobacco

Dissolvable tobacco is a recent introduction, entering mainstream use in the later half of the 2000s (decade). The product consists of finely-processed tobacco which is developed in such a way as to allow the substance to dissolve on the tongue or in the mouth. Camel tobacco is the major purveyor of dissolvable tobacco products, with three varieties, including ''strips'', ''sticks'' and ''orbs'', however companies such as ''Ariva'' and ''Stonewall'' have also been successful with such manufacturing, marketing compressed tobacco lozenges.

Dokha

Dokha is a tobacco of Iranian origin mixed with leaves, bark, and herbs. It is traditionally smoked in a midwakh.

Gutka

Gutka (also spelled gutkha, guttkha, guthka) is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, and sweet or savory flavorings. It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other countries. A mild stimulant, it is sold across India in small, individual-size packets. It is consumed much like chewing tobacco, and like chewing tobacco it is considered responsible for oral cancer and other severe negative health effects.

Used by millions of adults, it is also marketed to children. Some packaging does not mention tobacco as an ingredient, and some brands are pitched as candies - featuring packaging with children's faces and are brightly colored. Some are chocolate-flavored, and some are marketed as breath fresheners.

Kizami

Kizami is a tobacco product produced in Japan and intended for smoking in Japanese kiseru pipes.

Iqmik

Iqmik is an Alaskan smokeless tobacco product used with punk ash. It is most common among natives. Nicotine is freebased with caustic ash and thus iqmik is more addicting and potent than regular chewing tobacco.

Mu'assel

''Mu'assel'', shisha tobacco, hookah tobacco, or simply ''shisha'' is a somewhat moist form of tobacco that is mixed with glycerin and coagulated with molasses or other sticky sweeteners and has been popular in the Middle-East for centuries. It is often smoked with a hookah. Its names include ''ma'sal'' (also romanized as the aforementioned ''mu'assel''), ''tumbâk'', and ''jurâk''.

Naswar

''Naswar'' is a type of smokeless tobacco popular in Afghanistan and surrounding countries. It is moist and powdered, and lime or juniper is added for flavor.

Pipe tobacco

Snuff

''Snuff'' is a generic term for finely-ground smokeless tobacco products. Originally the term referred specifically to dry snuff, otherwise known as nasal snuff, a fine tan tobacco dust, powder, or flour meant for light insufflation, or "snuffing", popular mainly in the 18th century. (Dry snuff is still used today, albeit much less often than other, more popular smoked and smokeless tobacco products.)

Several broad categories of dry snuff exist:

* American-style (dry) snuff — A form of nasal snuff originating from the United States, although based upon the earlier development of European-style nasal snuff, and intended for either snuffing into the nostrils or placing between the lip and gum, the latter method allowing for the product to be used like dipping tobacco. (Also known as ''(American) moist snuff''.) A particular style of American dry snuff, known as Scotch snuff, is produced by scorching tobacco until it is dried and cured; it is then used to produce snuff. The term ''Scotch snuff'' is a folk-etymology derivation referring to this scorching process.
* European-style (dry) snuff – A style of dry snuff intended, almost exclusively, to be shallowly "sniffed" or "snuffed" into the nose, where nicotine is absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nostrils. (Snuff is not deeply "snorted" (such as in the way cocaine powder is) because snuff isn't intended to move beyond the nose, i.e. into the sinuses, throat or lungs.) European-style nasal snuff comes in several varieties:
** Plain (otherwise known as natural snuff) – A type of European tobacco snuff without the addition of flavorants.
** ''Rappee'' – The term ''rappee'' coming from the French ''râpé'' ("grated"), ''rappee'' is a type of coarse, pungent snuff made from dark tobacco
** ''Schmalzler'' – A type of snuff originating in Germanophone countries, ''schmalzler'' is ''schmalzed'' ("oiled").
** Toast – A very dry and finely-ground type of snuff.
European-style nasal snuff also comes in numerous different flavors or aromas, including the so-called ''medicated'' variety (nasal snuff made with a scent basis of menthol, camphor, or eucalyptus).

* ''Rapé'' (pronounced "hah-peh"; also transliterated ''rapéh'', ''hapé'', and ''hapéh'') – A traditional preparation of tobacco, namely ''mapacho'' (''N. rustica'') leaves: the prototypical form of dry or nasal snuff typically used in a shamanic, entheogenic, or ethnomedicinal context by certain Indigenous peoples of the Amazon Basin. The term ''rapé'' is the etymological origin of the word ''rappee'', a particular style or form of European dry snuff.

It has been claimed that European-style nasal snuff originated in the U.K. town of Great Harwood, and was famously ground in the town's monument prior to local distribution and transport farther north to Scotland.

European (dry) snuff is mainly produced by the following brands: Toque Tobacco (UK), Bernards (Germany), Fribourg & Treyer (UK), Gawith (UK), Gawith Hoggarth (UK), Hedges (UK), Lotzbeck (Germany), McChrystal's (UK), Pöschl (Germany), Toque (UK), and Wilsons of Sharrow (UK).

Some well-known brands of American (dry) snuff are Carhart's CC, Peach Sweet, and Tube Rose.

Generally, a small portion of dry snuff is either pinched in the fingers or laid out on the wrist (the anatomical snuffbox) of the user, from where it is sniffed. Other methods of taking snuff include using a device called a snuff bullet; the "boxcar method"——by which the user places snuff upon the tip of their thumb while it is tucked into the curled index finger——which allows the user to take a larger amount of snuff; utilizing a snuff ejector; snuffing snuff directly from a snuff spoon; and sniffing snuff through a special tube called a sniffer.

Tobacciana associated with nasal snuff use include snuff bottles, snuff boxes, sniffing tubes (sniffers), snuff ejectors, snuff bullets, snuff spoons, handkerchiefs, snuff jars, snuff tubes (snuff cylinders), and snuff horns.

''Moist snuff'', a product of American origin, is synonymous with dipping tobacco or ''dip''.

Snus

Snus is a type of smokeless tobacco originating from and popular in Sweden and other Scandinavian countries. It differs from moist snuff or chewing tobacco in that it is made from steam-cured tobacco leaves, rather than fire-cured ones, and its health effects are markedly different, with epidemiological studies showing lower rates of cancer and other tobacco-related health problems than cigarettes, American "chewing tobacco", Indian gutka or African-type tobacco products. Prominent Swedish brands are Swedish Match, General, Ettan, and Tre Ankare. In many Scandinavian countries, snus comes either in loose powder form, to be pressed into a small ball (called "baking" the snus) by hand or with the use of a special tool, or in small bags (called "portioned snus" form). Both are suitable for placing under one of the lips, most often the upper. Portioned snus is in particular a popular type because it keeps loose tobacco from becoming stuck between the user's teeth; they also produce less spittle when in contact with mucous membranes inside the mouth which extends the usage time of the tobacco product. However, loose form snus tends to deliver more nicotine than portioned form.

Tobacco edibles

Tobacco gum, like dissolvable tobacco, is a recent introduction - a type of chewing gum which, like nicotine gum provides nicotine through oral absorption. However, the difference between nicotine gum and tobacco gum is that tobacco gum is made from finely powdered tobacco mixed with a gum base, rather than freebase nicotine.

Smokeless tobacco

Smokeless tobacco products are those tobacco products which do not require smoking to consume. More specifically, the term ''smokeless tobacco'' refers to such products without reference to HTPs and nicotine-only products.

Chewing tobacco

Chewing is one of the oldest methods of consuming tobacco leaves. Native Americans in both North and South America chewed the fresh leaves of the tobacco plant, frequently mixed with lime.

Kinds of chewing tobacco can broadly be divided into types from the Western world and those of Eastern origin, namely from the Indian subcontinent.

* Western chewing tobacco

Modern American-style chewing tobacco (colloquially known as ''chew'' or ''chaw'', especially in the American South and Midwest) is produced from cured and often fermented tobacco, usually dampened and mixed with some type of sweetener. (Often molasses.) Twist tobacco may be an exception in this case, as many brands of twist are not sweetened.

In using chewing tobacco—at least types other than tobacco pellets—the consumer usually deposits the tobacco between the cheek and teeth and lightly macerates and sucks the tobacco to allow its juices to flow. Thus when chewing, it is common to spit and discard excess saliva caused by the release of juices from the tobacco, justifying the existence of the spittoon, or cuspidor.

The popularity of American-style chewing tobacco and the associated spittoon reached its height in the American Midwest during the late 19th century; however, as cigarettes became the predominant form of tobacco consumption the spittoon gradually fell into disuse across the United States. While spittoons are often a rarity in modern society, loose leaf chewing tobacco can still be purchased at many convenience stores or from tobacconists throughout the United States and Canada.

Chewing tobacco endemic to the Western world is manufactured in several forms:

** Loose leaf

Loose leaf chewing tobacco, also known as ''scrap'', is perhaps the most common contemporary form of American-style chewing tobacco. It consists of cut or shredded strips of tobacco leaf, and is usually sold in sealed pouches or bags lined with foil. Often sweetened, loose leaf chew may have a tacky texture. (Though there are also unflavored or "natural" loose leaf chews. However, these are far less common.) Popular, modern brands of scrap sold in North America include Red Man

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