''The Yellow Book'' was a British quarterly literary

periodical A periodical literature (also called a periodical publication or simply a periodical) is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar example is a newspaper, but a magazine or a journal are also examples ...

that was published in London from 1894 to 1897. It was published at

The Bodley Head The Bodley Head is an English publishing house, founded in 1887 and existing as an independent entity until the 1970s. The name was used as an imprint of Random House Children's Books from 1987 to 2008. In April 2008, it was revived as an adul ...

Publishing House by

Elkin Mathews Charles Elkin Mathews (1851 – 10 November 1921) was a British publisher and bookseller who played an important role in the literary life of London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mathews was born in Gravesend, and learned his tra ...

and John Lane, and later by John Lane alone, and edited by the American

Henry Harland Henry Harland (March 1, 1861 – December 20, 1905) was an American novelist and editor. Biography Harland was born in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1861, the son of Fourierist Thomas Harland, who had been a one-time roommate of editor and author Edmu ...

. The periodical was priced at 5 shillings (£, ) and lent its name to the "Yellow Nineties", referring to the decade of its operation.

Significance

''The Yellow Book'' was a leading journal of the British 1890s; to some degree associated with

aestheticism Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic movement) was an art movement in the late 19th century which privileged the aesthetic value of literature, music and the arts over their socio-political functions. According to Aestheticism, art should be pro ...

and

decadence The word decadence, which at first meant simply "decline" in an abstract sense, is now most often used to refer to a perceived decay in standards, morals, dignity, religious faith, honor, discipline, or skill at governing among the members of ...

, the magazine contained a wide range of literary and artistic genres, poetry, short stories, essays, book illustrations, portraits, and reproductions of paintings.

Aubrey Beardsley Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (21 August 187216 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author. His black ink drawings were influenced by Woodblock printing in Japan, Japanese woodcuts, and depicted the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic. He ...

was its first art editor, and he has been credited with the idea of the yellow cover, with its association with illicit French fiction of the period. He obtained works by such artists as

Charles Conder Charles Edward Conder (24 October 1868 – 9 February 1909) was an English-born painter, lithographer and designer. He emigrated to Australia and was a key figure in the Heidelberg School, arguably the beginning of a distinctively Australi ...

William Rothenstein Sir William Rothenstein (29 January 1872 – 14 February 1945) was an English painter, printmaker, draughtsman, lecturer, and writer on art. Emerging during the early 1890s, Rothenstein continued to make art right up until his death. Though he c ...

John Singer Sargent John Singer Sargent (; January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American expatriate artist, considered the "leading portrait painter of his generation" for his evocations of Edwardian-era luxury. He created roughly 900 oil paintings and more ...

Walter Sickert Walter Richard Sickert (31 May 1860 – 22 January 1942) was a German-born British painter and printmaker who was a member of the Camden Town Group of Post-Impressionist artists in early 20th-century London. He was an important influence on d ...

, and

Philip Wilson Steer Philip Wilson Steer (28 December 1860 – 18 March 1942) was a British painter of landscapes, seascapes plus portraits and figure studies. He was also an influential art teacher. His sea and landscape paintings made him a leading figure in ...

. The literary content was no less distinguished; authors who contributed were:

Max Beerbohm Sir Henry Maximilian Beerbohm (24 August 1872 – 20 May 1956) was an English essayist, parodist and caricaturist under the signature Max. He first became known in the 1890s as a dandy and a humorist. He was the drama critic for the '' Saturday ...

Arnold Bennett Enoch Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 – 27 March 1931) was an English author, best known as a novelist. He wrote prolifically: between the 1890s and the 1930s he completed 34 novels, seven volumes of short stories, 13 plays (some in collaboratio ...

, " Baron Corvo",

Ernest Dowson Ernest Christopher Dowson (2 August 186723 February 1900) was an English poet, novelist, and short-story writer who is often associated with the Decadent movement. Biography Ernest Dowson was born in Lee, then in Kent, in 1867. His great-uncle ...

George Gissing George Robert Gissing (; 22 November 1857 – 28 December 1903) was an English novelist, who published 23 novels between 1880 and 1903. His best-known works have reappeared in modern editions. They include ''The Nether World'' (1889), ''New Grub ...

, Sir Edmund Gosse,

Henry James Henry James ( – ) was an American-British author. He is regarded as a key transitional figure between literary realism and literary modernism, and is considered by many to be among the greatest novelists in the English language. He was the ...

Richard Le Gallienne Richard Le Gallienne (20 January 1866 – 15 September 1947) was an English author and poet. The British-American actress Eva Le Gallienne (1899–1991) was his daughter by his second marriage to Danish journalist Julie Nørregaard (1863–1942) ...

Charlotte Mew Charlotte Mary Mew (15 November 1869 – 24 March 1928) was an English poet whose work spans the eras of Victorian poetry and Modernism. Early life and education Mew was born in Bloomsbury, London, daughter of the architect Frederick Mew (18 ...

Arthur Symons Arthur William Symons (28 February 186522 January 1945) was a British poet, critic and magazine editor. Life Born in Milford Haven, Wales, to Cornish parents, Symons was educated privately, spending much of his time in France and Italy. In 1884 ...

H. G. Wells Herbert George Wells"Wells, H. G."
Revised 18 May 2015. ''

William Butler Yeats William Butler Yeats (13 June 186528 January 1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist, writer and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and became a pillar of the Irish liter ...

and

Frank Swettenham Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham (28 March 1850 – 11 June 1946) was a British colonial administrator who became the first Resident general of the Federated Malay States, which brought the Malay states of Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and ...

. Though

Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is ...

never published anything within its pages, it was linked to him because Beardsley had illustrated his '' Salomé'' and because he was on friendly terms with many of the contributors. Moreover, in Wilde's ''

The Picture of Dorian Gray ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' is a philosophical fiction, philosophical novel by Irish writer Oscar Wilde. A shorter novella-length version was published in the July 1890 issue of the American periodical ''Lippincott's Monthly Magazine''.''Th ...

'' (1891), a major corrupting influence on Dorian is "the yellow book" which Lord Henry sends over to amuse him after the

suicide Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Mental disorders (including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders), physical disorders (such as chronic fatigue syndrome), and s ...

of his first love. This "yellow book" is understood by critics to be ''

À rebours ''À rebours'' (; translated ''Against Nature'' or ''Against the Grain'') is an 1884 novel by the French writer Joris-Karl Huysmans. The narrative centers on a single character: Jean des Esseintes, an eccentric, reclusive, ailing aesthete. The l ...

'' by

Joris-Karl Huysmans Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans (, ; 5 February 1848 – 12 May 1907) was a French novelist and art critic who published his works as Joris-Karl Huysmans (, variably abbreviated as J. K. or J.-K.). He is most famous for the novel ''À rebou ...

, a representative work of Parisian decadence that heavily influenced British

aesthetes Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic movement) was an art movement in the late 19th century which privileged the aesthetic value of literature, music and the arts over their socio-political functions. According to Aestheticism, art should be prod ...

like Beardsley. Such books in Paris were wrapped in yellow paper to alert the reader to their lascivious content. It is not clear, however, whether ''Dorian Gray'' is the direct source for the review's title. Wilde was purported to have been carrying a copy of the "Yellow Book" when he was arrested, at the Cadogan Hotel, in 1895. This has yet to be established although was not a copy of

Pierre Louÿs Pierre Louÿs (; 10 December 1870 – 4 June 1925) was a French poet and writer, most renowned for lesbian and classical themes in some of his writings. He is known as a writer who sought to "express pagan sensuality with stylistic perfection". ...

’s racy, yellow-bound novel ''

Aphrodite Aphrodite ( ; grc-gre, Ἀφροδίτη, Aphrodítē; , , ) is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, and procreation. She was syncretized with the Roman goddess . Aphrodite's major symbols include ...

'' as has been suggested as this book was not published until 1896, a year after Wilde's arrest. Soon after Wilde was arrested Beardsley was dismissed as the periodical's art editor; his post taken over by the publisher, John Lane, assisted by another artist,

Patten Wilson Biography Patten Wilson (1869 - 1934) was a British magazine and book illustrator. Patten Wilson, the son of a clergyman, was born on 23 March 1869 in Shropshire. His brother was the architect and designer Henry Wilson (1864-1934), who ran a ...

. Although critics have contended that the quality of its contents declined after Beardsley left and that ''The Yellow Book'' became a vehicle for promoting the work of Lane's authors, a remarkably high standard in both art and literature was maintained until the periodical ceased publication in the spring of 1897. A notable feature was the inclusion of work by women writers and illustrators, among them Ella D'Arcy and

Ethel Colburn Mayne Ethel Colburn Mayne (7 January 1865 – 30 April 1941) was an Irish novelist, short-story writer, biographer, literary critic, journalist and translator. Life She was born in Johnstown in County Kilkenny in 1865, to Charlotte Emily Henrietta Ma ...

(both also served as Harland's subeditors),

George Egerton Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright (born Mary Elizabeth Annie Dunne; 14 December 1859 – 12 August 1945), better known by her pen name George Egerton (pronounced Edg'er-ton), was a writer of short stories, novels, plays and translations, noted for ...

Rosamund Marriott Watson Rosamund Marriott Watson (née Ball; 6 October 1860 – 29 December 1911) was an English poet, nature writer and critic, who early in her career wrote under the pseudonyms Graham R. Tomson and Rushworth (or R.) Armytage. Early life and educatio ...

Ada Leverson Ada Esther Leverson ( née Beddington; 10 October 1862 – 30 August 1933) was a British writer who is known for her friendship with Oscar Wilde and for her work as a witty novelist of the fin-de-siècle. Family Leverson was born into a Jewis ...

Ethel Reed Ethel Reed (March 13, 1874 – 1912) was an American graphic artist.Peterson, William S. ''The Beautiful Poster Lady: A Life of Ethel Reed''. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 2013. In the 1890s, her works received critical acclaim in America and E ...

and the sisters

Netta Syrett Netta Syrett (17 March 1865 – 15 December 1943) was an English writer of the late Victorian period whose novels featured New Woman protagonists. Her novel ''Portrait of a Rebel'' was adapted into the 1936 film ''A Woman Rebels''. Biography ...

Mabel Syrett Mabel is an English female given name derived from the Latin ''amabilis'', "lovable, dear".Reclams Namensbuch, 1987, History Amabilis of Riom (died 475) was a French male saint who logically would have assumed the name Amabilis upon entering th ...

and Nellie Syrett. Perhaps indicative of ''The Yellow Book'' past significance in literary circles of its day is a reference to it in a fictional piece thirty-three years after it ceased publication. American author

Willa Cather Willa Sibert Cather (; born Wilella Sibert Cather; December 7, 1873 – April 24, 1947) was an American writer known for her novels of life on the Great Plains, including ''O Pioneers!'', '' The Song of the Lark'', and ''My Ántonia''. In 1923, ...

noted its presence in the personal library of one of her characters in the short story, "

Double Birthday Double Birthday is a short story by Willa Cather. It was first published in ''The Forum (American magazine), The Forum'' in February 1929.''Uncle Valentine and Other Stories: Willa Cather's Uncollected Short Fiction, 1915-29'', University of Nebra ...

", noting that it had lost its "power to seduce and stimulate". ''The Yellow Book'' differed from other periodicals in that it was issued

clothbound A hardcover, hard cover, or hardback (also known as hardbound, and sometimes as case-bound) book is one bound with rigid protective covers (typically of binder's board or heavy paperboard covered with buckram or other cloth, heavy paper, or occa ...

, made a strict distinction between the literary and art contents (only in one or two instances were these connected), did not include serial fiction, and contained no advertisements except publishers' lists.

Initial reception

''The Yellow Book'' brilliant colour immediately associated the periodical with illicit French novels - an anticipation, many thought, of the scurrilous content inside. The article '

A Defence of Cosmetics ''A Defence of Cosmetics'' is an essay by caricaturist and parodist Max Beerbohm and published in the first edition of ''The Yellow Book'' in April 1894. Aged 21 when the essay was published, it established his reputation. It later appeared in his ...

' by

appeared in the first volume, causing something of a sensation and establishing his reputation. Yet generally ''The Yellow Book'' first list of contributors bespoke a non-radical, typically conservative collection of authors:

Edmund Gosse Sir Edmund William Gosse (; 21 September 184916 May 1928) was an English poet, author and critic. He was strictly brought up in a small Protestant sect, the Plymouth Brethren, but broke away sharply from that faith. His account of his childhoo ...

Walter Crane Walter Crane (15 August 184514 March 1915) was an English artist and book illustrator. He is considered to be the most influential, and among the most prolific, children's book creators of his generation and, along with Randolph Caldecott and K ...

Frederick Leighton Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton, (3 December 1830 – 25 January 1896), known as Sir Frederic Leighton between 1878 and 1896, was a British painter, draughtsman, and sculptor. His works depicted historical, biblical, and classical antiqui ...

, and

among others. Upon its publication,

dismissed ''The Yellow Book'' as "not yellow at all". In ''The Romantic '90s'',

, a poet identified with the New Literature of the Decadence, described ''The Yellow Book'' as the following: "''The Yellow Book'' was certainly novel, even striking, but except for the drawings and decorations by Beardsley, which, seen thus for the first time, not unnaturally affected most people as at once startling, repellent, and fascinating, it is hard to realize why it should have seemed so shocking. But the public is an instinctive creature, not half so stupid as is usually taken for granted. It evidently scented something queer and rather alarming about the strange new quarterly, and thus it almost immediately regarded it as symbolic of new movements which it only partially represented".

Influence of Aubrey Beardsley

''The Yellow Book'' owed much of its reputation to

, who, despite John Lane's remonstrations, repeatedly attempted to shock public opinion. Lane would painstakingly peruse Beardsley's drawings before each publication as Beardsley was known for hiding inappropriate details in his work. Throughout Beardsley's contribution to ''The Yellow Book'', the two were caught in a game of hide-and-seek. Lane's scrutiny of Beardsley's drawings suggests that he wished ''The Yellow Book'' to be a publication only slightly associated with the Decadence's shocking aesthetic. Indeed, Lane continually emphasized that he desired the work to be suitable reading material for any audience. However, Beardsley openly mocked the Victorian artistic ideal, which he considered to be both prudish and hypocritical. Beardsley's artwork was perhaps the most controversial aspect of ''The Yellow Book''; his style was thought both highly unnatural and grotesque and he was openly caricatured in contemporary periodicals. In response, Beardsley cleverly published two drawings stylistically divergent to his own under the names Phillip Broughton and Albert Foschter i
''The Yellow Book'' third volume
While '' Saturday Review'' termed Broughton's piece "a drawing of merit" and Foschter's "a clever study", they decried the drawings under Beardsley's own name, deeming them "as freakish as ever". Beardsley's contribution transformed ''The Yellow Book'' into a periodical associated with the more decadent attitudes of the fin-de-siecle. It was the decision of both Beardsley and

to design the book in accordance with the French novel. This decision was the key factor in causing Beardsley's removal from the periodical. The media reported the yellow book which Oscar Wilde carried to his trial to be ''The Yellow Book'' itself.

Sally Ledger Sally Ledger (14 December 1961 – 21 January 2009) was a Professor of Victorian literature who made major contributions to the fields of nineteenth-century women’s writing, literary feminism, and the study of Charles Dickens. Ledger took her u ...

writes in "Wilde Women and The Yellow Book: The Sexual Politics of Aestheticism and Decadence", " far as the newspapers were concerned, Wilde was accompanied to his trial by The Yellow Book, and such media reports cemented in the cultural imagination of the 1890s an association between The Yellow Book, aestheticism and Decadence and, after April and May 1895, homosexuality". Due to Beardsley's associations with Wilde through his illustrations of ''

Salome Salome (; he, שְלוֹמִית, Shlomit, related to , "peace"; el, Σαλώμη), also known as Salome III, was a Jewish princess, the daughter of Herod II, son of Herod the Great, and princess Herodias, granddaughter of Herod the Great, an ...

'', poetry contributor

William Watson William, Willie, Bill or Billy Watson may refer to: Entertainment * William Watson (songwriter) (1794–1840), English concert hall singer and songwriter * William Watson (poet) (1858–1935), English poet * Billy Watson (actor) (1923–2022), Ame ...

demanded he be fired as art editor. With this internal and (after Bodley Head's premises were set upon by a mob who vandalised the building) external pressure, publishers removed all traces of the artist in the quarterly after Volume V, though an advertisement exists for Volume VI exhibiting his work. According to

Stanley Weintraub Stanley Weintraub (April 17, 1929 – July 28, 2019) was an American historian and biographer and an expert on George Bernard Shaw. Early life Weintraub was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 17, 1929. He was the eldest child of Benja ...

, "The color of The Yellow Book was an appropriate reflection of the 'Yellow Nineties', a decade in which Victorianism was giving way among the fashionable to Regency attitudes and French influences; For yellow was not only the decor of the notorious and dandified pre-Victorian Regency, but also of the allegedly wicked and decadent French novel". If ''The Yellow Book'' was not as "daring" as its prospectus advertised,Prospectus: ''The Yellow Book'' 1
/ref> it was still a part of the vanguard of cultural debate which typified the main struggles of the "Yellow Nineties". Its variegated array of contributors associated ''The Yellow Book'' with the "impressionism, feminism, naturalism, dandyism, symbolism and classicism

hich Ij ( fa, ايج, also Romanized as Īj; also known as Hich and Īch) is a village in Golabar Rural District, in the Central District of Ijrud County, Zanjan Province, Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also ...

all participate in the politics of decadence in the nineties". Sabine Doran writes (in her ''The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity'') that "from the moment of its conception, ''The Yellow Book'' presents itself as having a close relationship with the culture of scandal; it is, in fact, one of the progenitors of this culture."

Art separate from text

''The Yellow Book'' has been credited as "... commercially the most ambitious and typographically the most important of the 1890s periodicals. tgave the fullest expression to the double resistance of graphic artists against literature, and Art against commerce, the double struggle symbolized by the paired words on the contents-pages of the Yellow Books: Letterpress and Pictures, Literature and Art." ''The Yellow Book'' contents-pages diverged from Victorian ideas concerning art, where " xts prescribed pictures and not the other way round". In the ''Illustration of Books: A Manual for the Use of Students'',

Joseph Pennell Joseph Pennell (July 4, 1857 – April 23, 1926) was an American draftsman, etcher, lithographer and illustrator for books and magazines. A prolific artist, he spent most of his working life in Europe, and is known for his interest in landmarks, l ...

explains that "an illustration really is a work of art ... which is explanatory". Interviewed before the appearance of ''The Yellow Book'' first publication, Harland and Beardsley rejected the idea that the function of artwork was merely explanatory: "There is to be no connection whatever etween the text and illustrations

hey Hey or Hey! may refer to: Music * Hey (band), a Polish rock band Albums * ''Hey'' (Andreas Bourani album) or the title song (see below), 2014 * ''Hey!'' (Julio Iglesias album) or the title song, 1980 * ''Hey!'' (Jullie album) or the title s ...

will be quite separate". The equilibrium which ''The Yellow Book'' poses between art and text is emphasized by the separate title pages before each individual work whether literary or pictorial. The use of title pages announces the piece before the viewer's eye is allowed to glimpse it, separating the work from the other contributions and presenting each individual work as both serious and independent from the whole.

Page layout

''The Yellow Book'' mise-en-page differed dramatically from current Victorian periodicals: "... its asymmetrically placed titles, lavish margins, abundance of white space, and relatively square page declare ''The Yellow Book'' specific and substantial debt to Whistler". The copious amount of blank space utilized by ''The Yellow Book'' brought the magazine simplicity and elegance, stylistically overshadowing the "anaesthetic clutter of the typical Victorian page". The use of white space is positive rather than negative, simultaneously drawing the reader's eye to the blank page as an aesthetic and essentially created object. The first issue of ''The Yellow Book'' prospectus introduces it "as a book in form, a book in substance; a book beautiful to see and convenient to handle; a book with style, a book with finish; a book that every book-lover will love at first sight; a book that will make book-lovers of many who are now indifferent to books". The decision to print ''The Yellow Book'' in Caslon-old face further signified the ties which ''The Yellow Book'' held to the Revivalists. Caslon-old face, "an eighteenth-century revival of a seventeenth-century typographical style" became "the type-face of deliberate and principled reaction or anachronism". A type-face generally reserved for devotional and ecclesiastical work, its use in the pages of ''The Yellow Book'' at once identified it with the "Religion of Beauty". The use of catch-words on every page enhanced ''The Yellow Book'' link to the obsolescent. Both antiquated and obtrusive, the catch-phrase interrupts the cognitive process of reading: “making-transparent ... the physical sign which constitutes the act of reading; and in doing this, catch-words participate in the ‘pictorialization’ of typography”. By interrupting readers through the very use of irrelevant text, catch-words lend the printed word a solidity of form which is otherwise ignored. The cover for the final edition of the Yellow Book (published in April 1897) was designed by Mabel Syrett.

Mentions in literature

''The Yellow Book'' is mentioned in

W. Somerset Maugham William Somerset Maugham ( ; 25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965) was an English writer, known for his plays, novels and short stories. Born in Paris, where he spent his first ten years, Maugham was schooled in England and went to a German un ...

's ''

Of Human Bondage ''Of Human Bondage'' is a 1915 novel by W. Somerset Maugham. The novel is generally agreed to be Maugham's masterpiece and to be strongly autobiographical in nature, although he stated, "This is a novel, not an autobiography; though much in i ...

'' (1915): Maugham also wrote critically about it in his semi-autobiographical work, ''The Summing Up'' (1938), commenting "If one takes the trouble to look through the volumes of ''The Yellow Book'', which at that time seemed the last thing in sophisticated intelligence, it is startling to discover how thoroughly bad the majority of its contributors were. For all their parade these writers were no more than an eddy in a backwater and it is unlikely that the history of English literature will give them more than a passing glance." ''The Yellow Book'' is also mentioned in

Evelyn Waugh Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh (; 28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966) was an English writer of novels, biographies, and travel books; he was also a prolific journalist and book reviewer. His most famous works include the early satires ''Decli ...

's ''

Put Out More Flags ''Put Out More Flags'', the sixth novel by Evelyn Waugh, was first published by Chapman and Hall in 1942. The title comes from the saying of an anonymous Chinese sage, quoted and translated by Lin Yutang in ''The Importance of Living'' (1937): ...

'' (1942): Penguin Classics, 2000, p. 35. ''The Yellow Book'' was parodied in Robert Hichens's 1894 novel ''

The Green Carnation ''The Green Carnation'' is a novel by Robert Hichens that was first published anonymously in 1894. A satire on contemporary champions of the Aesthetic Movement, it was withdrawn briefly after the scandal of the Oscar Wilde trial in the follo ...

'' as ''The Yellow Disaster'' which contains a drawing by

of the Archbishop of Canterbury sitting in a wheelbarrow consisting of just three lines to form the image. Lord Reginald Hastings (a fictional portrayal of Lord Alfred Douglas) makes the following remark, "What exquisite simplicity!" In the library of the protagonist of

's short story, "

" (1929):

John Betjeman Sir John Betjeman (; 28 August 190619 May 1984) was an English poet, writer, and broadcaster. He was Poet Laureate from 1972 until his death. He was a founding member of The Victorian Society and a passionate defender of Victorian architecture, ...

's poem "The arrest of Oscar Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel" (1937) describes Wilde as saying:

So you've brought me the latest Yellow Book: And Buchan has got in it now: Approval of what is approved of Is as false as a well-kept vow.

In ''

An Ideal Husband ''An Ideal Husband'' is a four-act play by Oscar Wilde that revolves around blackmail and political corruption, and touches on the themes of public and private honour. It was first produced at the Haymarket Theatre, London in 1895 and ran for ...

'' (1895) by Oscar Wilde, Mrs Cheveley (a rather immoral character) says: The book sent by Lord Henry to Dorian Gray in Wilde's novel (widely thought to be

' ''

''), which contributes considerably to his descent into corruption, is also described as being

References

External links

All 13 volumes are available a
the yellow nineties online
in various formats, with introductions to each volume, reviews of the period, and biographies of contributors. All 13 volumes are also available to view or download from the

Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...