''The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail'', first published in 1997, is the best-known work of the

Harvard Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...

professor and businessman

Clayton Christensen Clayton Magleby Christensen (April 6, 1952January 23, 2020) was an American academic and business consultant who developed the theory of "disruptive innovation", which has been called the most influential business idea of the early 21st century. ...

. It expands on the concept of

disruptive technologies In business theory, disruptive innovation is innovation that creates a new market and value network or enters at the bottom of an existing market and eventually displaces established market-leading firms, products, and alliances. The concept wa ...

, a term he coined in a 1995 article ''Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave''. It describes how large incumbent companies lose market share by listening to their customers and providing what appears to be the highest-value products, but new companies that serve low-value customers with poorly developed technology can improve that technology incrementally until it is good enough to quickly take market share from established business. Christensen recommends that large companies maintain small, nimble divisions that attempt to replicate this phenomenon internally to avoid being blindsided and overtaken by startup competitors.

Subject matter

Clayton Christensen demonstrates how successful, outstanding companies can do everything "right" and still lose their market leadership – or even fail – as new, unexpected competitors rise and take over the market. There are two key parts to this dilemma. # Value to innovation is an S-curve: Improving a product takes time and many iterations. The first of these iterations provide minimal value to the customer but in time the base is created and the value increases exponentially. Once the base is created then each iteration is dramatically better than the last. At some point the most valuable improvements are complete and the value per iteration is minimal again. So in the middle is the most value, at the beginning and end the value is minimal. # Incumbent sized deals: The incumbent has the luxury of a huge customer set but high expectations of yearly sales. New entry next generation products find niches away from the incumbent customer set to build the new product. The new entry companies do not require the yearly sales of the incumbent and thus have more time to focus and innovate on this smaller venture. For this reason, the next generation product is not being built for the incumbent's customer set and this large customer set is not interested in the new innovation and keeps demanding more innovation with the incumbent product. Unfortunately this incumbent innovation is limited to the overall value of the product as it is at the later end of the S-curve. Meanwhile, the new entrant is deep into the S-curve and providing significant value to the new product. By the time the new product becomes interesting to the incumbent's customers it is too late for the incumbent to react to the new product. At this point it is too late for the incumbent to keep up with the new entrant's rate of improvement, which by then is on the near-vertical portion of its S-curve trajectory. Through this compelling multi-industry study, Christensen introduces his seminal theory of "

disruptive innovation In business theory, disruptive innovation is innovation that creates a new market and value network or enters at the bottom of an existing market and eventually displaces established market-leading firms, products, and alliances. The concept was ...

" that has changed the way managers and CEOs around the world think about innovation. Christensen then argues that the following are common principles that incumbents must address: * Resource dependence: Current customers drive a company's use of resources * Small markets struggle to impact an incumbent's large market * Disruptive technologies have fluid futures, as in, it is impossible to know what they will disrupt once matured * Incumbent organizations' value is more than simply their workers, it includes their processes and core capabilities which drive their efforts * Technology supply may not equal market demand. The attributes that make disruptive technologies unattractive in established markets are often the ones that have the greatest value in emerging markets He also argues the following strategies assist incumbents in succeeding against the disruptive technology: * They develop the disruptive technology with the "right" customers. Not necessarily their current customer set * They place the disruptive technology into an autonomous organization that can be rewarded with small wins and small customer sets * They fail early and often to find the correct disruptive technology * They allow the disruption organization to utilize all of the company's resources when needed but are careful to make sure the processes and values were not those of the company

Reception

Shortly after the release of the book, it received the Global Business Book Award as the best business book of the year (1997). ''

The Economist ''The Economist'' is a British weekly newspaper printed in demitab format and published digitally. It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture. Based in London, the newspaper is owned by The Econo ...

'' also named it as one of the six most important books about business ever written".

Impact on business world

Clayton Christensen World Economic Forum 2013

The term disruptive technologies was first described in depth with this book by Christensen; but the term was later changed to

in a later book (The Innovator's Solution). A disruptive innovation is an

innovation Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services. ISO TC 279 in the standard ISO 56000:2020 defines innovation as "a new or changed entity ...

that creates a new

market Market is a term used to describe concepts such as: *Market (economics), system in which parties engage in transactions according to supply and demand *Market economy *Marketplace, a physical marketplace or public market Geography *Märket, an ...

and

value network A value network is a graphical illustration of social and technical resources within/between organizations and how they are utilized. The nodes in a value network represent people or, more abstractly, roles. The nodes are connected by interactions ...

that will eventually disrupt an already existing market and replace an existing product.

Recent work

Since the book was published, various articles have been written, both critiquing and supporting Clayton Christensen's work. ''The Innovator's Dilemma'' proved popular; not only was it reprinted, but a follow-up book entitled ''The Innovator's Solution'' was published. His books ''Disrupting Class'' about education and ''The Innovator's Prescription'' about health care both utilize ideas from ''The Innovator's Dilemma''.

References

External links