The Cannon Group, Inc. was an American group of companies, including Cannon Films, which produced films from 1967 to 1994. The extensive group also owned, amongst others, a large international cinema chain and a video film company that invested heavily in the video market, buying the international video rights to several classic film libraries. Some of their best known films include ''Joe (1970 film), Joe'' (1970), ''Runaway Train (film), Runaway Train'' (1985) and ''Street Smart (film), Street Smart'' (1987), all of which were Academy Award, Oscar-nominated.

History

1967–1979: Beginnings

Cannon Films was incorporated on October 23, 1967. It was formed by Dennis Friedland and Chris Dewey while they were in their early 20s. They had immediate success producing English-language versions of Swedish Softcore pornography, soft porn films directed by Joseph W. Sarno: ''Inga (film), Inga'' (1968), aka ''Jag––en oskuld'' and ''To Ingrid, My Love, Lisa'' (1968), aka ''Kvinnolek''. By 1970, they had produced films on a larger production scale than a lot of major distributors, such as ''Joe (1970 film), Joe'', starring Peter Boyle. They managed this by tightly limiting their budgets to $300,000 per picture—or less, in some cases. The success of ''Joe'' brought more attention to the company. However, as the 1970s moved on, a string of unsuccessful films seriously drained Cannon's capital. This, along with changes to film-production tax laws, led to a drop in Cannon's stock price.

1979–1985: Golan-Globus era

By 1979, Cannon had hit serious financial difficulties, and Friedland and Dewey sold Cannon to Israeli cousins Menahem Golan (who had directed ''The Apple (1980 film), The Apple'') and Yoram Globus for $500,000. The two cousins forged a business model of buying bottom-barrel scripts and putting them into production. They produced such films in a variety of genres, although their biggest successes were with action films; they tapped into a ravenous market for B movies in the 1980s. After buying the rights to the 1974 film ''Death Wish (1974 film), Death Wish'', Cannon produced three sequels to it in the 1980s, all starring Charles Bronson. Despite negative reviews, these films were financially successful, especially ''Death Wish II'' (1982), which earned over $40 million on an $8 million budget. Other major hits for Cannon were a series of action movies starring Chuck Norris, including ''Missing in Action (film), Missing in Action'' (1984), ''Invasion U.S.A. (1985 film), Invasion U.S.A.'' (1985) and ''The Delta Force'' (1986). ''Missing in Action'' was criticized heavily as being a preemptive cash-in on the Rambo (film series), ''Rambo'' franchise. James Cameron's story treatment for ''Rambo: First Blood Part II'' was floating around Hollywood in 1983, which Golan and Globus reviewed and were "Plagiarism, inspired" by. The writers of ''MIA'' even gave Cameron credit saying their film was inspired by his script treatment. But Cannon had initially put the prequel ''Missing in Action 2: The Beginning'' into production. Only after the two movies were completed had the company realized that the planned second movie was superior to the first one. So, the first movie produced became an awkward prequel. The Cannon Group ignited a worldwide ninja craze with "The Ninja Trilogy", a film series which consisted of ''Enter the Ninja'' (1981), ''Revenge of the Ninja'' (1983), and ''Ninja III: The Domination'' (1984), all starring Sho Kosugi, as well as ''American Ninja'' (1985) and its sequel ''American Ninja 2: The Confrontation'' (1987). Other action/adventure films they produced included the 3-D film, 3-D ''Treasure of the Four Crowns'', ''King Solomon's Mines (1985 film), King Solomon's Mines'', and the vigilante thriller sequel ''Exterminator 2''. The Cannon Group's biggest financial success has been with the 1986 action film ''Cobra (1986 film), Cobra'', which starred Sylvester Stallone; not a low-budget film, it earned $160 million on a $25 million budget. Cannon also produced musical and comedy films such as ''Breakin''', ''Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo, Breakin’ 2: Electric Boogaloo'', ''The Last American Virgin'', and the U.S. release of ''The Apple (1980 film), The Apple''; erotic period drama pictures such as ''Lady Chatterley's Lover (1981 film), Lady Chatterley's Lover'' (1981), ''Bolero (1984 film), Bolero'', and ''Mata Hari (1985 film), Mata Hari'' (1985); science fiction and fantasy films such as ''Hercules (1983 film), Hercules'', ''Lifeforce (film), Lifeforce'', and ''The Barbarians (1987 film), The Barbarians''; and serious pictures such as John Cassavetes' ''Love Streams (film), Love Streams'', Franco Zeffirelli's ''Otello (1986 film), Otello'' (a film version of the Otello, Verdi opera), Norman Mailer's ''Tough Guys Don't Dance (film), Tough Guys Don't Dance'', and Andrei Konchalovsky's ''Runaway Train (film), Runaway Train'' and ''Shy People''. During these years, Cannon prominently advertised at the Cannes Film Festival each year. Substantial pre-sales of the next years' films were made based on the strong salesmanship skills of Globus. The deposits made from these sales financed production of the first film in the production line-up, which—when completed and delivered to theatre owners around the world—generated enough money to make the next film in the line-up. in the Netherlands (which had provided Cannon's start-up capital in 1979) provided bridge financing until the pre-sales amounts were collected. In 1982, The Cannon Group, Inc. entered into a relationship with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, MGM/UA Entertainment Co. whereas MGM/UA would distribute Cannon's films for theatrical and home video distribution via the MGM Home Entertainment, MGM/UA Home Video label, and was to be part of the MGM/UA's distribution network, but the deal was reupped in 1983, in order that MGM/UA would distribute its films theatrically in the North American region, as well as in the home video market. In 1984, The Cannon Group has signed a deal with distributor UGC (cinema operator), UGC for an exclusive five-year pact, with UGC handling French theatrical distribution and video rights of Cannon's upcoming feature films. Also that year, on May 22, 1984, Cannon Group had acquired and absorbed Kenneth Rive's Gala Films, which was absorbed into Cannon Group's U.K. distribution arm. On June 25, 1985, Cannon Films bought out the rights to produce future films based on the comic book character ''Superman'' from the Alexander Salkind, Salkinds, and had a distribution assignment with Warner Bros. for a 1987 release. Also that year, Cannon had to set up a French office by November, through the subsidiary Cannon France, and has plans to be the largest French distribution chain by next year.

1986–1989: Later years

By 1986, output reached an apex with 43 films in one year. Golan remained chairman of the board, while Globus served as president. In 1986, Cannon attempted to produce film adaptations of the stage plays ''Zorba (musical), Zorba'' and ''American Buffalo (play), American Buffalo'', but these films were never materialized. On April 23, 1986, Cannon Television, the television division of the Cannon Group, had eyeing the network television, syndication and cable markets, with action series being offered to dominate Cannon's television slate, and offered television versions of the Cannon hit features ''The Delta Force'' and ''American Ninja''. On April 30, 1986, Cannon had won the bid to distribute Roman Polanski's newest film ''Pirates (1986 film), Pirates'', which was set for debut on July 11, 1986, to 2,000 screens, which had beaten Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and De Laurentiis Entertainment Group. That year, the company attempted plans to do a series of fairy tales to follow ''Rumpelstiltskin (1987 film), Rumpelstiltskin'' with a total of 12 fairy tale films planned by the studio as part of the ''Cannon Movie Tales'' series, but Cannon would wound up releasing a few of the fairy tales. Film critic Roger Ebert said of Golan-Globus in 1987, "no other production organization in the world today—certainly not any of the seven Hollywood 'majors'—has taken more chances with serious, marginal films than Cannon." That year, Cannon gained its greatest artistic success: its 1986 Dutch production ''The Assault (1986 film), The Assault'' won the 1987 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Meanwhile, ''Otello (1986 film), Otello'', based on the opera Otello, of the same name, also received a Golden Globe nomination that year. Golan and Cannon Films were famous for making huge announcements and over-promoting films that did not live up to expectations—or even exist. For instance, ''Lifeforce (film), Lifeforce'' (1985) was to be "the cinematic sci-fi event of the 1980s in film, '80s" and ''Masters of the Universe (film), Masters of the Universe'' (1987) was dubbed "the ''Star Wars (film), Star Wars'' of the '80s." Diversifying from film production, Cannon had begun purchasing film distribution, film distributors and movie theaters. The purchases ranged from European companies (EMI Films, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment, Tuschinski Theatres, a 49-screen theater chain in the Netherlands, and the 53-screen Cannon Cinema Italy, Italia) to the sixth-largest chain in the United States, 425-screen "marginally profitable" Commonwealth Theaters.

''Spider-Man''

Additionally, Cannon owned the film rights to ''Spider-Man'', and planned to make a Spider-Man in film#Cannon Films, ''Spider-Man'' film in the mid-1980s. Golan and Globus agreed to pay Marvel Comics $225,000 over the five-year option period, plus a percentage of the film's revenues. The rights would revert to Marvel if a film was not made by April 1990. Marvel and Sony Pictures, Sony would eventually complete Spider-Man (2002 film), a film in 2002 directed by Sam Raimi after the rights had been resecured.

Popularity in the UK

On August 20, 1986, both Cannon Screen Entertainment, and archrival The Rank Organisation, The Rank Organization had jointly inked a $10 million agreement with the BBC to gain access to the 10 British title library. In May 1987, The Cannon Group sold its 2,000-title British film library, the Thorn-EMI Screen Entertainment Library, for $85-million to Weintraub Entertainment Group. Shortly afterwards, Cannon had dropped out of the HBO/Cannon Video joint venture with HBO. Cannon's films proved to be much more popular in the United Kingdom than in its native United States, which is why Cannon acquired several British cinema chains during the 1980s, and founded the mail-order video distribution service Videolog as a joint venture with Columbia House, Columbia House Europe, Ltd. in the mid-1980s. Cannon Cinemas were a familiar sight in the United Kingdom until the late 1990s, when MGM Cannon cinemas were sold to Virgin who retained the multi screen sites and sold the traditional sites to a new ABC Cinemas.

Pathé ownership of Cannon

By 1988, a cooling in the film market and a series of box office disappointments—including the multimillion-dollar production of ''Superman IV: The Quest for Peace'' (1987), whose original $36-million budget was slashed to $17 million—had once again put Cannon in financial woes. The company signed an agreement with Warner Bros. to handle part of their assets; however, the financial loss was staggering. Having purchased Thorn EMI's EMI Films, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment division in 1986, Cannon Films was severely stretched, and faced bankruptcy. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission began an investigation into Cannon's financial reports, suspecting that Cannon had fraudulently misstated them. On the verge of failure, Cannon Films was taken over by Pathé#Natan to Parretti, Pathé Communications, a holding company controlled by Italian financier Giancarlo Parretti. Financed by the French bank Crédit Lyonnais, Pathé Communications' takeover of Cannon immediately began a corporate restructuring and refinancing of $250 million to pay off Cannon's debt. By 1989, Golan, citing differences with both Parretti and Globus, resigned from his position and left Cannon to start 21st Century Film Corporation, while Globus remained with Pathé. One of the final films produced by Golan and Globus that received a wide release under the Cannon Films banner was the Jean-Claude Van Damme post-apocalyptic action film ''Cyborg (film), Cyborg''. This film was conceived to use both the costumes and sets built for an intended sequel to ''Masters of the Universe'' and the ill-fated live-action version of ''Spider-Man''. Both projects were planned to shoot simultaneously under the direction of Albert Pyun. After Cannon Films had to cancel deals with both Mattel and Marvel Entertainment Group because of their financial troubles, they needed to recoup the money spent on both projects. As part of his severance package from Pathé, Golan took the rights to Marvel Comics, Marvel’s characters Spider-Man and Captain America (Golan was able to put ''Captain America (1990 film), Captain America'' into production, and released it directly to video through his 21st Century Film Corporation, while, as aforementioned, Columbia would eventually take ''Spider-Man'' to production for 2002 release). Not to let that pre-production work go to waste, Pyun wrote ''Cyborg (film), Cyborg'', with Chuck Norris in mind, suggesting it to Cannon Films. Jean-Claude Van Damme was cast in the lead role. Some television stations still give the film's title as ''Masters of the Universe 2: Cyborg''.

1990–1994: Relaunch and demise

Following Golan's departure from Cannon Films, he became the head of 21st Century Film Corporation. Globus continued working with Parretti at Pathé. When Pathé took over control of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1990 as part of the MGM-Pathé Communications, MGM-Pathe merger, a majority of the Cannon Films library became part of the MGM library (certain rights for other media and select films during the Thorn EMI merger now lie with other entities). During Parretti's tenure at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, MGM, he appointed Globus as president of the studio for a brief period of time. In 1990, Parretti reorganized Cannon Pictures, Inc. as the low-budget distribution arm of Pathé. Veteran Italian film producer Ovidio G. Assonitis served as chairman and CEO of the new Cannon Pictures from 1990 to 1991. After the MGM-Pathé merger, Cannon Pictures spun off from Pathé, and was later run by former Cannon Group production head Christopher Pearce, who served as chairman and CEO from 1991 to 1994. Cannon Pictures continued to release films, including ''A Man Called Sarge'', ''American Ninja 4: The Annihilation'' and ''No Place to Hide (1993 film), No Place to Hide''. Parretti was pushed out of management control of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1991 by Crédit Lyonnais, after he defaulted on loan payments. Parretti was later convicted of perjury and evidence tampering in a Delaware court for statements he made in a 1991 civil case, brought by Credit Lyonnais to validate their removal of Parretti, to the effect that a document he claimed allowed him to retain control of MGM was authentic; he fled the country for Italy before he could be sentenced or extradited to France, where he was wanted on criminal charges related to his use of MGM's French assets. In 1994, Cannon Pictures released its last film, ''Hellbound (film), Hellbound''. Yoram Globus and Christopher Pearce later worked for 21st Century Film Corporation until that company's closure in 1996. In 1997, the California Superior Court in Los Angeles entered a final judgement in a separate civil suit against Parretti, ordering him to pay $1.48 billion to Credit Lyonnais. After Federal prosecutors unsealed an indictment against Parretti and Florio Fiorini accusing them of fraud in 1999, Italian authorities arrested both men and held them for extradition to the United States. Parretti was released by the court of appeal in Perugia shortly thereafter, ordered to remain in his home town of Orvieto and report to the police three times a week, even though authorities in Rome had requested he be held pending a decision on the extradition.

1998–2008: Television era

Throughout the late 1990s to the late 2000s, Golan's interest focused on multiple television films after he founded his new film production company, New Cannon, Inc. with Evgeny Afineevsky. Some of his films included ''Lima: Breaking the Silence'' (1998), ''Death Game'' (2001), ''Crime and Punishment (2002 Russian film), Crime and Punishment''. The company changed its name to New Generation Films in 2002. Afineevsky remains co-chairman of the Board.

2014–present: Resurgence

In 2014, there were two documentary films released about Cannon Films. RatPac-Dune Entertainment, RatPac Entertainment released ''Electric Boogaloo: The Wild, Untold Story of Cannon Films'', a documentary about Cannon Films, written and directed by Mark Hartley, and produced by Brett Ratner. That same year, the Israeli documentary ''The Go-Go Boys: The Inside Story of Cannon Films'' was launched at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.

Filmography

References

External links

Cannon Films Appreciation Society
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"Loose Cannons Podcast" ''Hosts Mathew Kumar and Justin Decloux discuss the Cannon Films Library in (mostly) Chronological Order
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Cannon Films Night on ''The Radio Dan Show''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cannon Group The Cannon Group, Inc., American companies established in 1967 American companies disestablished in 1994 Mass media companies established in 1967 Mass media companies disestablished in 1994 Defunct American film studios Former Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer subsidiaries Film production companies of the United States Former cinema chains in the United Kingdom Golan-Globus films,