The Fall of Berlin (film)

''The Fall of Berlin'' (russian: Падение Берлина, translit=Padeniye Berlina) is a 1950 Soviet war and propaganda film, in two parts separated in the manner of a serial. It was produced by Mosfilm Studio and directed by Mikheil Chiaureli, with a script written by Pyotr Pavlenko and a musical score composed by Dmitri Shostakovich. Portraying the history of the Second World War with a focus on a highly positive depiction of the role Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin (played by Mikheil Gelovani) played in the events, it is considered one of the most important manifestations of Stalin's cult of personality, and a noted example of Soviet realism. After De-Stalinization, the film was banned in the Eastern Bloc for several decades.

Plot

Part 1

Aleksei Ivanov, a shy steel factory worker, greatly surpasses his production quota and is chosen to receive the Order of Lenin and to have a personal interview with Joseph Stalin. Aleksei falls in love with the idealist teacher Natasha but has difficulties approaching her. When he meets Stalin, who tends his garden, the leader helps him to understand his emotions and tells him to recite poetry to her. Then, they both have a luncheon with the rest of the Soviet leadership in Stalin's home. After returning from Moscow, Aleksei confesses his love to Natasha. While they are both having a stroll in a wheat field, their town is attacked by the Germans, who invade the Soviet Union.

Aleksei loses his consciousness and sinks into a coma. When he awakes, he is told that Natasha is missing and that the Germans are at the gates of Moscow. In the capital, Stalin plans the defense of the city, explaining to the demoralized Georgy Zhukov how to deploy his forces. Aleksei volunteers for the Red Army and takes part in the 1941 October Revolution Parade and in the Battle of Moscow. At Berlin, after receiving the blessings of his allies – Spain, Turkey, the Vatican, Romania and Japan – and watching a long column of Soviet slaves-laborers, Natasha among them, Adolf Hitler is furious to hear that Moscow has not fallen. He dismisses Walther von Brauchitsch from his office and offers the command of the army to Gerd von Rundstedt; the latter refuses, saying that Stalin is a great captain and Germany's defeat is certain. Hitler orders to attack Stalingrad. In the meanwhile, Hermann Göring negotiates with British capitalist Charles Bedstone, who supplies Germany with needed materials. After the Soviet victory in Stalingrad, Vasily Chuikov tells Ivanov that Stalin is always with the Red Army. The storyline leaps to the Yalta Conference, where Stalin and his Western Allies debate the future of the war.

Part 2

Stalin asks his generals who will take Berlin, they or the Western Allies. The generals answer that they will capture the city. Aleksei's Guards unit advances towards Berlin, while Hitler has a nervous breakdown and demands that his soldiers fight to the end. The Germans plan to execute the inmates of the concentration camp in which Natasha is held before the arrival of the Red Army, but Aleksei's unit liberates the prisoners before they carry through their design. Natasha faints, and he does not find her. Hitler and the German leadership fall into despair and lose their grip on reality the closer the Soviets get to Berlin. Hitler orders to flood the subway stations as the Soviets approach, drowning thousands of civilians. He then marries Eva Braun and commits suicide. Gen. Hans Krebs carries the news of Hitler's death to the Red Army and begs for a ceasefire. Stalin orders to accept only an unconditional surrender. Aleksei is chosen to carry the Victory Banner, alongside Mikhail Yegorov and Meliton Kantaria. Their division storms the Reichstag and the three hoist the banner atop of it. The Germans surrender and Red Army soldiers from throughout the USSR celebrate victory. Stalin's plane lands in Berlin, and he is greeted by an enthusiastic crowd of peoples of "all the nations", holding posters with his picture and waving various nations' flags. Stalin carries a speech in which he calls for world peace. Standing in the crowd, Aleksei and Natasha recognize each other and are reunited. Natasha asks Stalin to let her kiss him on the cheek, and they hug while prisoners praise Stalin in numerous languages. The film ends with Stalin wishing all peace and happiness.

Cast

* Boris Andreyev as Aleksei Ivanov
* Mikheil Gelovani as Joseph Stalin
* Yury Tymoshenko as Kostya Zaichenko
* Marina Kovalyova as Natasha Rumyantseva
* Vladimir Savelyev as Adolf Hitler
* Vladimir Kenigson as General Hans Krebs
* Maksim Shtraukh as Vyacheslav Molotov
* Nikolay Mordvinov as Lavrentiy Beria (removed in 1953)
* Alexey Gribov as Kliment Voroshilov
* Nikolai Ryzhov as Lazar Kaganovich
* Aleksandr Khanov as Nikolai Bulganin
* Gavriil Belov as Mikhail Kalinin
* Ruben Simonov as Anastas Mikoyan
* Fyodor Blazhevich as Marshal Georgy Zhukov
* Andrei Abrikosov as General Aleksei Antonov
* Konstantin Bartashevich as General Vasily Sokolovsky
* Sergei Blinnikov as Marshal Ivan Konev
* Boris Livanov as General Vasily Chuikov
* Mikhail Sidorkin as General Sergei Shtemenko
* Oleg Frelikh as Franklin D. Roosevelt
* Viktor Stanitsyn as Winston Churchill
* Marie Nováková (Koptová) as Eva Braun
* Jan Werich as Hermann Göring
* Nikolai Petrunkin as Joseph Goebbels
* Vladimir Renin as Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt
* Nikolai Plotnikov as Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch
* Vladimir Pokrovsky as General Alfred Jodl
* Karel Roden Jr. as Charles Bedstone
* Miroslav Homola as Heinz Linge (credited as K. Homola)
* Dmitry Dubov as Mikhail Yegorov
* Georgy Tatishvili as Meliton Kantaria
* Veriko Anjaparidze as mother of killed German soldier Hans
* Nikolay Bogolyubov as Khmelnitsky
* Sofya Giatsintova as Antonina Ivanovna, Ivanov's mother
* Yevgeniya Melnikova as Lidiya Nikolayevna, secretary
* Dmitry Pavlov as Tomashevich
* Andrei Petrov as pilot
* Ivan Solovyov as Johnson
* Tamara Nosova as Katya
* Leonid Pirogov as James F. Byrnes

Production

Background

Stalin's cult of personality, which began to manifest itself already in the late 1930s, was marginalized during World War II; to mobilize the population against the enemy, Soviet films focused on historical heroes who defended Russia or on the feats of the people themselves. The premier's character appeared in only two pictures during the war. However, as victory seemed secure, Stalin tightened his control over every aspect of the Soviet society, including cinema. After 1945, his cult returned to the screen with greater intensity than ever before, and he was credited as the sole architect of Germany's defeat. Denise J. Youngblood wrote that shortly afterwards, there remained only three kinds of war heroes: "the dead, the maimed and Stalin."

Inception

Mikheil Chiaureli, Stalin's favorite director, and writer Pyotr Pavlenko had already collaborated to create the 1946 personality cult picture '' The Vow''. The Soviet Minister of Cinema, Ivan Bolshakov, instructed them both to begin work on ''The Fall of Berlin'' shortly after the release of ''The Vow'' in July 1946. The film was conceived as the Mosfilm studio's gift to Stalin for his official 70th birthday,Most historians believe that Stalin's date of birth was 18 December 1878, based on various documents. However, Stalin claimed to have been born on 21 December 1879. See the article Joseph Stalin for more information. which was to be held on 21 December 1949. ''The Fall'' was supposed to be part of a cycle of ten films about the premier's role in World War II, entitled ''Stalin's Ten Blows'', though not corresponding with the eponymous series of Eastern Front campaigns. The project was only partially fulfilled until Stalin's death.

Development

As with all films in which his character made an appearance, Stalin took a keen interest in the work on ''The Fall of Berlin''. The dictator intervened in Pavlenko's writing, read the screenplay's manuscript and corrected several grammatical mistakes; he also deleted a short sequence during which a German civilian in Berlin exhorted his family to hasten and flee as the Red Army approaches. German historian Lars Karl believed this signaled his resolution to demonstrate that the civilian populace had nothing to fear from the Soviets. The picture was the first feature film about the Battle of Berlin and the events in Hitler's bunker, preceding '' Der letzte Akt'' by five years.

Edvard Radzinsky claimed his father heard from Pavlenko that Beria told him '' The Vow'' was to be a "sublime film", intended to identify Stalin with Jesus: Lenin, paralleling John the Baptist, recognized him as the Messiah; "this seminarist's language betrayed the authorship of this observation". Radzinsky added ''The Fall of Berlin'' "further developed the theme", as it ends "with an apotheosis: Stalin arrives by plane... In the white attire of an angel descending from the clouds", he "reveals himself to the expectant humans... They glorify the Messiah in all tongues." Russian historian Alexander Prokhorov believed the film was influenced by Nazi propaganda films. Author John Riley claimed the scene in which Stalin's plane arrives in Berlin – which was fictional; Stalin never flew to the German capital, let alone on the day of the capture of the Reichstag – was modeled after Hitler's landing in Nuremberg from the ''Triumph of the Will'', and that the film's ending was inspired by a similar sequence from '' Kolberg''; the storming of the Reichstag "parodied" the massacre on the Odessa Steps from ''Battleship Potemkin'', a gesture intended to mock Sergei Eisenstein.

According to the memories of Svetlana Aliluyeva, Chiaureli approached her father with the idea to combine the fate of his son, Yakov Dzhugashvili, in the plot. Stalin promptly rejected this. Soviet actor Artyom Karapetian claimed Chiaureli's wife, actress Veriko Anjaparidze, told him Stalin was so outraged when he heard of this that Lavrentiy Beria – who was standing nearby – reached into his trousers' pocket, "presumably, for his gun." The director's daughter, Sofiko Chiaureli, recounted that her father "knew he was saved" when Stalin wiped tears from his eyes as he watched Gelovani descend from the plane and muttered "If only I had gone to Berlin."

Principal photography

Chiaureli brought some 10,000 Soviet extras to Berlin for the filming, and also hired many local residents for the tunnel flooding sequence; he was not able to work in the Reichstag as it was located in the British Zone of West Berlin and conducted the photography mainly in the Babelsberg Studios. However, most of the episodes set in the German capital were filmed in ruined cities in the Baltic region. In addition, a scale model of Berlin, over one square kilometer in size, was built in Mosfilm's studios; this miniature was to create the urban combat scenes in the end of Part II.

The Soviet Army provided five divisions, their supporting artillery formations, four tank battalions, 193 military aircraft and 45 captured German tanks to recreate the open field battles portrayed in ''The Fall of Berlin''. They consumed 1.5 million liters of fuel during the filming.

''The Fall of Berlin'' was one of the first colored films made in the Soviet Union. The producers used Agfacolor reels, taken from UFA's studios in Neubabelsberg.

Music

Composer Dmitri Shostakovich, who was accused of Formalism during 1948, was called on to compose the score. Vano Muradeli said that his contribution to ''The Fall of Berlin'' and other Stalinist films was the only thing which saved him from persecution by the establishment. Riley wrote that the film's score, along with ''Song of the Forests'', "was the closest Shostakhovich came to overt praise for Stalin." One additional piece of music used in ''The Fall of Berlin'' was Felix Mendelssohn's Wedding March, heard during the scene in which Hitler marries Eva Braun; the march was banned in Nazi Germany. According to Riley, it is unclear whether Chiaureli intended to mock the Nazis by portraying them as unable to recognize an item they have forbidden, or he has simply been ignorant of the ban.

;Soundtrack for Part I
# Main Title Part 1 (2:44)
# Beautiful Day (2:14) [accompanied by a children's chorus singing
Beautiful Day
'; lyrics by Yevgeny Dolmatovsky.]
# Alyosha By the River (1:39)
# Stalins's Garden (2:04)
# Alyosha and Natalia in the Fields / Attack (3:55)
# Hitler's Reception (1:31)
# In the Devastated Village (2:39)
# Forward! (0:58)

;Soundtrack for Part II
# Main Title Part 2 (2:06)
# The Roll Call / Attack at Night (3:02)
# Storming the Seelov Heights (6:26)
# The Flooding of the Underground Station (1:11)
# The Final Battle for the Reichstag / Kostya's Death (4:06)
# Yussuf's Death / The Red Banner (3:41)
# Stalin at Berlin Airport (4:28)
# Finale / Stalin's Speech / Alyosha and Natasha Reunited (2:43) [7. and 8. accompanied by a chorus singing
Glory to Stalin
'; lyrics by Yevgeny Dolmatovsky.]

Reception

Contemporary response

''The Fall of Berlin'' was released a month after Stalin's birthday, on 21 January 1950 – the twenty-sixth anniversary to the death of Vladimir Lenin. In the USSR, it was watched by 38.4 million viewers, becoming the third most popular Soviet movie of 1950. Director Mikheil Chiaureli, writer Pyotr Pavlenko, cinematographer Leonid Kosmatov, composer Dmitri Shostakovich and actors Mikheil Gelovani, Boris Andreyev and Vladimir Kenigson were all awarded the Stalin Prize, 1st Class for their work. In Czechoslovakia, the film also won the Crystal Globe in the 5th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.

On the day of the film's release, '' Literaturnaya Gazeta'' published a column by Aleksandr Stein in which he described the film as "wonderful... a truthful portrayal of the relations between the people and the leader... and the love of all people to Stalin." A day after, Vsevolod Pudovkin wrote in ''Soviet Art'': "this is an outstanding work of Soviet cinema" that presented "in profound depth and in vast scale... a bold, creative representation of the subject... a lively demonstration of the ever developing genre of Socialist Realism." The picture was enthusiastically promoted by the Soviet press. A series of articles in ''Pravda'' praised it as an authentic representation of history.

Public reaction to the film was monitored by the government: in a memorandum to Mikhail Suslov from 11 March 1950, two officials from the Bolshevik All-Union Communist Party's Propaganda Department reported that the newspaper ''Art and Life'' received numerous letters from viewers, who – although generally approving of the film – criticized various aspects of the plot; many of them cited Ivanov's boyish conduct as unworthy of a Stakhanovite. Lieutenant Colonel Yevgeni Chernonog, a war veteran, watched ''The Fall of Berlin'' while intoxicated. He commented: "And where did this angel come from? We have not seen him there". He was arrested and condemned to eight years in the Gulag.

The East German political establishment excessively promoted the picture, as well; it was officially classified as a documentary, and all servicemen of the Barracked People's Police were obliged to watch it. However, ''The Fall of Berlin'' was received with little enthusiasm by the populace. Years later, in an article he wrote for the ''Deutsche Filmkunst'' magazine on 30 October 1959, Sigfried Silbermann – director of the state film distributor Progress Film – attributed this response to the effect years of anti-Soviet propaganda had on the German people.

French critic Georges Sadoul wrote in ''Les Lettres Françaises'': "In the USSR, films are no longer a merchandise... They have become a means to spread ideology, and are produced by engineers of the human soul... Some aesthetics today advocate American film noirs, but in the future only specialists will be interested in these museums of horror, the remains of a dead epoch... While the majority of people will applaud ''The Fall of Berlin''."Sadoul, Georges. ''La Geste Grandiose et Inoubliable de Staline.'' Les Lettres Françaises, 25 May 1950. Quoted in: In France, it sold 815,116 tickets.
La Chute de Berlin
'. allocine.fr.

When the picture was imported to the UK by the Society for Cultural Relations with the USSR in 1952, the British Board of Film Censors considered banning it, especially as it was attacking Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Private screenings of the film were held both for the Members of Parliament in Westminster and for the Prime Minister in his Chartwell residence. Churchill wrote to historian Hugh Trevor-Roper in May, asking about the veracity of the Berlin underground flooding by Hitler, and the latter replied it was "mythologizing" history. After the Foreign Office concluded the picture was "too one-sided to serve as an effective communist propaganda", it was released without cuts, with a long disclaimer that stressed "the advantages of living in the free British society" and that the Soviet screenwriters completely ignored the Western Allies' role in the war. The film became the most successful Soviet or foreign picture about World War II screened in the UK during the 1940s and 1950s. Tony Shaw noted ''The Fall of Berlin'' enjoyed mostly positive reviews during its six-week run in London and its subsequent showings in the country, though some also commented it was overblown propaganda; the critics of ''The Sunday Times'' and the ''Evening Standard'' both opined that the Soviets' obliteration of the UK-US contribution to victory was akin to the same treatment received by the Red Army in Western productions about the war.

The film was one of the few foreign-language pictures to be presented in the BBC
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