Tenthredinidae is the largest family of

sawflies Sawflies are the insects of the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay ...

, with well over 7,500 species worldwide, divided into 430 genera.

Larvae A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. T ...

are

herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpar ...

s and typically feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are

leaf miner A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths ( Lepidoptera), sawflies ( Symphyta, the mother clade of wasp ...

s, stem borers, or

gall Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to be ...

makers. The larvae of externally feeding species resemble small caterpillars. As with all

hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typic ...

ns, common sawflies undergo complete metamorphosis. The family has no easily seen diagnostic features, though the combination of five to nine antennal

flagellomere Antennae ( antenna), sometimes referred to as "feelers", are paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods. Antennae are connected to the first one or two segments of the arthropod head. They vary widely in form but are always made of one o ...

s plus a clear separation of the first

abdominal The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the to ...

tergum A ''tergum'' (Latin for "the back"; plural ''terga'', associated adjective tergal) is the dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod segment other than the head. The anterior edge is called the 'base' and posterior edge is called the 'apex' or ' ...

from the metapleuron can reliably separate them. These sawflies are often black or brown, and 3 to 20 mm long. Like other sawflies, they lack the slender "wasp-waist", or petiole, between the thorax and abdomen, characteristic of many

ns. The

mesosoma The mesosoma is the middle part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other two being the prosoma and the metasoma. It bears the legs, and, in the case of winged insects, the wings. In hymenopterans of t ...

and the

metasoma The metasoma is the posterior part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other two being the prosoma and the mesosoma. In insects, it contains most of the digestive tract, respiratory system, and cir ...

are instead broadly joined. The Tenthredinidae are also often somewhat dorsoventrally flattened, which will distinguish them at least from the slender cephids (which, together with the common sawflies, comprise many of the Nearctic species of Symphyta). Females use their saw-like ovipositors to cut slits through barks of twigs, into which translucent eggs are wedged, which damages the trees. They are common in meadows, and in forest glades near rapid streams. Adults eat little, while larvae feed on foliage of streamside trees and shrubs, especially willow. A number of species and genera have been described from the

fossil record A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

such as '' Eriocampa tulameenensis'' and '' Pseudosiobla campbelli'' of

British Columbia British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, for ...

Life cycle '' Cladius difformis''

File:Cladius difformis larva.jpg, Larva File:Cladius difformis pupa dorsal.jpg, Pupa, dorsal view File:Cladius difformis pupa ventral.jpg, Pupa, ventral view File:Cladius difformis female.jpg, Female File:Cladius difformis male.jpg, Male Sawfly

Taxonomy

The Tenthredinidae are divided into seven subfamilies. Of the 430 genera, nine contain more than 50 species.

Subfamilies and genera

Subfamilies and genera within this family include:Funet
/ref> * Subfamily Allantinae ** ''

Adamas Adamas may refer to: * Adamantas, a town in Greece * Adamas (mythology) In Greek mythology, Adamas ( grc, Ἀδάμαντα means 'unconquerable') was a Phrygian participant during the Trojan War. He was the son of the Phrygian leader Asius, son ...

Malaise As a medical term, malaise is a feeling of general discomfort, uneasiness or lack of wellbeing and often the first sign of an infection or other disease. The word has existed in French since at least the 12th century. The term is often used ...

, 1945 ** '' Allantus'' Panzer, 1801 ** '' Ametastegia ''A. Costa, 1882 ** '' Apethymus'' Benson, 1939 ** ''

Athalia Athaliah ( el, Γοθολία ''Gotholía''; la, Athalia) was the daughter of either king Omri, or of King Ahab and Queen Jezebel of Israel, the queen consort of Judah as the wife of King Jehoram, a descendant of King David, and later queen ...

'' Leach, 1817 ** ''

Empria ''Empria'' is a genus of sawflies belonging to the family Tenthredinidae. Species * '' Empria alboscutellata'' * '' Empria alector'' * '' Empria archangelskii'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q15710887 Tenthredinidae Sawfly genera ...

'' Lepeletier, 1828 ** '' Eriocampa'' Hartig, 1837 ** '' Monosoma'' MacGillivray, 1908 ** '' Monostegia'' O. Costa, 1859 ** ''

Taxonus ''Taxonus'' is a genus of common sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. There are about 8 described species in ''Taxonus''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...

'' Hartig, 1837 * Subfamily Blennocampinae ** '' Ardis'' Konow, 1886 ** '' Blennocampa'' Hartig, 1837 ** '' Cladardis'' Benson, 1952 ** '' Claremontia'' Rohwer, 1909 ** '' Eutomostethus'' Enslin, 1914 ** '' Halidamia'' Benson, 1939 ** '' Hoplocampoides'' Enslin, 1913 ** '' Monardis'' Benson, 1952 ** '' Monophadnoides'' Ashmead, 1898 ** '' Monophadnus'' Hartig, 1837 ** '' Paracharactus'' MacGillivray, 1908 ** '' Periclista'' Konow, 1886 ** '' Phymatocera'' Dahlbom, 1835 ** '' Rhadinoceraea'' Konow, 1886 ** ''

Stethomostus ''Stethomostus'' is a genus of common sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. There are at least two described species in ''Stethomostus''. Species These two species belong to the genus ''Stethomostus'': * '' Stethomostus fuliginosus'' (Schrank, ...

'' Benson, 1939 ** ''

Tomostethus ''Tomostethus'' is a genus of sawflies. It includes the species '' Tomostethus multicinctus'', '' Tomostethus nigritus'', and others. It was first described in 1886. References Sawfly genera Tenthredinidae {{sawfly-stub ...

'' Konow, 1886 * Subfamily Heterarthrinae ** ''

Caliroa The genus ''Caliroa'' is a group of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. The larvae are slimy in appearance, and are sometimes referred to as "slugs" (e.g., the " pear slug"), though they are not gastropods, but insects. The larvae of some ...

'' O. Costa, 1859 ** '' Endelomyia'' Ashmead, 1898 ** '' Fenella'' Westwood, 1840 ** '' Fenusa'' Leach, 11817 ** '' Heterarthrus'' Stephens, 1835 ** '' Messa'' Leach, 1817 ** '' Metallus'' Forbes, 1885 ** '' Parna'' Benson, 1936 ** '' Profenusa'' MacGillivray, 1914 ** '' Rocalia'' Takeuchi, 1952 ** '' Scolioneura'' Konow, 1890 * Subfamily Nematinae ** '' Amauronematus'' Konow, 1890 ** ''

Anoplonyx ''Anoplonyx'' is a genus of insect belonging to the family Tenthredinidae. The genus was first described by Marlatt in 1896. Species: * ''Anoplonyx destructor'' References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q15710912 Tenthredinidae Sawfly genera ...

'' Marlatt, 1896 ** '' Cladius'' Illiger, 1807 ** ''

Croesus Croesus ( ; Lydian: ; Phrygian: ; grc, Κροισος, Kroisos; Latin: ; reigned: c. 585 – c. 546 BC) was the king of Lydia, who reigned from 585 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 547 or 546 BC. Croesus was r ...

'' Leach, 1817 ** '' Decanematus'' Malaise, 1931 ** '' Dineura'' Dahlbom, 1835 ** '' Eitelius'' Kontuniemi, 1966 ** '' Endophytus'' Hering, 1934 ** '' Eupontania'' Zinovjev, 1985 ** '' Euura'' Newman, 1837 ** '' Hemichroa'' Stephens, 1835 ** '' Hoplocampa'' Hartig, 1837 ** ''

Mesoneura ''Mesoneura'' is a genus of sawflies belonging to the family Tenthredinidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe, Eastern Asia and Northern America. Species: * '' Mesoneura lanigera'' Benson, 1954 * '' Mesoneura nigrostigmata'' Hari ...

'' Hartig, 1837 ** '' Micronematus'' Konow, 1890 ** '' Nematinus'' Rohwer, 1911 ** '' Nematus'' Panzer, 1801 ** '' Pachynematus'' Konow, 1890 ** '' Pikonema'' Ross, 1937 ** '' Platycampus'' Schiødte, 1839 ** '' Pontania'' Costa, 1859 ** '' Pontopristia'' Malaise, 1921 ** '' Priophorus'' Dahlbom, 1835 ** '' Pristiphora'' Latreille, 1810 ** '' Pseudodineura'' Konow, 1885 ** '' Sharliphora'' Wong, 1969 ** '' Stauronematus'' Benson, 1953 ** '' Trichiocampus'' Hartig, 1837 * Subfamily Selandriinae ** '' Aneugmenus'' Hartig, 1837 ** ''

Birka Birka (''Birca'' in medieval sources), on the island of Björkö (lit. "Birch Island") in present-day Sweden, was an important Viking Age trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia as well as many parts of the European continent and ...

'' Malaise, 1944 ** '' Brachythops'' Haliday, 1839 ** '' Dolerus'' Jurine, 1807 ** '' Hemitaxonus'' Ashmead, 1898 ** '' Heptamelus'' Haliday, 1855 ** '' Loderus'' Konow, 1890 ** '' Nesoselandria'' Rohwer, 1910 ** '' Pseudoheptamelus'' Conde, 1932 ** '' Selandria'' Leach, 1817 ** '' Strombocerina'' Malaise, 1942 ** '' Strongylogaster'' Dahlbom, 1835 * Subfamily Susaninae ** '' Susana'' Rohwer & Middleton, 1932 * Subfamily Tenthredininae ** '' Aglaostigma'' Kirby, 1882 ** '' Eurogaster'' Zirngiebl, 1953 ** '' Ischyroceraea'' Kiaer, 1898 ** '' Macrophya'' Dahlbom, 1835 ** '' Pachyprotasis'' Hartig, 1837 ** '' Perineura'' Hartig, 1837 ** '' Rhogogaster'' Konow, 1884 ** '' Siobla'' Cameron, 1877 ** '' Tenthredo'' Linnaeus, 1758 ** '' Tenthredopsis'' A. Costa, 1859 ** '' Tyloceridius'' Malaise, 1945 ** '' Ussurinus'' Malaise, 1931

Phylogeny

Of these subfamilies, Tenthredininae and Allantinae are sister groups, and together form a sister group to the Nematinae.

References

Bibliography

* , in * , in * * * , in Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (eds.), Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Kommentierte Bestandsaufname. Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Goecke& Evers, Keltern. * * * * * * * * *

External links

Hymis de
Image gallery {{Taxonbar, from=Q1280932 Sawfly families Insect pests of temperate forests Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille