The Ides of March on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
The Ides of March (; la, Idus Martiae,
The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter (mythology), Jupiter, the Romans' supreme deity. The Flamen Dialis, Jupiter's high priest, led the "Ides sheep" () in procession along the Via Sacra to the , where it was Animal sacrifice, sacrificed.
In addition to the monthly sacrifice, the Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna, a goddess of the year (Latin ) whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year. The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics, drinking, and revelry. One source from late antiquity also places the Mamuralia on the Ides of March. This observance, which has aspects of scapegoat or ancient Greek pharmakos, ritual, involved beating an old man dressed in animal skins and perhaps driving him from the city. The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the Father Time, old year.
In the later Roman Empire, Imperial period, the Ides began a Cybele#'Holy week' in March, "holy week" of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis, being the day ("The Reed enters"), when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river. He was discovered by shepherds or the goddess Cybele, who was also known as the ("Great Mother") (narratives differ). A week later, on 22 March, the solemn commemoration of ("The Tree enters") commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree. A college of priests, the ("tree bearers") annually cut down a tree, hung from it an image of Attis, and carried it to the temple of the with lamentations. The day was formalized as part of the official Roman calendar under Claudius ( 54 AD). A three-day period of mourning followed, culminating with celebrating the rebirth of Attis on 25 March, the date of the March equinox, vernal equinox on the Julian calendar.
In modern times, the Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the Roman senate, Senate. As many as 60 conspirators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, Cassius, were involved. According to Plutarch,Plutarch, ''Parallel Lives'', Caesar 63 a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar on the Ides of March. On his way to the Theatre of Pompey, where he would be assassinated, Caesar passed the seer and joked, "Well, the Ides of March are come", implying that the prophecy had not been fulfilled, to which the seer replied "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone." This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare's play ''Julius Caesar (play), Julius Caesar'', when Caesar is warned by the Fortune-telling, soothsayer to "beware the Ides of March." The Roman biographer Suetonius identifies the "seer" as a haruspex named Spurinna.
Caesar's death was a closing event in the crisis of the Roman Republic, and triggered the Roman civil wars, civil war that would result in the rise to sole power of his adopted heir Octavian (later known as Augustus). Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Writing under Augustus, Ovid portrays the murder as a sacrilege, since Caesar was also the of Rome and a priest of Vesta (mythology), Vesta. On the fourth anniversary of Caesar's death in 40 BC, after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia, Octavian executed 300 Roman senate, senators and equestrian order, equites who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony), Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony. The executions were one of a series of actions taken by Octavian to avenge Caesar's death. Suetonius and the historian Cassius Dio characterised the slaughter as a Sacrifice in ancient Roman religion, religious sacrifice,Cassius Dio]
48.14.2.
noting that it occurred on the Ides of March at the new altar to the Divus Julius, deified Julius.
Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, The Life of Julius Caesar
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ides Of March Julius Caesar (play) Assassination of Julius Caesar March observances Shakespearean phrases Roman calendar Jupiter (mythology)
The Ides of March (; la, Idus Martiae, Late Latin
Late Latin ( la, Latinitas serior) is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.Roberts (1996), p. 537. English dictionary definitions of Late Latin date this period from the , and continuing into the 7th century in t ...
: ) is the 74th day in the Roman calendar
The Roman calendar was the calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic. The term often includes the Julian calendar established by the reforms of the dictator Julius Caesar and emperor Augustus in the late 1stcenturyBC and sometim ...
, corresponding to 15 March. It was marked by several religious observances and was notable in Rome as a deadline for settling debts. In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 t ...
, which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history.
Ides
The Romans did not number each day of a month from the first to the last day. Instead, they counted back from three fixed points of the month: the Nones (calendar), Nones (the 5th or 7th, nine days ''inclusive'' before the Ides), the Ides (calendar), Ides (the 13th for most months, but the 15th in March, May, July, and October), and the Kalends (1st of the following month). Originally the Ides were supposed to be determined by the full moon, reflecting the lunar calendar, lunar origin of the Roman calendar. In the earliest calendar, the Ides of March would have been the first full moon of the new year.Religious observances
The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter (mythology), Jupiter, the Romans' supreme deity. The Flamen Dialis, Jupiter's high priest, led the "Ides sheep" () in procession along the Via Sacra to the , where it was Animal sacrifice, sacrificed.
In addition to the monthly sacrifice, the Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna, a goddess of the year (Latin ) whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year. The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics, drinking, and revelry. One source from late antiquity also places the Mamuralia on the Ides of March. This observance, which has aspects of scapegoat or ancient Greek pharmakos, ritual, involved beating an old man dressed in animal skins and perhaps driving him from the city. The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the Father Time, old year.
In the later Roman Empire, Imperial period, the Ides began a Cybele#'Holy week' in March, "holy week" of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis, being the day ("The Reed enters"), when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river. He was discovered by shepherds or the goddess Cybele, who was also known as the ("Great Mother") (narratives differ). A week later, on 22 March, the solemn commemoration of ("The Tree enters") commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree. A college of priests, the ("tree bearers") annually cut down a tree, hung from it an image of Attis, and carried it to the temple of the with lamentations. The day was formalized as part of the official Roman calendar under Claudius ( 54 AD). A three-day period of mourning followed, culminating with celebrating the rebirth of Attis on 25 March, the date of the March equinox, vernal equinox on the Julian calendar.
Assassination of Caesar
In modern times, the Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the Roman senate, Senate. As many as 60 conspirators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, Cassius, were involved. According to Plutarch,Plutarch, ''Parallel Lives'', Caesar 63 a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar on the Ides of March. On his way to the Theatre of Pompey, where he would be assassinated, Caesar passed the seer and joked, "Well, the Ides of March are come", implying that the prophecy had not been fulfilled, to which the seer replied "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone." This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare's play ''Julius Caesar (play), Julius Caesar'', when Caesar is warned by the Fortune-telling, soothsayer to "beware the Ides of March." The Roman biographer Suetonius identifies the "seer" as a haruspex named Spurinna.
Caesar's death was a closing event in the crisis of the Roman Republic, and triggered the Roman civil wars, civil war that would result in the rise to sole power of his adopted heir Octavian (later known as Augustus). Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Writing under Augustus, Ovid portrays the murder as a sacrilege, since Caesar was also the of Rome and a priest of Vesta (mythology), Vesta. On the fourth anniversary of Caesar's death in 40 BC, after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia, Octavian executed 300 Roman senate, senators and equestrian order, equites who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony), Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony. The executions were one of a series of actions taken by Octavian to avenge Caesar's death. Suetonius and the historian Cassius Dio characterised the slaughter as a Sacrifice in ancient Roman religion, religious sacrifice,Cassius Dio]48.14.2.
noting that it occurred on the Ides of March at the new altar to the Divus Julius, deified Julius.
See also
* The Ides of March (novel), ''The Ides of March'', a novel by Thornton Wilder * The Ides of March (2011 film), ''The Ides of March'', a film by George Clooney, Beau Willimon and Grant Heslov * ''The Ides of March (album), The Ides of March'', a music album by Myles Kennedy * The Ides of March (band), ''The Ides of March'', an American musical groupReferences
External links
Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, The Life of Julius Caesar
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ides Of March Julius Caesar (play) Assassination of Julius Caesar March observances Shakespearean phrases Roman calendar Jupiter (mythology)