This article lists rulers of Thrace and Dacia, and includes

Thracian The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied ...

Paeonian In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia ( grc, Παιονία, Paionía) was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians or Paionians ( grc, Παίονες, Paíones). The exact original boundaries of Paeonia, like the early history of its inhabitants, a ...

Celt The Celts (, see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples () are. "CELTS location: Greater Europe time period: Second millennium B.C.E. to present ancestry: Celtic a collection of Indo-European peoples. "The Celts, an ancient ...

ic,

Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It ...

Scythian The Scythians or Scyths, and sometimes also referred to as the Classical Scythians and the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern * : "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Centra ...

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

n or

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic pe ...

up to the point of its fall to the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...

, with a few figures from

Greek mythology A major branch of classical mythology, Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the origin and nature of the world, the lives and activities o ...

Mythological

Haemus In Greek mythology, King Haemus (; , ''Haîmos'') of Thrace, was the son of Boreas, the north wind. Mythology Haemus was vain and haughty and compared himself and his wife, Queen Rhodope, to Zeus and Hera. The gods changed him and his wife int ...

, became a mountain

Haemus Mons In earlier times, the Balkan Mountains were known as the Haemus Mons ( ). It is believed that the name is derived from a Thracian word ''*saimon'', 'mountain ridge', which is unattested but conjectured as the original Thracian form of Greek '' ...

* Thrax, son of

Ares Ares (; grc, Ἄρης, ''Árēs'' ) is the Greek god of war and courage. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for success in war ...

Tegyrios In Greek mythology, Tegyrios () was a King of Thrace. Mythology Tegyrios welcomed the exiled Eumolpus In Greek Mythology, Eumolpus (; Ancient Greek: Εὔμολπος ''Eúmolpos'', "good singer" or "sweet singing", derived from εὖ ''eu'' ...

, mortal * Eumolpus, inherited a kingdom from Tegyrios * Tereus, the king that was turned into a

hoopoe Hoopoes () are colourful birds found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, notable for their distinctive "crown" of feathers. Three living and one extinct species are recognized, though for many years all of the extant species were lumped as a single ...

* Phineus,

Phoenicia Phoenicia () was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The territory of the Phoenician city-states extended and shrank throughout their his ...

n son of

Agenor Agenor (; Ancient Greek: Ἀγήνωρ or Αγήνορας ''Agēnor''; English translation: "heroic, manly") was in Greek mythology and history a Phoenician king of Tyre or Sidon. The Doric Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC), born in ...

, blind king and seer * Poltys, son of

Poseidon Poseidon (; grc-gre, Ποσειδῶν) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth, god of the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, he was venerated as ...

* Pyreneus, died trying to harm the

Muses In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses ( grc, Μοῦσαι, Moûsai, el, Μούσες, Múses) are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the ...

* Harpalykos, king of the Amymnaeans *Thoas, founder of Thoana *

Mopsus Mopsus (; Ancient Greek: Μόψος, ''Mopsos'') was the name of one of two famous seers in Greek mythology; his rival being Calchas. A historical or legendary ''Mopsos'' or ''Mukšuš'' may have been the founder of a house in power at widespread ...

, killed Myrine, an amazon queen * Peirous, a Thracian war leader killed by Thoas the Aetolian *

Rhesus of Thrace Rhesus (; Ancient Greek: Ῥῆσος ''Rhêsos'') is a mythical Thracian king in '' Iliad'', Book X, who fought on the side of Trojans. Diomedes and Odysseus stole his team of fine horses during a night raid on the Trojan camp. Etymology His ...

, died in the

Trojan war In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans ( Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and ...

Cisseus In Greek mythology, Cisseus ( Ancient Greek: Κισσεὺς means "wreathe with ivy") may refer to the following personages: * *Cisseus, an Egyptian prince as one of the sons of King Aegyptus. Apollodorus, 2.1.5 His mother was the naiad Caliadne ...

, father of

Theano In Greek mythology, Theano (; Ancient Greek: Θεανώ) may refer to the following personages: *Theano, wife of Metapontus, king of Icaria. Metapontus demanded that she bear him children, or leave the kingdom. She presented the children of Mel ...

, the wife of Antenor *

Diomedes of Thrace In Greek mythology, King Diomedes of Thrace (Ancient Greek: Διομήδης) was the son of Ares and Cyrene. He lived on the shores of the Black Sea ruling the warlike tribe of Bistones. He is known for his man-eating horses, which Heracles ...

Giant In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: ''gigas'', cognate giga-) are beings of human-like appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word ''giant'' is first attested in 1297 fr ...

that ruled over the

Bistones Bistones ( el, "Βίστονες") is the name of a Thracian people who dwelt between Mount Rhodopé and the Aegean Sea, beside Lake Bistonis, near Abdera "extending westward as far as the river Nestus". It was through the land of the Bistones th ...

Lycurgus Lycurgus or Lykourgos () may refer to: People * Lycurgus (king of Sparta) (third century BC) * Lycurgus (lawgiver) (eighth century BC), creator of constitution of Sparta * Lycurgus of Athens (fourth century BC), one of the 'ten notable orators' ...

, of the Edoni * Oeagrus, father of

Orpheus Orpheus (; Ancient Greek: Ὀρφεύς, classical pronunciation: ; french: Orphée) is a Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet in ancient Greek religion. He was also a renowned poet and, according to the legend, travelled with J ...

and

Linus Linus, a male given name, is the Latin form of the Greek name ''Linos''. It's a common given name in Sweden. The origin of the name is unknown although the name appears in antiquity both as a musician who taught Apollo and as a son of Apollo who di ...

of the Cicones * Polymestor of the

Bistonians Bistones ( el, "Βίστονες") is the name of a Thracian people who dwelt between Mount Rhodopé and the Aegean Sea, beside Lake Bistonis, near Abdera "extending westward as far as the river Nestus". It was through the land of the Bistones th ...

Zalmoxis Zalmoxis ( grc-gre, Ζάλμοξις) also known as Salmoxis (Σάλμοξις), Zalmoxes (Ζάλμοξες), Zamolxis (Ζάμολξις), Samolxis (Σάμολξις), Zamolxes (Ζάμολξες), or Zamolxe (Ζάμολξε) is a divinity of the ...

of the

Getae The Getae ( ) or Gets ( ; grc, Γέται, singular ) were a Thracian-related tribe that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania. Both the singular form ''Get'' an ...

* Charnabon of the

, who came into power when grain was first given to men mentioned by

Sophocles Sophocles (; grc, Σοφοκλῆς, , Sophoklễs; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. is one of three ancient Greek tragedians, at least one of whose plays has survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or c ...

*'' Pyraechmes'' of the

Paeonians Paeonians were an ancient Indo-European people that dwelt in Paeonia. Paeonia was an old country whose location was to the north of Ancient Macedonia, to the south of Dardania, to the west of Thrace and to the east of Illyria, most of their lan ...

*'' Asteropaios'' of the

Persian

Darius I Darius I ( peo, 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ; grc-gre, Δαρεῖος ; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his ...

n Satrapy named

Skudra Skudra ( peo, 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 ; grc, Σκύδρα ) was a province (satrapy) of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in Europe between 510s BC and 479 BC. Its name is attested in Persian and Egyptian inscriptions (an Egyptian record of c. 498–49 ...

by 516 BC *

, Thrace is resubjucated by Mardonius at 492 BC *

Xerxes I Xerxes I ( peo, 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 ; grc-gre, Ξέρξης ; – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC. He was the son and successor of D ...

, retains Thrace from 486 BC to 479 BC

Tribal kings

Olorus Olorus ( gr, Ὄλορος) was the name of a king of Thrace. His daughter Hegesipyle married the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades, who defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during ...

, 5th century BC *

Syrmus Syrmus or Syrmos (also ''Syrmios'', Ancient Greek: Σύρμος) was a king of the West Thracian Triballi tribe during the 330s BC. He is mentioned by Arrian, Strabo and Plutarch. After the death of his father, Philip II, Alexander the Great p ...

, king of the

Triballi The Triballi ( grc, Τριβαλλοί, Triballoí, lat, Triballi) were an ancient people who lived in northern Bulgaria in the region of Roman Oescus up to southeastern Serbia, possibly near the territory of the Morava Valley in the late Iron ...

4th century BC *

Bergaios Bergaios or Bergaeus ( el, Βεργαῖος), 400 – 350 BC, was a Thracian king in the Pangaian region. He is known mainly from the several types of coins that he struck, which resemble those of Thasos. Bergaios could mean literally, 'a man fro ...

, petty king of Pangaeum *

Dromichaetes Dromichaetes ( grc, Δρομιχαίτης, Dromichaites) was king of the Getae on both sides of the lower Danube (present day Romania and Bulgaria) around 300 BC. Background The Getae had been federated in the Odrysian kingdom in the 5th c ...

, of the

300 BC * Langarus, of the Agrianes * Pleuratus, a

Illyria In classical antiquity, Illyria (; grc, Ἰλλυρία, ''Illyría'' or , ''Illyrís''; la, Illyria, ''Illyricum'') was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyr ...

n king that attacked Tylis 213–208 BC * Diegylis, chieftain of the Caeni extremely bloodthirsty 145 BC * Ziselmius, Diegylis' son * Mostis, of the Caeni, king ~130–90 BC * Abrupolis of the Sapaeans, 2nd century BC * Rabocentus of the

Bessi The Bessi (; grc, Βῆσσοι, or , ) were a Thracian tribe that inhabited the upper valley of the Hebros and the lands between the Haemus and Rhodope mountain ranges in historical Thrace. Geography The exact geographic location of the Be ...

mentioned by

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...

* Cosingas, chieftain and priest of Hera to the tribes of Cebrenii and Sucaeboae * Getas, king of the Edones

Getic and Dacian

* Charnabon, king of the Getae as mentioned by Sophocles in Triptolemus - 5th century BC *

Cothelas Cothelas ( grc, Κοθήλας), also known as Gudila ( fl. 4th century B.C.), was a king of the Getae who ruled an area near the Black Sea, between northern Thrace and the Danube. His polity also included the important port of Odessos. Around ...

, father of

Meda of Odessa Meda of Odessos ( grc, Μήδα, Mḗda), died 336 BC, was a Thracian princess, daughter of the king Cothelas a Getae, and wife of king Philip II of Macedon. Philip married her after Olympias. According to N. G. L. Hammond, when Philip died, M ...

– 4th century BC * Rex Histrianorum, ruler in Histria, mentioned by Trogus Pompeius and Justinus - 339 BC * Dual – 3rd century BC * Moskon – 3rd century BC *

– 3rd century BC *

Zalmodegicus Zalmodegikos was a Getae, Getan king who ruled around 200 BC.Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, , page 17 "..Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalm ...

– around 200 BC *

Rhemaxos Rhemaxos was an ancient king who ruled to the north of Danube around 200 BC and who was the protector of the Greek colonies in Dobruja, receiving a tribute from them in exchange of protection against outside attacks. It appears that the links with ...

– around 200 BC *

Rubobostes Rubobostes was a Dacian king in Transylvania, during the 2nd century BC. He was mentioned in Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus's ''Prolegomena''. Trogus wrote that during his rule, the Dacians' power increased, as they defeated the Celts The Celts ...

– around 200 BC *

Zoltes Zoltes was a chief of the southern Thracians, living in the Haemus mountains area. Leading small groups, he often made incursions into the Pontic cities and within their territories. He attacked the city of Histria, calling off the siege only af ...

- 200 BC *

Oroles Oroles was a Dacian king during the first half of the 2nd century BC. He successfully opposed the Bastarnae, blocking their invasion into Transylvania. The Roman historian Trogus Pompeius wrote about king Oroles punishing his soldiers into sleepi ...

– 2nd century BC * Dicomes – 1st century BC * Rholes – 1st century BC * Dapyx – 1st century BC * Zyraxes – 1st century BC *

Burebista Burebista ( grc, Βυρεβίστας, Βοιρεβίστας) was the king of the Getae and Dacian tribes from 82/61BC to 45/44BC. He was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom, which comprised the area loca ...

– 82–44 BC *

Deceneus Deceneus or Decaeneus ( Greek: Δεκαίνεος, ''Dekaineos'') was a priest of Dacia during the reign of Burebista (82/61–45/44 BC). He is mentioned in the near-contemporary Greek '' Geographica'' of Strabo and in the 6th-century Latin ''Getic ...

– 44 BC - around 27 BC High Priest * Thiamarkos - 1st century BC - 1st century AD, Dacian king (inscription "Basileys Thiamarkos epoiei") * Cotiso – c. 40 BC - c.9 BC *

Comosicus Comosicus was a Dacian king and high priest who lived in the 1st century BC. The only reference to Comosicus is a passage in the writings of the Roman historian Jordanes. Sources Jordanes refers to Burebista as king of Dacia, but then goes on to ...

Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 72, "At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo/Corilus/Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian kings" – 9 BC–30 AD *

Scorilo Scorilo (died 70) was a Dacian king who may have been the father of Decebalus. Evidence for his life and reign is fragmentary. Sources The Roman historian Jordanes lists a series of Dacian kings before Decebalus, placing a ruler called "Coryll ...

– c.30–70 AD *

Coson The Kosons are the only gold coins that have been minted by the Dacians, named after the Greek alphabet inscription "ΚΟΣΩΝ" on them.Bogdan Constantinescu et al,Archaeometallurgical Characterization Of Ancient Gold Artifacts From Romanian Museu ...

Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Kings Coson (who minted his own coins) and Duras" * Duras – c. 69–87 *

Decebalus Decebalus (), sometimes referred to as Diurpaneus, was the last Dacian king. He is famous for fighting three wars, with varying success, against the Roman Empire under two emperors. After raiding south across the Danube, he defeated a Roman invas ...

– 87–106 **106 AD, Dacia becomes a province of the

conquered by

Trajan Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...

. * Pieporus, king of Dacian

Costoboci The Costoboci (; lat, Costoboci, Costobocae, Castabocae, Coisstoboci, grc, Κοστωβῶκοι, Κοστουβῶκοι or Κοιστοβῶκοι) were a Dacian tribe located, during the Roman imperial era, between the Carpathian Mountains a ...

– 2nd century AD (inscription) * Tarbus – 2nd century AD.

Dio Cassius Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history on ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

mentioned him without specifying his origin. Some authors consider a possible Dacian ethnicity

Paeonian

* See: List of Paeonian kings

Celtic rulers in Thrace

* Cerethrius * Critasirus, a

* Bathanatos of the

Scordisci The Scordisci ( el, Σκορδίσκοι) were a Celtic Iron Age cultural group centered in the territory of present-day Serbia, at the confluence of the Savus (Sava), Dravus (Drava), Margus (Morava) and Danube rivers. They were historically ...

Celtic rulers of Tylis in Thrace

* Comontorius Celtic military commander, first king of Tylis (c. 277 BC-?) * Orsoaltius (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain) * Cersibaulus (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain) * Cavarus, last king of Tylis; overthrown by the Thracians (?-212 BC)

Macedonian

Philip II of Macedon Philip II of Macedon ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 382 – 21 October 336 BC) was the king ('' basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the ...

, annexed Thrace, 341–336 BC *

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...

retains Thrace and suppresses rebellion, 335–323 BC *

Lysimachus Lysimachus (; Greek: Λυσίμαχος, ''Lysimachos''; c. 360 BC – 281 BC) was a Thessalian officer and successor of Alexander the Great, who in 306 BC, became King of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon. Early life and career Lysimachus wa ...

, one of the

Diadochi The Diadochi (; singular: Diadochus; from grc-gre, Διάδοχοι, Diádochoi, Successors, ) were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC. The War ...

, includes Thrace in his kingdom, 323–281 BC *

Philip V of Macedon Philip V ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 238–179 BC) was king ( Basileus) of Macedonia from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic. He would lead Macedon a ...

controls all cities of Thrace up to the

hellespont The Dardanelles (; tr, Çanakkale Boğazı, lit=Strait of Çanakkale, el, Δαρδανέλλια, translit=Dardanéllia), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli from the Gallipoli peninsula or from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (; ...

, 238–179 BC *

Perseus of Macedon Perseus ( grc-gre, Περσεύς; 212 – 166 BC) was the last king (''Basileus'') of the Antigonid dynasty, who ruled the successor state in Macedon created upon the death of Alexander the Great. He was the last Antigonid to rule Macedon, aft ...

continues controlling the part of Thrace his father left him, 212–166 BC

Odrysian Kingdom

The list below includes the known

Odrysian The Odrysian Kingdom (; Ancient Greek: ) was a state grouping many Thracian tribes united by the Odrysae, which arose in the early 5th century BC and existed at least until the late 1st century BC. It consisted mainly of present-day Bulgaria an ...

kings of Thrace, but much of it is conjectural, based on incomplete sources, and the varying interpretation of ongoing numismatic and archaeological discoveries. Various other Thracian kings (some of them non-Odrysian) are included as well. Odrysian kings though called Kings of Thrace never exercised sovereignty over all of Thrace. Control varied according to tribal relationships. Odrysian kings (names are presented in Latin forms): * Teres I, son of ? Odryses, (480/450/430 BC) * Sparatocus, son of Teres I (c. 465?-by 431 BC) *

Sitalces Sitalces (Sitalkes) (; Ancient Greek: Σιτάλκης, reigned 431–424 BC) was one of the great kings of the Thracian Odrysian state. The Suda called him Sitalcus (Σίταλκος). He was the son of Teres I, and on the sudden death ...

, son of Teres I (by 431-424 BC) *

Seuthes I Seuthes I (; grc, Σεύθης, ''Seuthēs'') was king of the Odrysians in Thrace from 424 BC until at least 411 BC. Seuthes was the son of Sparatocos (Sparadocus), and the grandson of Teres I. While his father Sparadocus is the first Odrysian mo ...

, son of Sparatocus (424-396 BC) * Maesades, father of

Seuthes II Seuthes II ( grc, Σεύθης, ''Seuthēs'') was a ruler in the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace, attested from 405 to 387 BC. While he looms large in the historical narrative thanks to his close collaboration with Xenophon, most scholars consider Seuthe ...

, local ruler in eastern Thrace? * Teres II, local ruler in eastern Thrace * Saratocus (= Sadocus, son of

?), local ruler in western Thrace? * Metocus ( = Amadocus I?), son of ?

Amadocus I Amadocus I ( grc, Ἀμάδοκος, Amadokos, also Amatokos, perhaps more accurately Μήτοκος/Μήδοκος, Mētokos/Mēdokos, of which the Latin form would be Medocus) was a Thracian king of the Odrysae in the late 5th to early 4th centur ...

, son of ? Metocus (unless identical to him) or of

(by 405-after 390 BC) *

, son of Maesades, descendant of Teres I, local ruler in eastern Thrace (by 405?-after 387 BC) *

Hebryzelmis Hebryzelmis ( Ancient Greek: Εὐρύζελμις, Ἑβρύζελμις, Ἑβροζέλμης, Εὐρύτελμις) was an Odrysian king of Thrace, attested as ruling in 386/385 BC. The origins of Hebryzelmis are unclear, although it has been ...

, son or brother of ?

(c. 386 BC) * Cotys I, son of ?

(by 384–360 or 359 BC) *

Cersobleptes Cersobleptes ( el, Kερσoβλέπτης, Kersobleptēs, also found in the form Cersebleptes, Kersebleptēs), was son of Cotys I, king of the Odrysians in Thrace, on whose death in September 360 BC he inherited the throne. From the beginning of ...

, son of Cotys I, ''king in eastern Thrace'' (360 or 359-341 BC) *

Berisades Berisades (Greek: Bηρισάδης) was a ruler in Thrace, who inherited, in conjunction with Amadocus II and Cersobleptes, the dominions of the Thracian king Cotys on the death of the latter in 360 BC. Berisades was probably a son of Cotys and a ...

, rival of

, ''king in western Thrace in Strimos'' (359-352 BC) *

Amadocus II Amadocus ( el, Ἀμάδoκoς, Amadokos, also Amatokos) was an Odrysian ruler in Thrace, who ruled from 360 to c. 351 BC. Amadocus II was the son of Amadocus I (Medocus), according to a fragment of Theopompus, which specifies that there were two ...

, son of

and rival of

, ''king in central Thrace in Chersonese and

Maroneia Maroneia ( el, Μαρώνεια) is a village and a former municipality in Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a muni ...

'' (359-351 BC) *

Cetriporis Cetriporis ( el, Κετρίπορις, also known as Ketriporis, an anthroponym from the Thracian language) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom in western Thrace from c. 356 BC, in succession to his father Berisades, with whom he may already have bee ...

, son of

, ''king in western Thrace in Strimos'' (358-347 BC) *

Teres III Teres III ( grc, Τήρης) was a king of the Odrysians in Thrace in 149 BC, the son of Cotys IV. References See also * List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia ( grc, Θρᾴκη, Δακία) including poss ...

, son of ?

, ''king in central Thrace in Chersonese and

'' (351-342 BC) ** The kings of Thrace are forced to submit to Macedonian rule or overlordship by 341 BC * Seuthes III, son of ?

or Cotys I, opposed Macedonian rule (by 324–after 312 BC) ** The succession to Seuthes III is unclear; the area was partitioned among Thracian dynasts and Macedonian kings, after 277 also by the Celts of Tylis

Odrysian rulers in eastern Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

* Cotys II, son of Seuthes ( III?) (attested 330 BC, while still prince, if son of Seuthes III?) * Rhaezdus ( Rhoegus?), son of ? Cotys II * Cotys III, son of Rhaezdus (c. 270 BC) * Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys III (?-by 212 BC?)

Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

* Teres IV, son of Seuthes (III?) (c. 295 BC?) *

Seuthes IV Seuthes IV ( Ancient Greek: Σεύθης, Seuthēs) was a possible king of the Odrysians in Thrace during the 3rd century BC. Seuthes IV is an obscure figure, and the little that is known depends on inference from very limited information that may a ...

, son of Teres (IV?) * Teres V, son of ? Seuthes IV (c. 255 BC) * Rhoegus, son of Seuthes (IV?) (mid-Third Century, buried in the Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak) *

Seuthes V Seuthes V ( Ancient Greek: Σεύθης, Seuthēs) was a king of the Odrysians in Thrace in the late 3rd or early 2nd century BC. He is only known as the father of Cotys IV, who is attested between 171 and 166 BC as an ally first of Antigonid Maced ...

, son of ? Rhoegus * Amadocus III, son of ? Seuthes V (c. 184 BC) *

Cotys IV Cotys IV ( Ancient Greek: Κότυς, Kotys) was a king of the Odrysians in Thrace from before 171 until after 166 BC. He was the son of Seuthes V and succeeded either his father or another king, Amadocus III, who was captured by the Macedonians i ...

, son of Seuthes V (by 171-after 166) * Teres VI, son of ? Amadocus III (c. 148 BC) * Beithys (Bithys), son of Cotys IV (c.146 BC?) ** The line may have continued as the Odryso-Astaean dynasty listed below

Various Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC

* Spartocus, ruler of Cabyle? (c. 295 BC) * Scostocus, ruler in southern Thrace near Aenus and Sestus (c. 280-after 273 BC) * Sadalas, ruler near Messembria (c. 275 BC), descendant of Cotys, Medistas, Taruntinus, and Mopsyestis (order and relationships unknown) * Odoroes (c. 280-273 BC) (?) * Adaeus, Thracian or Macedonian ruler near Cypsela (c. 260-c. 240 BC)

Various non-Odrysian rulers in Thrace

* Abrupolis of the

Sapaeans Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi ( Ancient Greek, "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until i ...

, fought with Antigonid Macedonia (by 197-172 BC) * Autlesbis of the ? Caeni, fought with

as Roman ally (c. 168 BC) * Diegylis of the Caeni (by 150-after 144 BC) * Zibelmius of the Caeni, son of Diegylis, murdered (c. 141 BC) * Sothimus of the ?

Maedi The Maedi (also ''Maidans'', ''Maedans'', or ''Medi''; grc, Μαῖδοι or Μαιδοί) were a Thracian tribe in antiquity. In historic times, they occupied the area between Paionia and Thrace, on the southwestern fringes of Thrace, along t ...

, ally of Mithradates VI, invaded Roman Macedonia (c. 89 BC)

Illyrian rulers

* Pleuratus I ruler near Skodra (before c. 250 BC) * Agron, son of Pleuratus II (c. 250-230 BC) *

Pinnes Pinnes ( grc-gre, Πίννης; also Pinnius; c. 230 – 217 BC) was the son of Agron, king of the Ardiaei in Illyria, and Agron's first wife Triteuta. He officially succeeded his father as king in 230 BC, but the Ardiaean kingdom was ruled b ...

, son of Agron (230-212 BC); under regency of stepmother

Teuta Teuta ( Illyrian: *''Teutana'', 'mistress of the people, queen'; grc, Τεύτα; lat, Teuta) was the queen regent of the Ardiaei tribe in Illyria, who reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228/227 BC. Following the death of her spouse Agr ...

230-228 BC and of stepfather

Demetrius of Pharos Demetrius of Pharos (also Pharus) ( grc, Δημήτριος ἐκ Φάρου and Δημήτριος ὁ Φάριος) was a ruler of Pharos involved in the First Illyrian War, after which he ruled a portion of the Illyrian Adriatic coast on behalf ...

228-219 BC *

Scerdilaidas Scerdilaidas or Skerdilaid ( grc, Σκερδιλαΐδας; ruled 218206 BC) was an Illyrian ruler of the Illyrian kingdom under the Labeatan dynasty. Before taking the throne, Scerdilaidas was commander of the Illyrian armies and played a majo ...

, son of Pleuratus I (212-206 BC) *

Pleuratus II Pleuratus II ( Ancient Greek: Πλευρᾶτος; ruled c. 260 – 250 BC) was an Illyrian king of the Ardiaean Kingdom. Biography Pleuratus was the founder of the Ardiaean Kingdom and the Ardiaean dynasty which controlled much of the Adria ...

, son of Scerdilaidas (associated 212, 206-180 BC) *

Gentius Gentius ( grc, Γένθιος, "Génthios"; 181168 BC) was an Illyrian king who belonged to the Labeatan dynasty. He ruled in 181–168 BC, being the last attested Illyrian king. He was the son of Pleuratus III, a king who kept positive relati ...

(Genthius), son of Pleuratus II (180-168 BC) ** 168 BC Illyria annexed by the Roman Republic

Odryso- Astaean Kingdom

A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning from Bizye (now Vize) in eastern Thrace. * Cotys V, son of ? Beithys (?-by 87 BC) * Sadalas I, son of Cotys V (by 87–after 79 BC) ** Amadocus, Odrysian royal sent to the aid of Sulla at

Chaeronea Chaeronea (English: or ; el, Χαιρώνεια , ) is a village and a former municipality in Boeotia, Greece, located about 35 kilometers east of Delphi. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Livadeia, of which ...

in 86 BC * Cotys VI, son of Sadalas I (by 57–48 BC) * Sadalas II, son of Cotys VI (48–42 BC) *

Sadalas III Sadalas III (Ancient Greek: Σαδάλας) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from 42 BC to 31 BC. He was possibly the son of Sadalas II. See also *List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia ( grc, ...

, kinsman of Sadalas II (42-31 BC) * Cotys VII, son of Sadalas II by Polemocratia (31–18 BC) *

Rhescuporis II (Astaean) Rhescuporis I was king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from ca. 18 BC to ca. 13 BC, in succession to his father Cotys VII. In 48 BC, before he became king, he led a body of auxiliaries his father sent to the aid of Pompey for use in the Roman ...

, son of Cotys VII by daughter of the Sapaean king Cotys II, killed by the

(18–11 BC) ** 11 BC Astaean Thrace conferred on Rhescuporis II's maternal uncle, the Sapaean king Rhoemetalces I, by the Roman emperor Augustus, thereby uniting Thrace

Sapaean Kingdom and unified Thrace

Originally a local power in the Rhodope area of southern Thrace, the Sapaean kings increased in power and influence and, with Roman blessing, found themselves masters of a unified kingdom of Thrace from 11 BC until the Roman annexation in AD 46. * Cotys I, son of ? Rhoemetalces, 57?–by 48 BC * Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys I, by 48 BC–41 BC ** Rhascus, son of Cotys I, associate ruler? c. 42 BC * Cotys II, son of Rhescuporis I, 42 BC–31 BC **Thrace becomes a unitary

client state A client state, in international relations, is a state that is economically, politically, and/or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (called the "controlling state"). A client state may variously be described as satellite sta ...

of Rome in 11 BC *

Rhoemetalces I Rhoemetalces I (Sapaean) ( grc, Ῥοιμητάλκης) was king of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace from 15 BC to 12 AD. He was king of Odrysian kingdom of Thrace in succession to his nephew Rhescuporis II (Astaean). Rhoemetalces I was a loya ...

, son of Cotys II, 31 BC–AD 12 (monarch of all Thrace from 11 BC) *

Rhescuporis II Rhescuporis II was king of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace from 12 to 19 AD. He ruled half of the kingdom in succession to his brother Rhoemetalces I, and briefly ruler of the entire realm thereafter, usurping the other half from nephew Cotys VIII ...

, son of Cotys II, in western Thrace, deposed by the Roman emperor Tiberius I, 12–19 * Cotys III, son of Rhoemetalces I, in eastern Thrace, killed by his uncle Rhescuporis II, 12–19; married

Antonia Tryphaena Antonia Tryphaena also known as Tryphaena of Thrace or Tryphaena (her name in Greek: ἡ Ἀντωνία Τρύφαινα or Τρυφαίνη, 10 BC – 55 AD) was a Pontian Princess and a Roman Client Queen of Thrace. She co-ruled with her son ...

Rhoemetalces II Rhoemetalces II was a Client Ruler in association with his mother Antonia Tryphaena of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace under the Romans. He ruled from 19 until 38 AD.Antonia Tryphaena Antonia Tryphaena also known as Tryphaena of Thrace or Tryphaena (her name in Greek: ἡ Ἀντωνία Τρύφαινα or Τρυφαίνη, 10 BC – 55 AD) was a Pontian Princess and a Roman Client Queen of Thrace. She co-ruled with her son ...

– she co-ruled with her son

Rhoemetalces III Rhoemetalces III ( grc-gre, Ῥoιμητάλκης) was a King of the Sapaean Thracians. He was the son of the Monarch Rhescuporis II. In association with his wife Pythodoris II (daughter of his cousin Cotys III), they were client rulers of the S ...

, son of Rhescuporis II, 38-46; married his cousin's daughter Pythodoris II (daughter of Cotys III and Antonia Tryphaena), murdered by wife ** 46 annexation by the

, by the Roman emperor Claudius I

Scythian

* Spargapeithes,Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, , 2006, page 26: "... Ariapeithes, the Scythian king, had several sons, among them, ... by Spargapeithes, king of the Agathyrsi; whereupon Scylas succeeded to the throne, and married one of ..." king of the Agathyrsi

Notes

References

*''The Histories'', translated by G. C. Macaulay, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 2004. * Z. Archibald, ''The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace'', Oxford, 1998. * P. Delev, "Cotys son of Rhascuporis," in: M. Slavova, N. Šarankov (eds.), ''Studia Classica Serdicensia V. Monuments and Texts in Antiquity and beyond. Essays for the Centenary of Georgi Mihailov (1915-1991)'', Sofia, 2016a: 119-129. * P. Delev, "Za genealogijata na Sapejskata dinastija" in: P. Delev (ed.), ''Symposion. Studies in memory of prof. Dimitar Popov'', Sofia, 2016b: 148-173. * H. Dessau, "Reges Thraciae qui fuerint imperante Augusto," ''Ephemeris Epigraphica'' 9 (1913) 696-706. * J. Jurukova, ''Monetite na trakijskite plemena i vladeteli'', vol. 1., Sofia, 1992. * M. Manov, "Dekret na Apolonija s novo datirane," ''Numizmatika, Sfragistika i Epigrafika'' 11 (2015) 167-173. * R. D. Sullivan, ''Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC'', Toronto, 1990. * M. Tačeva, ''Istorija na bălgarskite zemi v drevnostta prez elinističeskata i rimskata epoha,'' Sofia, 1997. * S. Topalov, ''The Odrysian Kingdom from the Late 5th to the Mid-4th C. B.C.'', Sofia, 1994. * S. Topalov, ''Contributions to the Study of the Coinage and History in the Lands of Eastern Thrace from the End of the 4th C. B.C. to the end of the 3rd C. B.C.'', Sofia, 2001. * R. Werner, in: W.-D. von Barloewen (ed.), ''Abriss der Geschichte antiker Randkulturen'', Munich, 1961: 83-150, 239-242. {{DEFAULTSORT:Thracian Kings * Paeonia (kingdom) Ancient Thrace * Thrace and Dacia Ancient Macedonian monarchs bg:Тракийски владетели fr:Liste des rois de Thrace he:מלכי דאקיה