The Ten Wings ( ''shí yì'') is a collection of commentaries ( ''zhuan'') to the classical Chinese ''

Book of Changes The ''I Ching'' or ''Yi Jing'' (, ), usually translated ''Book of Changes'' or ''Classic of Changes'', is an ancient Chinese divination text that is among the oldest of the Chinese classics. Originally a divination manual in the Western Zho ...

'' ( ''Yì jīng'') traditionally ascribed to

Confucius Confucius ( ; zh, s=, p=Kǒng Fūzǐ, "Master Kǒng"; or commonly zh, s=, p=Kǒngzǐ, labels=no; – ) was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. C ...

. # ''Tuan zhuan'', or Commentary on the Judgment, the 1st #''Tuan zhuan'', the 2nd # ''Xiang zhuan'', "Overall Image", the 1st (sometimes called Great Xiang ) # Xiang, the 2nd (aka Lesser Xiang or Little Images ) # ''

Xici zhuan ''Xici'' or ''Xi Ci'' () was a book of I Ching written during the fifth century BC. Its origins are unknown, but it is suspected of being the product of scholars who did not believe prevailing Daoist thought. Among the mythologies stressed in th ...

'', the Commentary on the Appended Phrases, the 1st #''Xici zhuan'', the 2nd (the two Xi Ci are also called the ''Great Commentary'' , to emphasize their importance) # ''Wenyan zhuan'', Commentary on the Words # ''Xugua zhuan'', the Sequence of the Hexagrams # ''Shuogua zhuan'', the Explanation of the Trigrams # ''Zagua zhuan'', the Assorted or Miscellaneous Hexagrams Doubts concerning Confucius' authorship of the ''Wings'' were expressed by

Ouyang Xiu Ouyang Xiu (; 1007 – 1072 CE), courtesy name Yongshu, also known by his art names Zuiweng () and Liu Yi Jushi (), was a Chinese historian, calligrapher, epigrapher, essayist, poet, and politician of the Song dynasty. He was a renowned writ ...

(1007-1072) and

Sima Guang Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official who authored the monumental history book ''Zizhi Tongjian''. Sima was ...

(1019-1086) during the Northern

Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...

. They were further consolidated by (1647-1715) and

Kang Youwei Kang Youwei (; Cantonese: ''Hōng Yáuh-wàih''; 19March 185831March 1927) was a prominent political thinker and reformer in China of the late Qing dynasty. His increasing closeness to and influence over the young Guangxu Emperor spar ...

(1858-1927) of the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...

. The 20th-century

sinologists Sinology, or Chinese studies, is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of China primarily through Chinese philosophy, language, literature, culture and history and often refers to Western scholarship. Its origin "may be traced to the ex ...

provide argumentation for rejection of the traditional creed.

References

I Ching {{China-lit-stub