Tilting three-wheeler
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A tilting three-wheeler, tilting trike, leaning trike, or even just tilter, is a three-wheeled vehicle and usually a
narrow-track vehicle A narrow-track vehicle is a vehicle that leaves a narrow ground track as it moves forward. Narrow-track vehicles may have lateral stability when stationary but usually lean into turns to prevent falling towards the outside. Narrow-track vehicles ...
whose body and or wheels tilt in the direction of a turn. Such vehicles can corner without rolling over despite having a narrow
axle track In automobiles (and other wheeled vehicles which have two wheels on an axle), the axle track is the distance between the hub flanges on an axle. Wheel track, track width or simply track refers to the distance between the centerline of two wheels ...
because they can balance some or all of the
roll moment Roll moment is a moment, which is a product of a force and a distance, that tends to cause a vehicle to roll, that is to rotate about its longitudinal axis. Landcraft In vehicle dynamics, the roll moment can be calculated as the product of three ...
caused by
centripetal acceleration In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time. Accelerations are vector quantities (in that they have magnitude and direction). The orientation of an object's acceleration is given by th ...
with an opposite roll moment caused by gravity, as bicycles and motorcycles do. This also reduces the lateral acceleration experienced by the rider, which some find more comfortable than the alternative. The narrow profile can result in reduced aerodynamic drag and increased fuel efficiency. These types of vehicles have also been described as "man-wide vehicles" (MWV). As with tricycles that do not tilt, there are a variety of feasible choices of how the wheels are arranged, which wheels are steered, and which wheels are driven. In addition, there are a variety of feasible choices for which wheels tilt and which do not.


Terminology

Because this is an emerging field with many different vehicle configurations, many different individual contributors, and not yet any clearly dominant technology, there is a great deal of potentially confusing terminology in use: *tilt, lean, and roll are all used somewhat interchangeably, depending on the context and the writer, usually to mean rotation about a longitudinal axis of the vehicle. *stable and stability are usually used in this context to characterize whether the vehicle tilts, leans, or rolls as the rider wishes. As with
directional stability Directional stability is stability of a moving body or vehicle about an axis which is perpendicular to its direction of motion. Stability of a vehicle concerns itself with the tendency of a vehicle to return to its original direction in relation ...
, a vehicle is considered stable about its longitudinal axis if it returns to the vertical/ straight orientation hands free, and unstable if it does not. The stability of a vehicle may vary with its forward speed, and the stability might be inherent in the vehicle or created by the rider or some other active controller. For example, bicycles exhibit no stability when stationary, they simply fall over, but can exhibit self-stability if rolling forward at the right speed, even without a rider. Meanwhile, active tilters exhibit roll stability at all times and are designed not to rollover in a turn. Tilting vehicles may exhibit nearly any combination of the above behaviors, due to any combination of their geometry, mass distribution, suspension characteristics, rider input, or some other active control system. *active, passive, and free usually refer to how the tilt angle is controlled, directly or indirectly. "Active" control usually requires some sensor(s), some capacity to calculate a response, such as a
feedback controller Control theory is a field of mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a ...
, and some actuator(s) that require power sources. "Passive" control and "free" control mean there are no sensors, comparisons, response calculation, or actuators and the vehicle is controlled as a bicycle or motorcycle "Free" and "passive" usually mean that the vehicle tilts as a bicycle or motorcycle, and the rider must control the tilt angle indirectly by steering the vehicle. *direct and indirect usually refer to how active control is applied. The rider on a "free-tilting" and "passive-tilting" trike usually can apply a steer torque directly, which then controls the tilt angle indirectly, as on bicycles and motorcycles. The rider on a "free-to-caster" trike, on the other hand, can apply a roll torque directly, which then controls the steer angle indirectly. * highside and lowside are expressions already commonly used in the motorcycle world to describe ways in which the bodies of these vehicles may collide with the ground.


Benefits and drawbacks

The potential benefits of tilting, compared to the rigid alternative, include: *The ability to balance the moment caused by lateral acceleration in a turn, due to high speed, tight radius, or both, with a counter moment caused by gravity, means these vehicles do not have to be low, wide, and/or slow. Also, since stability no longer depends on the axle track, the center of mass does not have to be located near the wide axle and instead can be located anywhere between the front and rear axle to optimize other performance characteristics such as ride quality or braking performance. *Leaning into a turn, as bicycles and motorcycles do, means that the net acceleration experienced by the vehicle and rider can always be aligned with the midplane of the vehicle. Riders may find this more pleasant than the alternative, and vehicle components, such as the frame, wheels, and tires, can avoid large side loads. *A narrow axle track means that the vehicle does not require as much pavement and may experience less aerodynamic drag because of a smaller cross-sectional area. *Depending on how the tilting is implemented, a tilting vehicle can be oriented independent of
cross slope Cross slope, cross fall or camber is a geometric feature of pavement surfaces: the transverse slope with respect to the horizon. It is a very important safety factor. Cross slope is provided to provide a drainage gradient so that water will run ...
, such as from the crown in a road or a soft
shoulder The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder mak ...
. The drawbacks of tilting, compared to the rigid alternative, include: *The tilting mechanism, free or controlled, requires more constructive elements compared to two-wheeled (motor-) cycles, while independent suspension of rigid three-wheelers may be more complex *Control of the tilting either requires some kind of automated control system or different behavior from the rider, such as
countersteering Countersteering is used by single-track vehicle operators, such as cyclists and motorcyclists, to initiate a turn toward a given direction by momentarily steering counter to the desired direction ("steer left to turn right"). To negotiate a turn ...
.


Configurations


Wheel layout

As with tricycles in general, the two main wheel layouts are: *''delta'', with one wheel in front and two wheels in back. Notable examples include the
Ariel 3 Ariel 3 (UK 3 or United Kingdom Research Satellite 3) was a satellite in the Ariel programme, a satellite partnership between the US and UK. Three of the onboard experiments continued research from the first two missions and two experiments were ...
, MEV Tilting Trike,
Honda Canopy The Honda Gyro is a family of small, three-wheeled motorcycles sold primarily in Japan, and often used for delivery or express service. These vehicles are tilting three-wheelers. They combine a tricycle's stopped & low-speed stability with a lean ...
, Vandenbrink Carver, and
CLEVER Clever may refer to: People ;Given name * Clever Ikisikpo, Nigerian politician * Clever Lara (born 1952), Uruguayan artist ;Surname * Charles P. Clever (1830–1874), American politician * Edith Clever (born 1940), German actress * Todd Clever ( ...
. *''tadpole'', with two wheels in front and one wheel in back. Notable examples include the TVA Tilting Vehicle Australia 3 & 4 wheel versions
Tilting car A tilting car is a type of automobile that has the ability to change the angle between the road and the bottom of the passenger cabin in such a way that there are reduced horizontal forces on the passengers while the vehicle is driving through a c ...
,
Piaggio MP3 The Piaggio MP3 (''Moto Piaggio a 3 ruote'', "Piaggio moto with 3 wheels") is a tilting three-wheeled scooter by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. First marketed in 2006, it is noted for its combination of two front wheels and a single rear wheel. ...
,
Yamaha Tricity The Yamaha Tricity is a tilting three-wheeler motor scooter made by Yamaha Motor Company. It is part of Yamaha's LMW (Leaning Multi Wheel) offering along with the Niken. Three Tricity models have been developed: 125, 155, and 300cc models. Th ...
, and Toyota i-Road. Twinned Wheel Rule: In many countries aligned to EU regulations, an arrangement of two wheels on the same axle ot necessarily maintained co-axial is treated as one wheel provided they are spaced no further apart than between contact patch centers. This has the effect of allowing vehicles complying with this dimensional limit to be classified as motorcycles. Therefore, such vehicles would be subject to all the technical prescriptions applicable to motorcycles rather than motorised tricycles or four-wheeled vehicles.


Steered wheels

Rear-wheel steering tends to be directionally unstable, and so the vast majority of trikes employ front-wheel steering. A notable exception is the Toyota i-Road. In the case of two wheel steering, some accommodation is usually made to account for the different radii of their paths, such as
Ackermann steering geometry The Ackermann steering geometry is a geometric arrangement of linkages in the steering of a car or other vehicle designed to solve the problem of wheels on the inside and outside of a turn needing to trace out circles of different radii. It was ...
.


Driven wheels

Either the front or rear wheel(s) may be driven, but driving a wheel near its power source is usually simpler than driving a wheel at the other end of the vehicle, driving a single wheel is usually simpler than driving a pair of wheels, and driving a wheel that remains aligned with its power source is simpler than driving a wheel that tilts or steers relative to its power source. Two common drive configurations are: *Drive two non-tilting wheels in the rear. Notable examples include the
Ariel 3 Ariel 3 (UK 3 or United Kingdom Research Satellite 3) was a satellite in the Ariel programme, a satellite partnership between the US and UK. Three of the onboard experiments continued research from the first two missions and two experiments were ...
, MEV Tilting Trike,
Honda Canopy The Honda Gyro is a family of small, three-wheeled motorcycles sold primarily in Japan, and often used for delivery or express service. These vehicles are tilting three-wheelers. They combine a tricycle's stopped & low-speed stability with a lean ...
, Vandenbrink Carver, and
CLEVER Clever may refer to: People ;Given name * Clever Ikisikpo, Nigerian politician * Clever Lara (born 1952), Uruguayan artist ;Surname * Charles P. Clever (1830–1874), American politician * Edith Clever (born 1940), German actress * Todd Clever ( ...
. *Drive one tilting wheel in the rear. Notable examples include the TVA Tilting Vehicle Australia 3 wheel version
Tilting car A tilting car is a type of automobile that has the ability to change the angle between the road and the bottom of the passenger cabin in such a way that there are reduced horizontal forces on the passengers while the vehicle is driving through a c ...
,
Piaggio MP3 The Piaggio MP3 (''Moto Piaggio a 3 ruote'', "Piaggio moto with 3 wheels") is a tilting three-wheeled scooter by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. First marketed in 2006, it is noted for its combination of two front wheels and a single rear wheel. ...
,
Yamaha Tricity The Yamaha Tricity is a tilting three-wheeler motor scooter made by Yamaha Motor Company. It is part of Yamaha's LMW (Leaning Multi Wheel) offering along with the Niken. Three Tricity models have been developed: 125, 155, and 300cc models. Th ...
, and Toyota i-Road. Less common drive configurations include: *Drive two tilting wheels in the rear. *Drive one tilting wheel in the front. One example is the Rose-Hulman Ragnarök pictured below.


Seating

As with tricycles in general, seating may be upright, as on the
Piaggio MP3 The Piaggio MP3 (''Moto Piaggio a 3 ruote'', "Piaggio moto with 3 wheels") is a tilting three-wheeled scooter by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. First marketed in 2006, it is noted for its combination of two front wheels and a single rear wheel. ...
, or
recumbent Recumbent may refer to: * Recumbence, the act or state of lying down or leaning * Recumbent bicycle, a bicycle, tricycle or quadricycle which places the rider in a reclined or supine position * Recumbent effigy, a tomb sculpture of the deceased ...
, as on the MEV Tilting Trike. If the vehicle is designed to accommodate a second rider, the seating is usually arranged in
tandem Tandem, or in tandem, is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. The original use of the term in English was in ''tandem harness'', which is used for two ...
to maintain the narrow profile, as on the
CLEVER Clever may refer to: People ;Given name * Clever Ikisikpo, Nigerian politician * Clever Lara (born 1952), Uruguayan artist ;Surname * Charles P. Clever (1830–1874), American politician * Edith Clever (born 1940), German actress * Todd Clever ( ...
.


Enclosure

The rider may be fully exposed, as on the Tripendo, behind a fairing or
windscreen The windshield (North American English) or windscreen (Commonwealth English) of an aircraft, car, bus, motorbike, truck, train, boat or streetcar is the front window, which provides visibility while protecting occupants from the elements. Mo ...
, as on the
Piaggio MP3 The Piaggio MP3 (''Moto Piaggio a 3 ruote'', "Piaggio moto with 3 wheels") is a tilting three-wheeled scooter by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. First marketed in 2006, it is noted for its combination of two front wheels and a single rear wheel. ...
, under a canopy, as on the
Honda Canopy The Honda Gyro is a family of small, three-wheeled motorcycles sold primarily in Japan, and often used for delivery or express service. These vehicles are tilting three-wheelers. They combine a tricycle's stopped & low-speed stability with a lean ...
, or fully enclosed, as on the Vandenbrink Carver.


Power

Power may come from the rider, as on the Tripendo, from batteries and electric motors, as on the Toyota i-Road, or from conventional internal combustion engines, as on the
Yamaha Tricity The Yamaha Tricity is a tilting three-wheeler motor scooter made by Yamaha Motor Company. It is part of Yamaha's LMW (Leaning Multi Wheel) offering along with the Niken. Three Tricity models have been developed: 125, 155, and 300cc models. Th ...
.


Tilting

Any number of the wheels can tilt, and advantages to tilting wheels are that the wheels do not need to bear large side loads, and the tires mounted on them can generate
camber thrust Camber thrust and camber force are terms used to describe the force generated perpendicular to the direction of travel of a rolling tire due to its camber angle and finite contact patch. Camber thrust is generated when a point on the outer surface ...
, which can reduce the need for a
slip angle In vehicle dynamics, slip angle or sideslip angle is the angle between the direction in which a wheel is pointing and the direction in which it is actually traveling (i.e., the angle between the forward velocity vector v_x and the vector su ...
to generate
cornering force Cornering force or side force is the lateral (i.e., parallel to wheel axis) force produced by a vehicle tire during cornering. Cornering force is generated by tire slip and is proportional to slip angle at low slip angles. The rate at wh ...
. Configurations include: *One wheel in front and only the front tilts, referred to as 1F1T (i.e. one front one tilts). Notable examples include the
Ariel 3 Ariel 3 (UK 3 or United Kingdom Research Satellite 3) was a satellite in the Ariel programme, a satellite partnership between the US and UK. Three of the onboard experiments continued research from the first two missions and two experiments were ...
, MEV Tilting Trike,
Honda Canopy The Honda Gyro is a family of small, three-wheeled motorcycles sold primarily in Japan, and often used for delivery or express service. These vehicles are tilting three-wheelers. They combine a tricycle's stopped & low-speed stability with a lean ...
, Vandenbrink Carver, and
CLEVER Clever may refer to: People ;Given name * Clever Ikisikpo, Nigerian politician * Clever Lara (born 1952), Uruguayan artist ;Surname * Charles P. Clever (1830–1874), American politician * Edith Clever (born 1940), German actress * Todd Clever ( ...
. *One wheel in front and all three wheels tilt, referred to as 1F3T (i.e. one front three tilt). An example can be seen in the Rose-Hulman Ragnarök pictured below and the UWM PantherTrike pictured above. *Two wheels in front and only the single rear wheel tilts, referred to as 2F1T (i.e. two front one tilt). *Two wheels in front and all three wheels tilt, referred to as 2F3T (i.e. two front three tilt). Notable examples include the TVA Tilting Vehicle Australia (James FTC vehicle) 3 wheel version
Tilting car A tilting car is a type of automobile that has the ability to change the angle between the road and the bottom of the passenger cabin in such a way that there are reduced horizontal forces on the passengers while the vehicle is driving through a c ...
,
Piaggio MP3 The Piaggio MP3 (''Moto Piaggio a 3 ruote'', "Piaggio moto with 3 wheels") is a tilting three-wheeled scooter by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. First marketed in 2006, it is noted for its combination of two front wheels and a single rear wheel. ...
,
Yamaha Tricity The Yamaha Tricity is a tilting three-wheeler motor scooter made by Yamaha Motor Company. It is part of Yamaha's LMW (Leaning Multi Wheel) offering along with the Niken. Three Tricity models have been developed: 125, 155, and 300cc models. Th ...
, and Toyota i-Road. In the case where the two side-by-side wheels tilt, some mechanical linkage is necessary to coordinate their tilting. Implementations include: * Some form of one or more parallelograms, such as on the Tripendo pictured above and the Mercedes-Benz F300 Life Jet Concept Vehicle pictured below. This has been employed on tadpole and delta trike configurations. * Some form a pair of swingarms, possibly connected by some form of
bell crank A bellcrank is a type of crank that changes motion through an angle. The angle can be any angle from 0 to 360 degrees, but 90 degrees and 180 degrees are most common. The name comes from its first use, changing the vertical pull on a rope to a h ...
. This tends to be employed on delta trike configurations. * Some form of crank, in which case the two wheels are not directly side-by-side. This tends to be employed on delta trike configurations. * Some form of coordination between parallel
telescopic fork A telescopic fork is a form of motorcycle front suspension whose use is so common that it is virtually universal. The telescopic fork uses fork tubes and sliders which contain the springs and dampers. The main advantages of the telescopic for ...
s, as on the Yamaha MWT-9 pictured above and the Yamaha Niken pictured below. Due to the tilting, there is not necessarily any side-to-side
load transfer Weight transfer and load transfer are two expressions used somewhat confusingly to describe two distinct effects: *the change in load borne by different wheels of even perfectly rigid vehicles during acceleration *the change in center of mas ...
between the wheels in cornering, so the rule of thumb about tadpoles
understeer Understeer and oversteer are vehicle dynamics terms used to describe the sensitivity of a vehicle to steering. Oversteer is what occurs when a car turns (steers) by more than the amount commanded by the driver. Conversely, understeer is what occ ...
ing and deltas
oversteer Understeer and oversteer are vehicle dynamics terms used to describe the sensitivity of a vehicle to steering. Oversteer is what occurs when a car turns (steers) by more than the amount commanded by the driver. Conversely, understeer is what occ ...
ing does not necessarily apply. If the tilting mechanism has some limitation on tilt angle, then the lateral acceleration the vehicle can experience without rolling over will be a function of maximum tilt angle possible,
axle track In automobiles (and other wheeled vehicles which have two wheels on an axle), the axle track is the distance between the hub flanges on an axle. Wheel track, track width or simply track refers to the distance between the centerline of two wheels ...
, and center of mass location.


Free, passive, or active tilt control

* Free tilting and passive tilting vehicles are controlled as with a bicycle or motorcycle, in which case
countersteering Countersteering is used by single-track vehicle operators, such as cyclists and motorcyclists, to initiate a turn toward a given direction by momentarily steering counter to the desired direction ("steer left to turn right"). To negotiate a turn ...
is required. Actively controlled tilters are where the rider or some other controller actively sets the tilt angle directly. Vehicles for which the rider has direct control over the tilt angle include the General Motors Lean Machine, in which the rider controlled tilt with foot pedals, and the Tripendo, in which the rider controls tilt by hand with a lever. An active controller may calculate a desired tilt angle from some combination of lateral acceleration and steering input, and it may set a desired tilt angle with some combination of mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic actuators. * Free-tilting/ passive -tilting vehicles possess no stability about their
roll Roll or Rolls may refer to: Movement about the longitudinal axis * Roll angle (or roll rotation), one of the 3 angular degrees of freedom of any stiff body (for example a vehicle), describing motion about the longitudinal axis ** Roll (aviation) ...
axis when stationary. To remedy this problem some free/ passive tilters use tilt locks or restraints when at low speeds. Some use a brake applied to the tilting mechanism, some use progressive roll stability adjustments. Free/passive tilters possess self stability when moving forward with sufficient traction, as with bicycles and motorcycles, and if traction is lost the vehicle will likely lowside. The lateral spacing of the wheels does not avoid tipping over, these vehicles behave and are controlled like single track vehicles. * Active tilt vehicles such as the James FTC (Free To Castor) uses the geometry of the suspension/steering system to control the vehicle directional path * Active-tilt vehicles are designed to possess roll stability at all times when stopped or in motion, and if traction is lost, the vehicles will not lowside. In these vehicles the lateral spacing of the wheel set is put to effective use to create additional stability. In all cases, the tilting mechanism may simply be lockable to facilitate keeping the vehicle upright when stopped or parked. Also, passive or active tilting systems cannot simply counter the roll moment caused by gravity, as this has been shown to make a vehicle practically unsteerable, although there is ongoing debate about whether it is truly unsteerable or not.


Enclosures

Enclosures can protect rider(s) from the weather and allow for reduced aerodynamic drag. * Unenclosed vehicles may employ free or passive tilt control because the rider can still put a foot down when stopped. The rider is responsible for controlling tilt just as they would on a two-wheeled bicycle or motorcycle. * Enclosed vehicles, in which the rider cannot reach the ground, must provide come kind of active tilt control, either automatic or by the rider, to keep the vehicle upright when stopped.


Steering

Steering requires that the axle(s) of the front wheel(s) form a finite angle with the axle(s) of the rear wheel(s), i.e. not be parallel. This misalignment may be accomplished in a variety of ways, and usually the front wheel(s) rotate about a steering axis relative to the rest of the vehicle and the rear wheel(s). One notable exception, already mentioned above, is the rear-wheel-steered Toyota i-Road.


Countersteering

Some Tilting trikes are forced-tilted, such as the Carver, where the countersteering is not controlled by the operator. Some versions of the model introduced automatic countersteer to increase tilt speed and reduce the force required to tilt the vehicle. Other forced-tilted vehicles may incorporate automatic countersteering. A prototype tilting multi-track free leaning vehicle was developed in 1984 that employs automatic countersteering and does not require any balancing skills. A larger range of tilting three-wheelers has appeared in the recent years and use manually controlled countersteering like a motorbike, such as the
Piaggio MP3 The Piaggio MP3 (''Moto Piaggio a 3 ruote'', "Piaggio moto with 3 wheels") is a tilting three-wheeled scooter by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. First marketed in 2006, it is noted for its combination of two front wheels and a single rear wheel. ...
or Yamaha Niken.


Free to castor

One vehicle variation is to control the steered wheel(s) indirectly by tilting them, along with the vehicle body, and this system is known as free to castor TC The directional control of a FTC wheel is not particularly strong, as demonstrated by the wheels on a
shopping cart A shopping cart (American English), trolley (British English, Australian English), or buggy (Southern American English, Appalachian English), also known by a variety of other names, is a wheeled cart supplied by a shop or store, especi ...
, and the castored wheel(s) will turn due to any applied side loading. If the steering axis is not vertical, however, the directional stability above about is very strongly controlled by the dynamic forces. If the castored wheel is attached to the front of a narrow tilting vehicle the castor will automatically place itself on the correct steer angle for the tilt and the speed of the vehicle. A system can be used below to improve slow-speed performance where the steerable wheel(s) are progressively captured to the vehicle tilt action as vehicle speed decreases.


Examples

File:Ariel 3 cropped.JPG,
Ariel 3 Ariel 3 (UK 3 or United Kingdom Research Satellite 3) was a satellite in the Ariel programme, a satellite partnership between the US and UK. Three of the onboard experiments continued research from the first two missions and two experiments were ...
from 1970. (1F1T) File:Tilting trike.jpg, MEV Tilting Trike, patented in 2005. (1F1T) File:Honda Canopy AnnaMillers Tokyo 2004-02-29.jpg,
Honda Canopy The Honda Gyro is a family of small, three-wheeled motorcycles sold primarily in Japan, and often used for delivery or express service. These vehicles are tilting three-wheelers. They combine a tricycle's stopped & low-speed stability with a lean ...
used for delivery service (1F1T) File:The CLEVER Vehicle Prototype at the University of Bath.JPG,
CLEVER Clever may refer to: People ;Given name * Clever Ikisikpo, Nigerian politician * Clever Lara (born 1952), Uruguayan artist ;Surname * Charles P. Clever (1830–1874), American politician * Edith Clever (born 1940), German actress * Todd Clever ( ...
prototype without bodywork, June 2013. (1F1T) File:Flevotrike.jpg, Flevotrike (1F1T) File:Rose-Hulman Ragnarök.jpg, Rose-Hulman Ragnarök (1F3T) File:Tilter_front.jpg, SynergEthic Tilter (1F3T) File:University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee narrow-track, tilting, recumbent trike.jpg, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee narrow-track, tilting, recumbent trike (1F3T) File:I-road - Grenoble.JPG, Toyota i-Road (2F3T) File:ヤマハ -TRICITY 発表会 (14569130633).jpg,
Yamaha Tricity The Yamaha Tricity is a tilting three-wheeler motor scooter made by Yamaha Motor Company. It is part of Yamaha's LMW (Leaning Multi Wheel) offering along with the Niken. Three Tricity models have been developed: 125, 155, and 300cc models. Th ...
(2F3T) File:Piaggio mp3.jpg,
Piaggio MP3 The Piaggio MP3 (''Moto Piaggio a 3 ruote'', "Piaggio moto with 3 wheels") is a tilting three-wheeled scooter by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. First marketed in 2006, it is noted for its combination of two front wheels and a single rear wheel. ...
(2F3T) File:Piaggio MP3 Roof & Wagon.jpg,
Piaggio MP3 The Piaggio MP3 (''Moto Piaggio a 3 ruote'', "Piaggio moto with 3 wheels") is a tilting three-wheeled scooter by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. First marketed in 2006, it is noted for its combination of two front wheels and a single rear wheel. ...
(2F3T) with roof and wagon File:Gilera Fuoco 500cc.jpg, Gilera Fuoco (2F3T) File:Peugeot Metropolis 400i.JPG, Peugeot Metropolis 400i (2F3T) File:Quadro350D 1.jpg, Quadro 350D (2F3T) File:1997 Mercedes-Benz F300 Life Jet Concept Vehicle.jpg, Mercedes-Benz F300 Life Jet Concept Vehicle, 1997. (2F3T) File:Yamaha Niken - Mondial de l'Automobile de Paris 2018 - 004.jpg, 2018 Yamaha Niken. (2F3T)


See also

*Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics *Sidecar#Flexible sidecars, Flexible sidecar *Tilting train


References


Bibliography

* Poelgeest, A., Edge, K. A. and Darling, J., 2007
Development of a Steer Tilt Controller for a Three Wheeled Tilting Vehicle
''In'': ''ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition'', 2007-11-01, Seattle, Washington.


The Design, Implementation and Analysis of Motorized Tilting Three-Wheelers
Thesis, Choa-Chin Weng. 18 July 2005. Chinese. English abstract.

Robert Q. Riley.
Carver One
{{Commons category, Tilting tricycles Tricycles Tilting three-wheeled motor vehicles Vehicles by type