Theodore Roosevelt High School (New York City)

Theodore Roosevelt High School, originally Roosevelt High School, the third public high school to open in the Bronx, New York, operated from 1918 until its permanent closure in 2006. Shutting down incrementally since 2002, this large high school, initially enrolling about 4 000 students, yearly dwindled, newly sharing its 1928 building with new, small public high schools—all pooling students for major, extracurricular activities like athletics and JROTC—a reorganization renaming the ''building'' Theodore Roosevelt Educational Campus, still open after the historic, namesake high school ceased in 2006.Clara Hemphill
"Theodore Roosevelt Educational Campus"
'' Insideschools'', Mar 2012:

* Belmont Preparatory High School
* Bronx High School for Law and Community Service
* Fordham High School for the Arts
* Fordham Leadership Academy for Business and Technology
* KAPPA International High School
* West Bronx Academy for the Future At its November 1918 opening, Roosevelt High School operated in the building of school PS 31.Norval White & Elliot Willensky w/ Fran Leadon, ''AIA Guide to New York City'', 5th edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), entry "W1"
p 846

At the January 1919 death of the Roosevelt family's preeminent member, a recent US president and venerated statesman, Roosevelt High School was renamed."The Roosevelt High School: Only a little over a year old and overcrowded", ''School'' (New York, NY), 1920 Jan 22;31(21):197,202
p 197
And as the Bronx led New York City's population growth, its enrollment snowballed. Still focusing on accounting and secretarial skills,Elsie B Goldsmith, "Schedule of schools: 1: Commercial education", pp 2–21, ''Directory of Opportunities for Vocational Training in New York City'' (New York: Vocational Service for Juniors, 1922)
p 16
Roosevelt gained more classrooms in other schools' buildings. Yet in 1928, the high school entered its own, newly built at 500 East Fordham Road, making it one of America's high schools largest and best equipped.Lisa Rogak, ''A Boy Named Shel: The Life and Times of Shel Silverstein'' (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2007)
p 9
"When World War II broke out in 1939, the curriculum at public schools across the country was retooled toward the war. Teaching basic military skills was the rule when Shel entered Theodore Roosevelt High School in September 1944. The high school was one of the largest in the nation, covering two city blocks, and was one of the best equipped as well. Its capacity was just over four thousand students and contained ninety classrooms and a variety of sewing rooms, music rooms, auto shops, three woodworking shops, science laboratories, gymnasiums, swimming pools, auditoriums, and a cafeteria that could seat one thousand". At the northern edge of the Belmont section, soon a Little Italy, and the southern edge of Fordham University's campus, Roosevelt's building became a community venue for organizations' meetingsClarence Taylor, ''Reds at the Blackboard: Communism, Civil Rights, and the New York City Teachers Union'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011)
p 158
and politicians' speeches.Susan Dunn, ''1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler—the Election Amid the Storm'' (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2013), p
1

202–203

The school colors were red and white. The sports teams were the ''Rough Riders'', nickname of the cavalry unit led by Colonel Roosevelt before his US presidency. The high school's 1930s and 1940s students participated extracurricularly at about 55% or New York City's lowest rate, about 80% citywide.Paula S Fass, ''Children of a New World: Society, Culture, and Globalization'' (New York & London: New York University Press, 2006)
p 76
Still, Roosevelt was esteemed in its own niche,Lloyd Ultan & Barbara Unger, ''Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough'' (Piscataway NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000)
pp 107–108
including quote from p 108: "Child, when I showed up that day—at Theodore Roosevelt High School, a white high school—they just about died when they saw me. A colored woman! But my name was on the list to teach there, and it was too late for them to send me someplace else. The plan had worked! Once I was in, they couldn't figure out how to get rid of me. So I became the first colored teacher in the New York City system to teach domestic science on the high school level. I spent the rest of my career teaching at excellent high schools! Between 1930 and 1960, when I retired, I thought at Theodore Roosevelt High School, which is on Fordham Road in the Bronx, then at Girls' High School in Brooklyn, and finally at Evander Childs High School, which is on Gun Hill Road in the Bronx". educating for the basic workforce, the school's image enduring into the 1950s.Harold Thau w/ Arthur Tobier, ''Bronx to Broadway: A Life in Show Business'' (New York: Applause Theater & Cinema Books, 2002)
pp 32–33
"It wasn't until my father's business went into financial hemorrhage and all the help had to be let go that I got a close look at the downside of free enterprise. ... Every night for a year, with the meager receipts of the evening in a brown paper bag, I closed the door on a failing business and rode a cab up to the Bronx, asking myself: What could I do to help? How could I make a difference? I really didn't have the answers. No one seemed to have them. ... For a long time, a shroud of gloom lay over my soul. Theodore Roosevelt High School didn't help me much in this regard. It wasn't a progressive academic institution; it never was. The governing idea there was, 'Get these boys and girls out into the world and into jobs that'll permit them to survive'. But I always knew I could survive: it was more than a job that I wanted. Besides, there was never a question in my mind that I wouldn't be going to college. I always felt, whatever else was going on, my parents would find a way for me to go. That was simply my frame of reference. Few of my friends thought otherwise. In the East Bronx, Jews as a group had an almost religious fervor about educating their children". (A search of the book, on Google Books, using the term ''born'' leaves elusive Thau's birth year. Yet page 28 shows a photograph and caption, viewable via Amazon.com's ''Look Inside'' feature, that put his bar mitzvah in 1947. This suggests the age 14, presumably starting high school, in 1948.) Meanwhile, a local gang, the Fordham Baldies, menacing blacks and Hispanics in Roosevelt's vicinity, kept enrollment overwhelmingly white.Eric C Schneider, ''Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Youth Gangs in Postwar New York'' (Princeton & Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press, 1999)
p 184
In the 1960s, among students citywide, truancy increased and socializing gained priority, whereby other high schools often issued diplomas once their requirements were met via Roosevelt's evening and summer classes.Jimmie Walker w/ Sal Manna, ''Dyn-O-Mite!: Good Times, Bad Times, Our Times—A Memoir'' (Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2012)
p 22
Allen Jones w/ Mark Naison, ch 17 "Shifting loyalties", pp 83–87, ''The Rat that Got Away: A Bronx Memoir'' (New York: Fordham University Press, 2009)
pp 83–85
discuss local youth subculture around 1967, whil
pp 86–87
illustrate it in events involving T Roosevelt HS.

Across the 1960s, amid economic stagflation, drug selling popularized,Eloise Dunlap & Bruce D Johnson, "The setting for the crack era: Macro forces, micro consequences (1960–1992)", pp 45–59, in Marilyn D McShane & Franklin P Williams III , eds, ''Drug Use and Drug Policy'' (New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1997)
pp 53–54
common at Roosevelt by 1970. As drug culture had eased racial hostilities, Roosevelt's black and Hispanic enrollment grew. Although heroin lowered gang violence, New York City teetered on bankruptcy in 1975, and the 1977 blackout incited massive looting, triggering a domino effect of rapid urban decay, including soaring crime rates and white flight.Christina Sterbenz
"New York City used to be a terrifying place"
''Business Insider'', 12 Jul 2013.Rodney P Carlisle, ''Handbook to Life in America'', Volume IX: ''Contemporary America, 1970 to the Present'' (New York: Facts On File, 2009)
pp 68–70
By 1980, the South Bronx, largely rubble,David Gonzalez
"Faces in the rubble"
''New York Times'', 21 Aug 2009. was notorious for having the city's worst public high schools.John N Gardner & Betsy O Barefoot, ch 10 "Lehman College of the City University of New York", pp 219–42, in Betsy O Barefoot ''et al'', eds, ''Achieving and Sustaining Institutional Excellence for the First Year of College'' (San Francisco: Jossey–Bass, 2005)
p 219
Then the crack epidemic struck.Eloise Dunlap & Bruce D Johnson, "The setting for the crack era: Macro forces, micro consequences (1960–1992)", pp 45–59, in Marilyn D McShane & Franklin P Williams III , eds, ''Drug Use and Drug Policy'' (New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1997)
pp 49–50
Many adolescents from the city's most violent neighborhoods,"46th Precinct"
''Official New York City Police Department Web Site'', visited 10 Mar 2014: the 46th Precinct polices the Bronx sections Mount Hope, Morris Heights, University Heights, and Fordham Heights. For a closer discussion, see Graham Rayman, ''The NYPD Tapes: A Shocking Story of Cops, Cover-ups, and Courage'' (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
pp 62–64
For a contemporary source, see John T McQuiston

''New York Times'', 29 Sept 1987, reporting, in part, "Four residents were slain in separate incidents in one South Bronx precinct during a 15-hour period that ended early yesterday afternoon, the police said. The slayings occurred in the 46th Precinct, north of the Cross Bronx Expressway in Morris Heights, where it is not unheard of to have four homicides in a day, according to Sgt. Benjamin Dowling, a precinct spokesman. There was an average of 4.3 murders a day last year in all of New York City, which is divided into 75 precincts. 'We're very heavy into homicides in this precinct,' said Sergeant Dowling". policed by especially corrupt officers,Leonard Levitt, ''NYPD Confidential: Power and Corruption in the Country's Greatest Police Force'' (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2009)
pp 155–56
In contemporary journalism, Craig Wolff

''New York City'', 10 Oct 1993, reported, in part, "The 46th Precinct is in the Fordham section of the Bronx. It is a crime-ridden precinct where, the Mollen Commission was told, some of the department's worst officers were commonly 'dumped.' And it is where 'the Mechanic' worked, a convicted officer who earned the nickname for the tune-ups,' or beatings, he performed on drug suspects and innocent bystanders alike. The Police Department says there is no policy of using any precinct, including the 46th, as a place of exile for troublesome officers". Yet under two years later, Clifford Krauss
"Police officer convicted of extorting payoffs"
''New York Times'', 21 Apr 1995, reported that perhaps some 30 officers in the 46th Precinct were involved in various criminal activity in the community. And soon, Clifford Krauss

''New York Times'', 4 May 1995, § B, p 1, reported endemic criminality in the 48th Precinct, policing the Belmont section. were zoned to Roosevelt, which, having the city's highest dropout rate in 1984,Jane Perlez

''New York Times'', 28 Nov 1986. symbolized the educational disaster.Mark Coultan

''Sydney Morning Herald'', 15 Nov 2006: "And they don't just name aircraft carriers after their presidents. There's the Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School, and the Eleanor Roosevelt High School. However, the Theodore Roosevelt High School closed this year. But there's a story to that. Theodore Roosevelt High, in the south Bronx, opened in 1919 and as the area descended into drug-fuelled despair, so did the school. An energetic principal, Thelma Baxter, revived the school in the 1990s but after she was promoted the school went downhill again. Schools are reflective of society, and America loves winners. Losers? Nobody wants to know. In Australia, struggling schools get extra help; in America, it's the best schools that get the money. The worst are told to improve, or close. The principals and teachers find new jobs, and the children are found new schools. Often three new schools occupy the same building".

In 1986, with a new principal, efforts began to raise Roosevelt's attendance. But improvement was negligible until 1992, when the next new principal, Thelma Baxter, led an astonishing turnaround.Editor
"Cloning Thelma Baxter"
''New York Times'', 27 Jan 1996. Upon Baxter's 1999 promotion to superintendent of schools in Manhattan's Harlem section, Roosevelt's progress reversed. In 2001, the city's Department of Education, ordered by the state's, commanded Roosevelt to shut down.Catherine Shu
"A South Bronx high school's long goodbye: Phasing out an 80-year-old institution"
''Columbia Journalism News: Youth Matters'', Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, 2005. In 2002, it received its final freshman class. In 2006, about 3% graduated.Kenneth Lovett
"Grad Tidings"
''New York Post'', 26 Apr 2007. The Theodore Roosevelt High School then closed.

From the 1920s to the 1960s, a number of eventual public figures—journalist Thelma Berlack Boozer, actress June Allyson, actor John Garfield, baseball player Rocky Colavito, all the singers of Dion and the Belmonts, Kiss's lead guitarist Ace Frehley, actor and screenwriter Chazz Palminteri, and comedian and actor Jimmie Walker—had attended the Theodore Roosevelt High School."Theodore Roosevelt High School, Bronx, NY"
''NNDB'', Soylent Communications, 2013, Website accessed 3 Jul 2014.

Origination: 1910s–20s

The setting

In the early 20th century, American educators sought to both expand and tailor schooling and to extend school enrollment into adolescence, newly seen as a prime opportunity to properly socialize youth, especially to assimilate the rapidly growing immigrant populations of cities.Paula S Fass, "Creating new identifies: Youth and ethnicity in New York City high schools in the 1930s and 1940s", pp 95–117, in Joe Austin & Michael N Willard, eds, ''Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America'' (New York & London: New York University Press, 1998)
p 95
Helping to define, or even to create, this concept of adolescence as the transition from childhood to adulthood, high schools became venues where youth vied for control over identity, behavior, and allegiance, while the 19th century's esteem for Protestant respectability faded to the 20th century's emergent quests for intricate cosmopolitanism. In a multiethnic city like New York, educators intentionally employed the high school as a fundamental agent of socialization. Entering 1918, the Bronx had two high schools: the Morris and the Evander Childs.New York Superintendent of Schools, ''Twenty-third & Twenty-fourth Annual Reports of the Superintendent of Schools, 1920–1922: High Schools'' (New York: Board of Education, 1923)
p 22
"It appears that The Bronx should have another high school to carry a general and a commercial course like the Evander Childs High School, to relieve both the Morris and Evander Childs High Schools. The Theodore Roosevelt High School has a register of 1,461 boys and girls in the commercial course. The building in P.S. 31 carries a double session. The school has an annex in P.S. 47".

The opening

The Roosevelt High School was organized on November 14, 1918, from the commercial classes comprising a Morris High School annex conducted in PS 31, located at 144th Street and Mott Avenue, thereupon Roosevelt's location. Initially led by teacher Edward M Williams, Roosevelt's 830 students got their first principal—William R Hayward—on December 9, 1918. On January 8, 1919, two days after the earlier United States President Theodore Roosevelt, a Progressive Era leader born in Manhattan, had died, New York City schools' Board of Superintendents proposed a name change, approved two days later by the New York City Board of Education. The next day, principal Hayward announced the Theodore Roosevelt High School, and sought its namesake's spirit to preside over it. Rapidly growing, Theodore Roosevelt High School gained its own annex—16 classrooms in PS 47—later that very month, on January 22, 1919.

The borough

From 1900 to 1920, the population of the Bronx, the city's fastest growing borough, grew over two and a half times.Bronx Board of Trade,
The Bronx: New York City's Fastest Growing Borough
' (Bronx NY: Bronx Board of Trade, 1922)
p 3
The Bronx Board of Trade concluded, "It is probably due to the fact that its housing conditions are of the best that The Bronx for years has had the lowest death rate and the highest birth rate of any of the Boroughs". Over those 20 years, spending on Bronx building construction was substantial, averaging some $24 million per year, but 1921 saw record spending, over $75 million. Yankee Stadium opened in 1923. Throughout the 1920s, upscale apartments, highly coveted, rapidly went up along the Grand Concourse, and were promptly rented mostly by affluent doctors, lawyers, and businessmen.Constance Rosenblum, ''Boulevard of Dreams: Heady Times, Heartbreak, and Hope along the Grand Concourse in the Bronx'' (New York & London: New York University Press, 2009)
pp 46–47
Up to some 80% of the Concourse's residents were Jews, the group leading the Bronx's rapid population growth, fostered by newly built subway lines, enabling rapid travel from lower Manhattan, that connected to a network of Bronx trolley lines.Bill Twomey & Thomas X Casey, ''Images of America: Northwest Bronx'' (Charleston SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2011), Fordham University buildings shown o
pp 9–13
& Bronx trolleys shown o
pp 14–17

The building

By 1922, Theodore Roosevelt High School had over 1460 commercial students, who were focusing on accounting or secretarial skills in programs ranging from one to four years. Roosevelt obtained a second annex on September 25, 1925 (in PS 70), a third annex on February 1, 1926 (in PS 73), and a fourth annex, but this one in Manhattan, on February 1, 1928 (in PS 39). Entering its ninth year, Roosevelt carried over 150 teachers and 4000 students. By 1920, however, there had already been calls to construct for Roosevelt its own building. In 1926, ground had been broken for the new building on May 18, and the building's cornerstone laid on November 17, on Fordham Road, several blocks east of its intersection with the Grand Concourse, and directly across the street from the sprawling campus, with Collegiate Gothic architecture, of Fordham University, founded in 1841. At 500 East Fordham Road, the building of Theodore Roosevelt High School opened in September, 1928.

Continuation: 1930s–60s

Depression

Starting in 1929, the Great Depression damaged many livelihoods in the Bronx.Lloyd Ultan & Barbara Unger, ''Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough'' (Piscataway NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000)
p 106
And yet the borough's Democratic Party's boss, Edward J Flynn, had close ties with Franklin D Roosevelt—previously New York state's governor and a cousin of Theodore Roosevelt—who became US president in 1933. Via Flynn's influence, US government then heavily subsidized public works in the Bronx, whose Central Post Office, Triborough Bridge, Whitestone Bridge, and Orchard Beach were built, while parks and schools were revitalized, in the 1930s.Evelyn Gonzalez, ''The Bronx'' (New York & Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2004)
pp 94–96
Reachable locally by trolleys, Orchard Beach, unlike the carnival atmosphere in Brooklyn at Coney Island, had elegant bathhouses, and was called by a community leader "The Riviera of the Bronx". And yet the Bronx retained plenty farmland even in the 1940s. Covering two city blocks square, Theodore Roosevelt High School's building was among America's largest and best equipped with science laboratories, sewing and music rooms, automotive and woodworking shops.

Populations

The journalist Thelma Berlack Boozer, a black woman, while graduating with Roosevelt's highest average until then, was the valedictorian of 1924. The Bronx was home, then, mostly to American whites, whereas Irish were the predominant minority group, while both Italians and Jews were increasing, and blacks were scarce.Paula S Fass, "Creating new identifies: Youth and ethnicity in New York City high schools in the 1930s and 1940s", pp 95–117, in Joe Austin & Michael N Willard, eds, ''Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America'' (New York & London: New York University Press, 1998)
pp 109–111
Having fled famine in the 19th century and commonly worked in America laying railroads, the Irish, the earliest immigrants, dominating the area, frequently harassed Jews, whose families, however, were usually fervent about education. Although the Belmont section, Roosevelt's home since 1928, was soon a Little Italy represented highly in Roosevelt's student body,Isabelle Stamler, ''Sarah's Ten Fingers'' (Bloomington IN: iUniverse, 2012)
p 208
students came from diverse neighborhoods, including the Bronx's affluent strip, the Grand Concourse. There, young professionals, mostly Jews, filled the luxury apartment buildings, built in the 1920s.Constance Rosenblum
"Grand, wasn't it"
''New York Times'', 20 Aug 2009.

In 1930, holding a master's degree in education from Columbia University, Sarah L Delany, stymied in securing a job in her area of expertise, at last maneuvered to be hired before the school's administration had met her.Richard Harmond & Peter Wallenstein, "Delany, Bessie and Sadie Delany"
pp 224–225
in Henry L Gates Jr & Evelyn B Higginbotham, eds, ''African American Lives'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). On her first day of work, Delany was a shocking sight and awkward presence—a black woman teaching at a "white high school"—but, already hired through bureaucratic formality, was too difficulty to release. Roosevelt thus became New York City's first high school to employ a nonwhite teacher of home economics. Decades after retiring in 1960, Delany rejoiced, "I spent the rest of my career teaching at excellent high schools!" But by the 1950s, despite large emigration of blacks and Hispanics from the American South and the Caribbean to New York City, members of a local gang, the Fordham Baldies, white, mostly Italian, were menacing these groups in the neighborhood of Roosevelt, whose enrollment remained overwhelmingly white.

Participation

Focused on adolescence as a period to integrate youth, especially from immigrant populations, into society via high school, American educators emphasized voluntary participation in extracurricular activities.Paula S Fass, "Creating new identifies", pp 95–117, in J Austin & M N Willard, eds, ''Generations of Youth'' (New York & London: NYU Press, 1998)
p 96
From 1931 to 1947, some 80% of graduates from New York City high schools had been extracurricularly active, as in sports or clubs. Participation was highest, 99%, at Bay Ridge High School, a girls' school in Brooklyn, and was lowest, 56%, at Theodore Roosevelt High School. Throughout the city, some 75% of blacks participated extracurricularly, but black boys' prominence only on track teams may reflect a strong exclusionary bias.

Many parents, especially of recent immigration, wanted their daughters away from male peers altogether, a factor commonly important to Italians, comprising nearly 33% of Bay Ridge High School's students, many of whom commuted from a wide area since parents viewed this girls' high school as "safe", like a parochial school.Paula S Fass, "Creating new identifies: Youth and ethnicity in New York City high schools in the 1930s and 1940s", pp 95–117, in Joe Austin & Michael N Willard, eds, ''Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America'' (New York & London: New York University Press, 1998), p
110–111

117
Although Brooklyn's Bay Ridge section was mainly American white, as were some 25% of the high school's students, faculty may have encouraged universal involvement and prevented spontaneous ethnic segregation, as Italian girls and the few black girls alike were extracurricularly involved far more than elsewhere, a stark contrast from black boys at Roosevelt.

World War

In 1938, while still a Theodore Roosevelt High School student, June Allyson joined the Broadway chorus line ''Sing Out the News''.Obituary
"June Allyson"
''The Telegraph (UK)'', 12 Jul 2006. With World War II's 1939 outbreak, curricula at American public schools were redirected toward the war effort. On October 8, 1940, vowing to keep America out the war, Wendell Willkie, the Republican Party's presidential candidate for that year's election, gave a speech at Theodore Roosevelt High School, and died that day in 1944. By then, Allyson had become "the apple of Hollywood's eye in the war years and everyone's notion of the girl next door". Meanwhile, preparing students less for college entrance than for practical jobs, Roosevelt "wasn't a progressive academic institution", and "never was".

On a rainy day, October 21, 1944, campaigning for reelection, President Franklin D Roosevelt rode by motorcade through the Bronx tiredly waving, while children in onlooking crowds apprehended a connection to a world outside the Bronx. For many adults, including some who taught at Roosevelt, the 1945 death of President FDR—in the White House a dozen years while leading America through the Great Depression and World War II—severed a sense of continuity with the past. In 1947, opposing communism, the Catholic War Veterans of New York accused the city's Board of Education of aiding subversives by letting the communist group American Youth for Democracy hold meetings in Roosevelt's building, which was similarly used by diverse organizations.

Transformation

In the 1950s, four friends from the Belmont section, a Little Italy in the Bronx,Jeff Vandam
"The bigger Little Italy"
''New York Times'', 5 Feb 2010. formed Dion and the Belmonts, whose members, lead singer Dion DiMucci, first tenor Angelo D'Aleo, second tenor Fred Milano, and baritone Carlo Mastrangelo, had all been Roosevelt students together.Bruce Elder
"The Belmonts"
''AllMusic'' website, accessed 9 Dec 2019.

Meanwhile, during the 1950s, Cleveland Indians baseball player Rocky Colavito, born in the Bronx in 1933, inspired Cleveland fans' maxim ''Don't knock the Rock'', seen as "everything a ballplayer should be".Joseph Wancho
"Rocky Colavito"
Society for American Baseball Research website, accessed 3 Jul 2014:
"Rocky attended Theodore Roosevelt High School, but dropped out after his sophomore year to play semipro baseball, hoping that would lead to a more direct route to his dream of playing major league baseball. 'It was a big mistake', Colavito recalled. 'I didn't want kids to say, "He dropped out of school and he made the big leagues".' Baseball, though, prohibited a player from signing a professional contract until his class graduated. However, Commissioner Happy Chandler made an exception for Colavito, who had appealed the ruling, and Rocky was allowed to sign a contract at age 17."
"In 1994, Cleveland sportswriter Terry Pluto wrote a best selling book entitled '' The Curse of Rocky Colavito''. In it, Pluto details the trials and tribulations of the Cleveland franchise after Frank Lane

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