Timeline of biotechnology

The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in chronological order.

These discoveries, inventions and modifications are evidence of the application of biotechnology since before the common era and describe notable events in the research, development and regulation of biotechnology.

Before Common Era

* 5000 BCE – Chinese discover fermentation through beer making.
* 6000 BCE – Yogurt and cheese made with lactic acid-producing bacteria by various people.
* 4500 BCE – Egyptians bake leavened bread using yeast.
* 500 BCE – Moldy soybean curds used as an antibiotic.
* 300 BCE – The Greeks practice crop rotation for maximum soil fertility.
* 100 AD – Chinese use chrysanthemum as a natural insecticide.

Pre-20th century

* 1663 – First recorded description of living cells by Robert Hooke.
* 1677 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers and describes bacteria and protozoa.
* 1798 – Edward Jenner uses first viral vaccine to inoculate a child from smallpox.
* 1802 – The first recorded use of the word biology.
* 1824 – Henri Dutrochet discovers that tissues are composed of living cells.
* 1838 – Protein discovered, named and recorded by Gerardus Johannes Mulder and Jöns Jacob Berzelius.
* 1862 – Louis Pasteur discovers the bacterial origin of fermentation.
* 1863 – Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance.
* 1864 – Antonin Prandtl invents first centrifuge to separate cream from milk.
* 1869 – Friedrich Miescher identifies DNA in the sperm of a trout.
* 1871 – Felix Hoppe-Seyler discovers invertase, which is still used for making artificial sweeteners.
* 1877 – Robert Koch develops a technique for staining bacteria for identification.
* 1878 – Walther Flemming discovers chromatin leading to the discovery of chromosomes.
* 1881 – Louis Pasteur develops vaccines against bacteria that cause cholera and anthrax in chickens.
* 1885 – Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux develop the first rabies vaccine and use it on Joseph Meister.

20th century

* 1919 – Károly Ereky, a Hungarian agricultural engineer, first uses the word biotechnology.
* 1928 – Alexander Fleming notices that a certain mould could stop the duplication of bacteria, leading to the first antibiotic: penicillin.
* 1933 – Hybrid corn is commercialized.
* 1942 – Penicillin is mass-produced in microbes for the first time.
* 1950 – The first synthetic antibiotic is created.
* 1951 – Artificial insemination of livestock is accomplished using frozen semen.
* 1952 – L.V. Radushkevich and V.M. Lukyanovich publish clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon, in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry.
* 1953 – James D. Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA.
* 1958 – The term bionics is coined by Jack E. Steele.
* 1964 – The first commercial myoelectric arm is developed by the Central Prosthetic Research Institute of the USSR, and distributed by the Hangar Limb Factory of the UK.
* 1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of humans.
* 1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes.
* 1974 – Scientist invent the first biocement for industrial applications.
* 1975 – Method for producing monoclonal antibodies developed by Köhler and César Milstein.
* 1978 – North Carolina scientists Clyde Hutchison and Marshall Edgell show it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule.
* 1980 – The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer.
* 1982 – Humulin, Genentech's human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
* 1983 – The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived.
* 1990 – First federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a young girl who suffered from an immune disorder.
* 1994 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approves the first GM food: the " Flavr Savr" tomato.
* 1997 – British scientists, led by Ian Wilmut from the Roslin Institute, report cloning Dolly the sheep using DNA from two adult sheep cells.
* 1999 – Discovery of the gene responsible for developing cystic fibrosis.
* 2000 – Completion of a "rough draft" of the human genome in the Human Genome Project.

21st century

* 2001 – Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project create a draft of the human genome sequence. It is published by ''Science and Nature'' Magazine.
* 2002 – Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome decoded.
* 2003 – The Human Genome Project is completed, providing information on the locations and sequence of human genes on all 46 chromosomes.
* 2004 – Addgene launches.
* 2008 – Japanese astronomers launch the first Medical Experiment Module called "Kibō", to be used on the International Space Station.
* 2009 – Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute uses modified SAN heart genes to create the first ''viral pacemaker'' in guinea pigs, now known as iSANs.
* 2012 – Thirty-one-year-old Zac Vawter successfully uses a nervous system-controlled bionic leg to climb the Chicago Willis Tower.
* 2019 – Scientists report, for the first time, the use of the CRISPR technology to edit human genes to treat cancer patients with whom standard treatments were not successful.
* 2019 – In a study researchers describe a new method of genetic engineering superior to previous methods like CRISPR they call " prime editing".

2020

* 27 January – Scientists demonstrate a "Trojan horse" designer-nanoparticle that makes blood cells eat away – from the inside out – portions of atherosclerotic plaque that cause heart attacks and are the current most common cause of death globally.
* 5 February – Scientists develop a CRISPR-Cas12a-based gene editing system that can probe and control several genes at once and can implement logic gating to e.g. detect cancer cells and execute therapeutic immunomodulatory responses.
* 6 February – Scientists report that preliminary results from a phase I trial using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of T cells in patients with refractory cancer demonstrates that, according to their study, such CRISPR-based therapies can be safe and feasible.
* 4 March – Scientists report that they have developed a way to 3D bioprint graphene oxide with a protein. They demonstrate that this novel bioink can be used to recreate vascular-like structures. This may be used in the development of safer and more efficient drugs.
* 4 March – Scientists report to have used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing inside a human's body for the first time. They aim to restore vision for a patient with inherited Leber congenital amaurosis and state that it may take up to a month to see whether the procedure was successful. In an hour-long surgery study approved by government regulators doctors inject three drops of fluid containing viruses under the patient's retina. In earlier tests in human tissue, mice and monkeys scientists were able to correct half of the cells with the disease-causing mutation, which was more than what is needed to restore vision. Unlike germline editing these DNA modifications aren't inheritable.
* 9 March – Scientists show that CRISPR-Cas12b is a third promising CRISPR editing tool, next to Cas9 and Cas12a, for plant genome engineering.
* 14 March – Scientists report in a preprint to have developed a CRISPR-based strategy, called PAC-MAN (Prophylactic Antiviral Crispr in huMAN cells), that can find and destroy viruses in vitro. However, they weren't able to test PAC-MAN on the actual SARS-CoV-2, use a targeting-mechanism that uses only a very limited RNA-region, haven't developed a system to deliver it into human cells and would need a lot of time until another version of it or a potential successor system might pass clinical trials. In the study published as a preprint they write that the CRISPR-Cas13d-based system could be used prophylactically as well as therapeutically and that it could be implemented rapidly to manage new pandemic coronavirus strains – and potentially any virus – as it could be tailored to other RNA-targets quickly, only requiring a small change. The paper was published on 29 April 2020.
* 16 March – Researchers report that they have developed a new kind of CRISPR-Cas13d screening platform for effective guide RNA design to target RNA. They used their model to predict optimized Cas13 guide RNAs for all protein-coding RNA-transcripts of the human genome's DNA. Their technology could be used in molecular biology and in medical applications such as for better targeting of virus RNA or human RNA. Targeting human RNA after it has been transcribed from DNA, rather than DNA, would allow for more temporary effects than permanent changes to human genomes. The technology is made available to researchers through an interactive website and free and open source software and is accompanied by a guide on how to create guide RNAs to target the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome.
* 16 March – Scientists present new multiplexed CRISPR technology, called CHyMErA (Cas Hybrid for Multiplexed Editing and Screening Applications), that can be used to analyse which or how genes act together by simultaneously removing multiple genes or gene-fragments using both Cas9 and Cas12a.
* 10 April – Scientists report to have achieved wireless control of adrenal hormone secretion in genetically unmodified rats through the use of injectable, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and remotely applied alternating magnetic fields heats them up. Their findings may aid research of physiological and psychological impacts of stress and related treatments and present an alternative strategy for modulating peripheral organ function than problematic implantable devices.
* 14 April – Researchers report to have developed a predictive algorithm which can show in visualizations how combinations of genetic mutations can make proteins highly effective or ineffective in organisms – including for viral evolution for viruses like SARS-CoV-2.
* 15 April – Scientists describe and visualize the atomical structure and mechanical action of the bacteria-killing bacteriocin R2 pyocin and construct engineered versions with different behaviours than the naturally occurring version. Their findings may aid the engineering of nanomachines such as for targeted antibiotics.
* 20 April – Researchers demonstrate a diffusive memristor fabricated from Bacterial nanowires, protein nanowires of the bacterium ''Geobacter sulfurreducens'' which functions at substantially lower voltages than previously described ones and may allow the construction of artificial neuron (semibiological), artificial neurons which function at voltages of biological action potentials. The nanowires have a range of advantages over silicon nanowires and the memristors may be used to directly process Biosensor, biosensing signals, for neuromorphic computing and/or Brain-computer interface, direct communication with biological neurons.
* 27 April – Scientists report to have Genome editing, genetically engineered Genetically modified plant, plants Bioluminescence#Light production, to glow much brighter than previously possible by inserting genes of the List of bioluminescent fungus species, bioluminescent mushroom ''Neonothopanus nambi''. The glow is self-sustained, works by converting plants' caffeic acid into luciferin and, unlike for bacterial bioluminescence genes used earlier, has a high light output that is visible to the naked eye.
* 8 May – Researchers report to have developed synthetic biology, artificial chloroplasts – the photosynthetic structures inside plant cells. They combined thylakoids, which are used for photosynthesis, from spinach with a bacterial enzyme and an artificial metabolic module of 16 enzymes, which can carbon dioxide sequestration, convert carbon dioxide more efficiently than plants can alone, into cell-sized droplets. According to the study this demonstrates how natural and synthetic biological modules can be matched for new functional systems.
* 11 May – Researchers report the development of synthetic red blood cells that for the first time have all of red blood cell, the natural cells' known broad natural properties and abilities. Furthermore, methods to load functional cargos such as hemoglobin, drugs, magnetic nanoparticles, and ATP biosensors may enable additional non-native functionalities.
* 12 June – Scientists announce preliminary results that demonstrate successful treatment during a small clinical trial, trial of the first to use of CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR-Cas9) to treat inherited genetic disorders – beta thalassaemia and sickle cell disease.
* 8 July – Mitochondria are gene-edited for the first time, using a new kind of CRISPR-free base editor (DdCBE), by a team of researchers.

* 8 July – A team of RIKEN, RIKΞN researchers report that they succeeded in using a Genetically modified bacteria, genetically altered variant of ''R. sulfidophilum'' to produce spidroins, the main proteins in spider silk. Text and images are available under
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
.
* 10 July – Scientists report that after mice exercise their livers secrete the protein GPLD1, which is also elevated in elderly humans who exercise regularly, that this is associated with improved cognitive function in aged mice and that increasing the amount of GPLD1 produced by the mouse liver could yield many Neurobiological effects of physical exercise, benefits of regular exercise for the brain.
* 17 July – Scientists report that yeast cells of the same genetic material and within the same environment age in two distinct ways, describe a biomolecular mechanism that can determine which process dominates during aging and genetically engineer a novel aging route with substantially life extension, extended lifespan.
* 24 July – Scientists report the development of a ML-based process using List of biological databases, genome databases for protein design, designing novel proteins. They used inverse statistical physics to learn the patterns of amino acid conservation and co-evolution to identify design-rules.
* 8 September – Scientists report that suppressing activin type 2 receptors-signalling proteins myostatin and activin A via activin A/myostatin inhibitor ACVR2B – tested preliminarily in humans in the form of ACE-031 in the 2010s – can protect against both atrophy#Muscle atrophies, muscle and Bone density#Conditions found, bone loss in mice. The mice were sent to the International Space Station and could largely maintain their muscle weights – about twice those of wild type due to genetic engineering for targeted deletion of the myostatin gene – Effect of spaceflight on the human body#Bone and muscle deterioration, under microgravity.

* 18 September – Researchers report the development of two active guide RNA-only elements that, according to their study, may enable halting or deleting gene drives introduced into populations in the wild with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. The paper's senior author cautions that the two neutralizing systems they demonstrated in cage trials "should not be used with a Security#Perceptions of security, false sense of security for field-implemented gene drives".

* 28 September – Biotechnologists report the genetic engineering, genetically engineered refinement and mechanical description of synergistic enzymes – PETase, first discovered in 2016, and MHETase of ''Ideonella sakaiensis'' – for faster depolymerization of Polyethylene terephthalate, PET and also of PEF, which may be useful for Plastics pollution, depollution, plastics recycling, recycling and upcycling of mixed plastics along with other approaches.
* 7 October – The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, Jennifer A. Doudna for their work on genome editing.

* 10 November – Scientists show, with an experiment with different gravity environments on the ISS, that biomining, microorganisms could be employed to mine useful elements from basalt rocks via bioleaching in space. Available unde
CC BY 4.0
.
* 18 November – Researchers report that CRISPR/Cas9, using a solid lipid nanoparticle, lipid nanoparticle delivery system, has been used to treat cancer effectively in a living animal for the first time.

* 25 November – Scientists report the development of micro-droplets for algae, algal cells or synergistic algal-bacterial multicellular spheroid microreactor, microbial reactors capable of producing oxygen as well as Hydrogen fuel#Production, hydrogen via photosynthesis in daylight under air, which may be useful as a hydrogen economy biotechnology.

* 30 November – An artificial intelligence company demonstrates an AI algorithm-based approach for protein folding, one of the biggest problems in biology that achieves a protein structure prediction accuracy of over 90% in tests of the biennial Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction, CASP assessment with AlphaFold, AlphaFold 2.
* 2 December – The world's first regulatory approval for a cultivated meat product is awarded by the Government of Singapore. The chicken meat was grown in a bioreactor in a fluid of amino acids, sugar, and salt. Eat Just#Food products, The chicken nuggets food products are ~70% lab-grown meat, while the remainder is made from mung bean proteins and other ingredients. The company pledged to strive for price parity with premium "restaurant" chicken servings.
* 11 December – Scientists report that they have rebuilt a human thymus using stem cells and a Tissue engineering#Scaffolds, bioengineered scaffold.

2021

* Scientists report the use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to produce a tenfold increase in super-bug targeting formicamycin antibiotics.
* Scientists use novel Solid lipid nanoparticle, lipid nanoparticles to deliver CRISPR gene editing, CRISPR genome editing into the livers of mice, resulting in a 57% Low-density lipoprotein#Lowering LDL-cholesterol, reduction of LDL cholesterol levels.
* Researchers describe a CRISPR activation#dCas9, CRISPR-dCas9 epigenome editing method for a Pain management, potential treatment of chronic pain, an analgesia that represses Nav1.7, Na_v1.7 and showed therapeutic potential in three mouse models of pain.
* Scientists report the discovery of unknown species of bacteria of ''Methylobacterium'', tentatively named ''Methylobacterium ajmalii'', associated with three new strains, designated IF7SW-B2T, IIF1SW-B5, and IIF4SW-B5, on the International Space Station, ISS. These potentially have ecological significance in closed microgravity systems.
* A study finds that, despite suboptimal implementation, the snapshot mass-testing COVID-19 testing, for COVID-19 of ~80% of COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia, Slovakia's population at the end of October 2020 was highly efficacious, decreasing observed prevalence by 58% within one week and 70% compared to a hypothetical scenario of no snapshot-mass-testing.
* The extensive Environmental impact of pesticides, worldwide pollution risks due to the use of pesticides are estimated with a new environmental model.
* Scientists present a tool for epigenome editing, ''CRISPRoff'', that can heritably silence the gene expression of "most genes" and allows for reversible modifications.
* Scientists report the, controversial, first creation of Human-animal hybrid, human-monkey hybrid embryos – some survived for 19 days.
* A malaria vaccine with 77% efficacy after 1 year – and first to meet the World Health Organization, WHO's goal of 75% efficacy – is reported by the University of Oxford.
* CRISPR gene editing is demonstrated to decrease Low-density lipoprotein, LDL cholesterol in vivo in ''Macaca fascicularis'' by 60%.
* Researchers partially restore eyesight of a patient with Retinitis pigmentosa using eye-injected viral vectors for genes gene expression, encoding the light-sensing channelrhodopsin protein ChrimsonR found in glowing algae, and Optogenetics, light stimulation of them via engineered goggles that transform visual information of the environment.
* Scientists develop a light-responsive days-lasting modulator of circadian rhythms of tissues Casein kinase 1#Circadian rhythm, via Ck1 inhibition which may be useful for chronobiology research and repair of organs that are "out of sync".
* Biologists report the development of a new updated classification system for cell nuclei and find a way of transmuting one cell type into that of another.

* Researchers report the development of a plant proteins-based biodegradable Sustainable packaging, packaging alternative to plastic based on research about molecularly similar spider silk known for its high strength.
* The first, small clinical trial of CRISPR gene editing in which a – Solid lipid nanoparticle, lipid nanoparticle formulated – CRISPR (with mCas9) gene editing therapeutic is injected in vivo Intravenous therapy, into bloodstream of humans concludes with promising results.
* Researchers report the development of embedded biosensors for pathogenic signatures – such as of SARS-CoV-2 – that are Wearable technology, wearable such as Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks.
* Scientists report that solar-energy-driven production of Microbial food cultures, microbial foods from direct air capture substantially outperforms agricultural cultivation of staple crops in terms of land use.
* Researchers report that a mix of microorganisms from Cattle#Digestive system, cow stomachs could break down three types of plastics.
* Researchers report promising results of ongoing testing and development of an engineered monoclonal antibody, monoclonal antibodies based female contraception.
*Researchers demonstrate that probiotics can help coral reefs mitigate heat stress, indicating that such could make them Climate change adaptation, more resilient to climate change and mitigate coral bleaching.

* Researchers present a bioprinting method to produce steak-like cultured meat, composed of three types of bovine cell fibers.
*Bioengineers report the development of a viable CRISPR gene editing, CRISPR-Cas gene-editing system, "CasMINI", that is about twice as compact as the commonly used Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas12a, Cas12a.
* Media outlets report that the world's first Coffee substitute#Cultured coffee, cultured coffee product has been created, still awaiting regulatory approval for near-term commercialization. It was also reported that another biotechnology company produced and sold "molecular coffee" without clear details of the molecular composition or similarity to cultured coffee except having compounds that are in green coffee and that a third company is working on the development of a similar product made from extracted molecules. Such products, for which multiple Research and development#Business R&D, companies' R&D have acquired substantial funding, may have equal or highly similar effects, composition and taste as natural products but use less water, generate less carbon emissions, require less and relocated labor and cause Coffee#Ecological effects, no deforestation.

*Researchers report the world's first Biobased economy#Agriculture, artificial synthesis of starch. The material essential for many products and the most common carbohydrate in human diets was made from CO₂ in a cell-free process and could reduce land, pesticide and water use as well as greenhouse gas emissions while increasing food security.
*Media outlets report that in Japan the first CRISPR gene editing, CRISPR-edited food has gone on public sale. Tomatoes Genetically modified food, were genetically modified for around five times the normal amount of possibly calming GABA. CRISPR was first applied in tomatoes in 2014.
*Biomedical researchers demonstrate a switchable Induced pluripotent stem cell, Yamanaka factors-reprogramming-based approach for Regeneration in humans, regeneration of damaged heart without tumor-formation with success in mice if the intervention is done immediately before or after a heart attack.
*The World Health Organization endorses the first malaria vaccine – the antiparasitic RTS,S.
* A new eco-friendly way of Minerals extraction process, extracting and Separation process, separating rare earth elements is described, using a bacteria-derived protein called lanmodulin, which binds easily to the metals.
*Medical researchers announce that on 25 September the first successful xenotransplantation of a, genetically engineered, pig kidney, along with the pig thymus gland to make the immune system recognize it as part of the body, to a brain-dead human with no immediate signs of Transplant rejection, rejection, moving the practice closer to clinical trials with some of the living humans waiting for Kidney transplantation, kidney transplants.
* Researchers report the development of chewing gums that could Treatment and management of COVID-19#Prevention of onward transmission, mitigate COVID-19 spread. The ingredients – Cholera toxin, CTB-ACE2 proteins grown via plants – bind to the virus.
* Bionanoengineers report a novel therapy for spinal cord injury – an injectable gel of nanofibers that contain moving molecules that cause cellular repair signaling and mimic the matrix around cells. The therapy enabled paralyzed mice to walk again.
* Biochemists report one of the first supercomputational approaches for the development of new antibiotic derivatives Antimicrobial resistance#Development of new drugs, against antimicrobial resistance.
*Scientists report the development of a mRNA vaccine, vaccine of mRNAs for the body build 19 proteins in tick saliva which, by enabling quick development of erythema (itchy redness) at the bite site, protects guinea pigs against Lyme disease#Vaccination, Lyme disease from Ixodes scapularis, ticks.
*Sri Lanka announces that it will lift its import ban on pesticides and herbicides, explained by both a lack of sudden changes to widely applied practices or education systems and contemporary economics and, by extension, food security, protests and high food costs. The effort for the first transition to a completely organic food, organic farming nation was challenged by effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
*A team of scientists reports a new form of biological reproduction in the, <1 mm sized, xenobots that are made up of and are emersed in frog cells.
*A method of DNA digital data storage, DNA data storage with 100 times the density of previous techniques is announced.
*A stem cell-based treatment for Type 1 diabetes is announced.

*Scientists demonstrate that Cerebral organoid, grown brain cells integrated Brain–computer interface, into digital systems can carry out goal-directed Biological computation, tasks with Cognition, performance-scores. In particular, playing a simulated (via electrophysiological stimulation) ''Pong (video game), Pong'' which the cells learned to play faster than known machine intelligence systems, albeit to a lower skill-level than both AI and humans. Moreover, the study suggests it provides "first empirical evidence" of information-processing capacity differences between neurons from different species.
*Researchers report the development of Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks that glow under ultraviolet light if they contain SARS-CoV-2 when the filter is taken out and sprayed with a fluorescent dye that contains antibodies from ostrich eggs.
*Scientists report the development of a genome editing system, called "twin prime editing", which surpasses the original prime editing system reported in 2019 in that it allows editing large sequences of DNA, addressing the method's key drawback.
*An mRNA vaccine HIV vaccine, against HIV with promising results in tests with mice and primates is reported.
*A vaccine to remove senescent cells, a key driver of the aging process, is demonstrated in mice by researchers from Japan.
*Scientists call for accelerated efforts in the development of broadly protective vaccines, especially a universal coronavirus vaccine that durably protects not just against all SARS-CoV-2 variants but also other coronaviruses, including already identified animal coronaviruses with pandemic potential.
*Researchers report the development of DNA-based "nanoantennas" that attach to proteins and produce a signal via fluorescence biosensor, when these perform their biological functions, in particular for distinct conformational changes.
*The first CRISPR gene editing, CRISPR-gene-edited seafood and second set of Genetically modified food, CRISPR-edited food has gone on public sale in Japan: two fish of which one species grows to twice the size of natural specimens due to disruption of leptin, which controls appetite, and the other grows to 1.2 the natural size with the same amount of food due to disabled myostatin, which inhibits muscle growth.

2022

*Scientists report the development of Biosensor#DNA biosensors, sensors to gather and identify DNA of animals environmental DNA, from air (airborne eDNA).
*The first successful xenogeneic heart transplant, from a genetically modified pig to a human patient, is reported.
*A team reports the fastest ever genome sequencing, sequencing of a human genome, accomplished in just five hours and two minutes.
*Microbiology, Microbiologists demonstrate an phage therapy, individually adjusted phage-antibiotic combination as an antimicrobial resistance treatment, calling for scaling up the research and further development of this approach.
*A Molecular electronics, chip with molecular circuit components in single-molecule biosensor, (bio)sensors is demonstrated.
*Scientists limb regeneration, regrow the missing legs of adult frogs, which are naturally unable to regenerate limbs, within 1.5 years using a five-drug mixture applied for 24 hours via a silicone wearable bioreactor.

*Scientists report the detection of anomalous unknown-host Variants of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 lineages with RT-qPCR-based wastewater surveillance.
*Researchers demonstrate a spinal cord stimulator that enables patients with spinal cord injury to walk again via epidural electrical stimulation (EES) with substantial neurorehabilitation-progress during the first day. On the same day, a separate team reports the first Neural tissue engineering, engineered functional human Neuron#Connectivity, (motor-)neuronal networks derived from induced pluripotent stem cell, iPSCs from the patient for implantation to Regeneration in humans#Spinal nerves, regenerate injured spinal cord showing success in tests with mice.
* Nanobiotechnology#Bionanotechnology, Bionanotechnologists report the development of a viable biosensor, , that can detect levels of diverse water pollution, water pollutants.
*A new therapy called is reported by scientists in South Korea, which uses CRISPR-Cas9 to kill cancer cells without harming normal tissues.
*Researchers report the Nanobiotechnology#Nanobiotechnology, development of 3D printing, 3D-printed Nanomanufacturing, nano-"skyscraper" electrodes that house cyanobacteria for extracting substantially more sustainable energy, sustainable bioenergy from their photosynthesis than before.
*Genetic engineers report field test results that show CRISPR gene editing#Recent events, CRISPR-based gene knockout of KRN2 in maize and OsKRN2 in rice Genetically modified crops#Yield, increased grain yields by ~10% and ~8% and did not find any negative effects.
*Publication of research reporting the sequencing of the remaining gap of the Human genome.
*Researchers report that CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has Biofortification#Genetic modification, been used to Food fortification, boost vitamin D in tomatoes.
*Scientists report the first 3D bioprinting, 3D-printed Cellular agriculture, lab-grown wood. It is unclear if it could ever be used on a commercial scale (e.g. with sufficient production efficiency and quality).
*A new compact CRISPR gene editing#Alternatives to Cas9, CRISPR gene editing tool better suited for therapeutic (temporary) RNA editing than Cas13 is reported, Cas7-11, – of which an early version was used for ''in vitro'' editing in 2021.
*The world's Microbotics#Design considerations, smallest remote-controlled walking robot, measuring just half a millimetre wide, is demonstrated. Potential applications include the clearing of blocked arteries.
*Success of record-long (3 days rather than usually <12 hours) of human Organ transplantation, transplant organ Organ procurement#Preservation and transport, preservation with machine perfusion of a liver transplantation, liver is reported. It could possibly be extended to 10 days and prevent substantial cell damage by low temperature preservation methods. On the same day, a separate study reports new cryoprotectant solvents, tested with cells, that could preserve organs by the latter methods for much longer with substantially reduced damage.
*First success of a clinical trial for a 3D bioprinting#Transplantable organs and organs for research, 3D bioprinted transplant, an Auricle (anatomy), external ear to treat microtia, that is made from the patient's own cells is reported.
*Researchers report a robotic finger soft robotics, covered in a type of manufactured living human skin.
*Researchers report the controlled growth of diverse foods in the dark as a potential way to increase sustainable food system, energy efficiency of food production and reduce its environmental impacts.
*Researchers describe a new light-activated 'photoimmunotherapy' for brain cancer ''in vitro''. They believe it could join surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy as a fifth major form of cancer treatment.
*Researchers, health organizations and regulators are discussing, and partly recommending COVID-19 vaccine boosters that mix the original vaccine formulation with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, Omicron-adjusted parts – such as spike proteins of a specific Omicron subvariant – to better prepare the immune system to recognize a wide variety of SARS-CoV-2 variants, variants amid substantial and ongoing immune evasion by Omicron.

*A new CRISPR gene editing#Alternatives to Cas9, CRISPR gene editing/repair tool alternative to fully active Cas9 is reported – Cas9-derived Nicking enzyme, nickases mediated homologous chromosome-templated DNA repair, repair, applicable to organisms whose matching chromosome has the desired gene/s, which to be more effective than Cas9 and cause fewer Off-target genome editing, off-target edits.
*News outlets report about the development of Algae bioreactor#Microgeneration, algae biopanels by a company for Renewable energy#Algae fuels, sustainable energy generation with unclear viability after other researchers built the self-powered Bionic architecture#Advantages, house prototype in 2013.
*Researchers report the development of deep learning software that can protein design, design proteins that contain prespecified functional sites.

*Researchers introduce and demonstrate it by soft robotics, repurposing dead spiders as robotic grippers by activating their gripping arms via applying pressurized air.
*Progress towards a Universal coronavirus vaccine, pan coronavirus vaccine is announced, following tests on mice. Antibodies targeting the S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2's spike protein are found to neutralise multiple coronavirus variants.
*DeepMind announces that its AlphaFold program has uncovered the structures of more than 200 million Protein folding, folded proteins, essentially all of those known to science.
*Scientists report an Machine perfusion, organ perfusion system that can restore, i.e. on the cellular level, multiple vital (pig) organs one hour after death (during which the body had warm ischaemia), after reporting a similar method/system for reviving (pig) brains hours after death in 2019. This could be used to preserve donor organs or for revival in medical emergencies.
*Lab-made cartilage gel based on a synthetic hydrogel composite is found to have greater strength and wear resistance than natural cartilage, which could enable the durable resurfacing of damaged Joint, articulating joints.
*The creation of artificial neurons that can neuromorphic engineering, receive and release dopamine (neurotransmitter, chemical signals rather than electrical signals) and communicate with natural rat soft robot, muscle and brain cells is reported, with potential for use in Brain–computer interface, BCIs/Wetware computer#Future applications, prosthetics.
*A Tissue engineering, bioengineered cornea made from pig's skin is shown to restore vision to blind people. It can be mass-produced and stored for up to two years, unlike donated human corneas that are scarce and must be used within two weeks.
*A weak spot in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is described by researchers, which an antibody fragment called VH Ab6 can attach to, potentially neutralising all major COVID-19 variants, variants of the virus. On 11 August, researchers report a single antibody, SP1-77, that could potentially neutralize all known variants of the virus via a novel mechanism, not by not preventing the virus from binding to ACE2 receptors but by blocking it from fusing with host cells' cell membrane, membranes.
*Multiple gene editing of soybean is shown to improve photosynthesis and Genetically modified crops#Yield, boost yields by 20%.
*A university reports the first successful organ transplantation, transplantation of an organoid into a human, first announced on 7 July, with the underlying study being published in February.
*Researchers report the development of a highly effective CRISPR gene editing, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing method without expensive viral vectors, enabling e.g. novel anti-cancer Chimeric antigen receptor T cell, CAR-T cell therapies.

* Two studies report of Ectogenesis#Synthetic embryo, synthetic embryos grown from mice embryonic stem cells (with one study also using other stem cells), without sperm or eggs, with natural-like development and some surviving until day 8.5 where early organogenesis, including formation of foundations of a brain, occurs. They grew ''in vitro'' and subsequently ''ex utero'' in Artificial womb#Research and development, an artificial womb.

*Wastewater surveillance, which substantially expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic is used 2022 monkeypox outbreak, to detect monkeypox, with one team of researchers describing their qualitative detection method.
*Scientists elaborate a need for an evidence-based policy, evidence-based reform of Genetically modified food#Regulation, regulation of genetically modified crops (moving from regulation based on characteristics of the development-process Genetically modified food controversies#Regulation, to characteristics of the product) in a paywalled article.

* Researchers report the development of Remote controlled animal, remote controlled Cyborg#Animal cyborgs, cyborg cockroaches if moving to sunlight for recharging.
* A new malaria vaccine developed by the University of Oxford is shown to be ~80% effective at preventing the disease.
* A study adds to the accumulating research indicating postexposure antiviral Therapeutic interfering particle, TIPs could be an effective countermeasure that reduces Transmission of COVID-19, COVID-19 transmission.
* India and China approve first nasal vaccine, nasal COVID-19 vaccine#Intranasal, COVID-19 vaccines which may (as boosters) also reduce transmission (sterilizing immunity).
* Nanoengineers report the development of biocompatible microalgae Biohybrid microswimmer#Biomedical applications, hybrid microrobots for Targeted drug delivery, active drug-delivery in the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract (GT). The microrobots are related to Nanobiotechnology#Nanomedicine, medical nanobots and proved effective in tests with mice. A separate team reports the development of 'RoboCap', a robotic drug delivery capsule that enhances drug absorption by tunneling through the Intestinal mucosal barrier, mucus layer in the GT.

*A novel synthetic biology-based process for plastic recycling, recycling of plastics mixtures is presented.
*A magnetical guidance system with Biohybrid microswimmer, engineered bacterial microbots for 'precision targeting' is demonstrated to be effective for fighting cancer in mice.

*The first clinical trial of Artificial cell#Artificial red blood cells, laboratory-grown red blood cells transfused into people begins.
*A new CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool for large edits without problematic double-stranded breaks is demonstrated, .

See also

* Bioeconomy
* Bioelectronics
* Biotechnology risk
* Working animal
* Synthetic biology
* Environmental impact of pesticides#Alternatives
* Bioethics#Issues
* Bioinformatics
* CRISPR gene editing#Recent events
* Nanobiotechnology
* Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present#Bioenergy and biotechnology
* Timeline of biology and organic chemistry#1990–present

Medical

* Artificial intelligence in healthcare
* Diagnostic microbiology
* Gene therapy#2020s
* List of emerging technologies#Medical
* Regeneration in humans
* Timeline of human vaccines
* Timeline of medicine and medical technology#2000–present
* Timeline of senescence research

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biotechnology
Biology timelines
Genetics-related lists
History of biotechnology, *
Medicine timelines
Technology timelines