Urban rail transit in

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...

plays an important role in intracity transportation in the major cities which are highly populated. It consists of

rapid transit Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail or metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. A rapid transit system that primarily or traditionally runs below the surface may be ...

suburban rail Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns. Generally commuter rail systems are co ...

monorail A monorail (from "mono", meaning "one", and " rail") is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail or a beam. Colloquially, the term "monorail" is often used to describe any form of elevated rail or people mover. More accurat ...

and

tram A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport ...

systems. According to a report published in 2021, a total of 2.63 billion people travelled annually in metro systems across India's fifteen major cities, placing the country as one of the busiest urban rapid transit hubs in the world in terms of ridership. The combined length of of metro systems in India makes it the fourth longest in operation in the world. The Ministry of Urban Development's Urban Transport wing is the nodal division for coordination, appraisal and approval of Urban Transport matters including Metro Rail Projects at the central level. All the interventions in the urban transport by the Ministry of Urban Development are carried out as per the provisions of National Urban Transport Policy, 2006.

Terminology

Indian cities have various types of urban transit systems operational, under construction and planned. These systems are being implemented based on the population of a city, financial feasibility and demand. *

Rapid transit Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail or metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. A rapid transit system that primarily or traditionally runs below the surface may be ...

: The rapid transit or popularly known as metro in India, is an urban high-capacity rail system, commonly operated in metropolitan cities. These systems are segregated from

Indian Railways Indian Railways (IR) is a statutory body under the ownership of Ministry of Railways, Government of India that operates India's national railway system. It manages the fourth largest national railway system in the world by size, with a tota ...

and have their

right-of-way Right of way is the legal right, established by grant from a landowner or long usage (i.e. by prescription), to pass along a specific route through property belonging to another. A similar ''right of access'' also exists on land held by a gov ...

. *

Suburban Railway Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns. Generally commuter rail systems are cons ...

: Suburban rail or popularly known as local train system in India, is an urban rail transit system where the

suburbs A suburb (more broadly suburban area) is an area within a metropolitan area, which may include commercial and mixed-use, that is primarily a residential area. A suburb can exist either as part of a larger city/urban area or as a separa ...

are connected to the city's centre. These systems are linked to and operated by

. Example:

Mumbai Suburban Railway The Mumbai Suburban Railway ( Marathi: मुंबई उपनगरीय रेल्वे) (colloquially called local trains or simply locals) consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines ser ...

* Medium-capacity rail : It is a rapid transit (metro) system which has a capacity higher than light rail but lower than

system to serve a medium demand. It is built considering the future rise in demand, so that it can be converted into a regular metro. Example:

Rapid Metro Gurgaon Rapid Metro Gurgaon is a light metro system serving the city of Gurgaon, Haryana, India. Rapid Metro connects the commercial areas of Gurgaon, and acts as a feeder link to the Delhi Metro with an interchange with its Yellow Line at Sikanderp ...

* Light rail : Light rail is used in cities that have low demand. It is a combination of

and

systems. It has a higher capacity and speed compared to tram services and has dedicated tracks that are mostly fenced. Example:

Srinagar Metro The Srinagar Metro is a light rail transit planned for the city of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The plans for the Srinagar Metro have been finalised with the work expected to start once the project gets nod from union cabinet. The propos ...

Monorail A monorail (from "mono", meaning "one", and " rail") is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail or a beam. Colloquially, the term "monorail" is often used to describe any form of elevated rail or people mover. More accurat ...

: This system has trains running on a single rail/beam. It has found its application in medium capacity transport, but due to low efficiency and high costs, it has been sidelined in India. Example: Mumbai Monorail * Regional transit system : This system is operated either between two similarly-sized cities, which are close to each other or between an urban city and smaller cities lying nearby. Example: Delhi–Meerut RRTS *

Tram A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport ...

: These systems are one of the oldest modes of urban transport in India. They are low capacity, slow-moving trains which run on tracks that are embedded in the urban streets. Example:

Kolkata Tram The tram system in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, India, operated by West Bengal Transport Corporation (WBTC) after Calcutta Tramways Company (CTC) was dissolved, is the oldest existing tram network operating in India, and oldest operating ...

Non-rail based urban transit

Bus Rapid Transit Bus rapid transit (BRT), also called a busway or transitway, is a bus-based public transport system designed to have much more capacity, reliability and other quality features than a conventional bus system. Typically, a BRT system includes ...

: The Bus Rapid Transit systems in India use conventional buses or high capacity buses and have their own right-of-way, separated from the rest of the traffic. Example:

Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System ''Janmarg'', also known as Ahmedabad BRTS, is a bus rapid transit system in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiary of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and others. It is designed by CEPT University. I ...

* Metro Neo : These are the Bus Rapid Transit systems that use

overhead wires An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, trolleybuses or trams. It is known variously as: * Overhead catenary * Overhead contact system (OCS) * Overhead equipment ...

with power supply similar to a

trolleybus A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tramin the 1910s and 1920sJoyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). ''British Trolleybus Systems'', pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing. .or trol ...

but with a higher capacity and which have their right-of-way. Example:

Greater Nashik Metro The Greater Nashik Metro or Metro NEO is a proposed rapid transit system in the Nashik Metropolitan Region. The system is proposed to reduce traffic congestion as well as provide direct connectivity to Nashik city from its suburbs. The Greater ...

* Water Metro : A water-based urban transit system usually implemented in cities which are situated on rivers. These systems are basically integrated

ferry A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water ta ...

systems. Example:

Kochi Water Metro Kochi Water Metro is an integrated ferry transport project in Greater Kochi region proposed by Kochi Metro Rail Limited. It is the first of its kind transport system in India and South Asia, that will connect Kochi’s 10 island communities wi ...

History

Early history

The first-ever mode of the urban rail transit system in India was

commuter rail Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns. Generally commuter rail systems are con ...

(or suburban rail), built in

Mumbai Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the secon ...

on 16 April 1853. The first passenger train was flagged off from

Bori Bunder Bori Bunder (also known as Bori Bandar) is an area along the Eastern shore line of Mumbai, India. Background This place was used as a storehouse for goods imported and exported from Mumbai. In the local language, 'Bori' mean sack and 'Bandar' ...

(present-day

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (officially Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Bombay station code: CSMT ( mainline)/ST (suburban)), is a historic railway terminus and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The terminus wa ...

) from where it travelled to

Thane Thane (; also known as Thana, the official name until 1996) is a metropolitan city in Maharashtra, India. It is situated in the north-eastern portion of the Salsette Island. Thane city is entirely within Thane taluka, one of the seven taluk ...

, covering a distance of 34 km in an hour and fifteen minutes. This made it the Asia's first

suburban railway Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns. Generally commuter rail systems are cons ...

. At the turn of the 20th century, tram systems began to sprawl across the four major cities of India, viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai, and helped local population to meet their intracity transportation needs. Horse-drawn

was first introduced in

Kolkata Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary business, comme ...

in 1873 and the electric trams began to operate in

Chennai Chennai (, ), formerly known as Madras ( the official name until 1996), is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. The largest city of the state in area and population, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of th ...

in 1895, later the cities of

Kanpur Kanpur or Cawnpore ( /kɑːnˈpʊər/ pronunciation (help· info)) is an industrial city in the central-western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Founded in 1207, Kanpur became one of the most important commercial and military stations ...

, and

Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...

saw trams being introduced. These services were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for

where they operate on streets to the present day.

Metro

In September 1919, during a session of the Imperial Legislative Council at

Shimla Shimla (; ; also known as Simla, the official name until 1972) is the capital and the largest city of the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared as the summer capital of British India. After independence, ...

, a committee was set up by W. E. Crum that recommended a metro line for

. The next proposal for a metro system was mooted by

government of West Bengal The Government of West Bengal also known as the West Bengal Government, is the subnational government of the Indian state of West Bengal , created by the National Constitution as the state's legislative, executive and judicial authority. The ...

in 1949-50 and a survey was conducted by French experts. However, the proposal could not be brought into the effect and India had to wait for its first metro service. It was 23 years later when the foundation stone was laid in

in 1972 to commence the construction of the ambitious metro system. On 24 October 1984, India saw its first metro system operational in

. After several struggles and bureaucratic hurdles, a stretch of 3.4 km was opened with five stations on the line. The first concept of an urban rapid transit system in Delhi came out during 1969, when a traffic and travel characteristics study was conducted. The bus systems which catered the public transportation in the city added to the traffic problems, this soon became a growing concern. The concepts for an urban transit system were considered as the need for the country's capital. After planning, a proposal was made in 1984, which revealed plans for constructing three underground corridors and augmentation of the existing suburban rail system. The construction began on 1 October 1998 and the first line was operational on 24 December 2002. With , the

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

went on to be the longest and by far the busiest metro system in India. On 1 November 1995, the

Chennai MRTS The Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System, a state-owned subsidiary of Indian Railways, is a metropolitan elevated railway line in Chennai, India. Operated by the Southern Railways, it is the first elevated railway line in India and also the c ...

began its operations, becoming the first

elevated railway An elevated railway or elevated train (also known as an el train for short) is a rapid transit railway with the tracks above street level on a viaduct or other elevated structure (usually constructed from steel, cast iron, concrete, or bricks ...

line in India and also the country's longest elevated mass rapid transit corridor spanning 17 km.

Monorail

While the political capital of India was expanding on its success by constructing new metro lines, suburban railways remained as the dominant mode of transport in the financial capital, Mumbai. According to

Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) is a body of the Government of Maharashtra that is responsible for preparation oRegional Plan for MMRand the infrastructure development of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The MMRDA was se ...

(MMRDA) the city bus services operating in narrow and crowded areas of the city were slow-moving and caused traffic congestion hence a rapid transit system was necessary. Since the city already had planned metro services and since the suburban railways also connected major parts of the city, a feeder system to these services was proposed in the form of Monorail. After the construction was completed, On 1 February 2014, Mumbai Monorail became the first of its kind in India.

Rapid transit

There are currently 15 operational

(popularly known as 'metro') systems in fifteen cities across India. With

being the largest metro system which connects to few other nearby cities in the

National Capital Region A capital region, also called a capital district or capital territory, is a region or district surrounding a capital city. It is not always the official term for the region, but may sometimes be used as an informal synonym. Capital regions can exis ...

. As of October 2022, India has 799.73 km of operational metro lines and 15 systems. A further 568.15 km of lines are under construction. Apart from the Kolkata metro (which has its own zone under Indian Railways), these rapid transit metro lines are not operated by

, but a separate set of local authorities. In addition to their metro systems, the cities of

and

Hyderabad Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern Indi ...

have mass transit systems operated by the Indian Railways, known as the

and the

Hyderabad MMTS The Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System, commonly abbreviated MMTS, is a suburban rail system in Hyderabad, India. A joint venture of the government of Telangana and the South Central Railway, it is operated by the latter. The system operat ...

, respectively. The first rapid transit system in India is the Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. The

has the largest network in the entire country.

Implementation

In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy had proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of at least 20 lakh (2 million) people. From 2002 to 2014, the Indian metro infrastructure expanded by 248 km. Later on 11 August 2014,

Union Government The Government of India (ISO 15919, ISO: ; often abbreviated as GoI), known as the Union Government or Central Government but often simply as the Centre, is the Government, national government of the Republic of India, a federal democracy lo ...

had announced that it would provide financial assistance for the implementation of a metro rail system to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million. In May 2015, the

approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities, with the majority of the planned projects were to be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The

would invest an estimated . In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems. In August 2017, the

announced that it would not provide financial assistance to the new metro rail project unless some sort of private partnership is involved.

Track gauge

Unlike

Broad gauge A broad-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge (the distance between the rails) broader than the used by standard-gauge railways. Broad gauge of , commonly known as Russian gauge, is the dominant track gauge in former Soviet Union ( C ...

which form majority of the railway tracks in the sub-continent, metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly

standard gauge A standard-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge of . The standard gauge is also called Stephenson gauge (after George Stephenson), International gauge, UIC gauge, uniform gauge, normal gauge and European gauge in Europe, and SGR in E ...

. Projects like the

Kolkata Metro The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. , it has two operational lines, a line from Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash and a line from Salt Lake Sector V to Sealdah, for a total of . Four ...

and

used broad gauge for their earliest lines, but to procure modern foreign rakes and to adopt international standard, India went ahead with standard gauge for all the following lines.

List of systems

* OP + U/C = Operational & Under-construction combined * OP + U/C+ Planned = Operational, Under-construction & Planned Combined ! ! ! ! 15 ! ! ! ! 2.708 billion

Systems in Development

Abandoned Systems

List of lines

Total no. of lines operational- 34. ''Note : Only operational lines are listed.''

Suburban rail

Suburban rail Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns. Generally commuter rail systems are co ...

plays a major role in the

public transport Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, mass transit, or simply transit) is a system of transport for passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public unlike private transport, typi ...

system of many major

n cities. These services are operated by

. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a

conurbation A conurbation is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cas ...

or other locations that draw large numbers of people daily. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long-distance trains. The suburban rail system of

and

have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long-distance trains. The first suburban rail system in India is

which started operations in 1853. The

Kolkata Suburban Railway The Kolkata Suburban Railway is a suburban rail system serving the Kolkata metropolitan area and its surroundings in India. It is the largest suburban railway network in the country with the highest number of stations. It is also the 7th large ...

has the largest network in the entire country. The

Chennai Suburban Railway The Chennai Suburban Railway is a commuter rail system in the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, operated by the Southern Railways branch of Indian Railways. It is the second largest suburban rail network in terms of route length and the third ...

started its operations in 1931.

Suburban train Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns. Generally commuter rail systems are consi ...

s that handle commuter traffic are all

electric multiple unit An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple-unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a number ...

s (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on

25 kV AC Railway electrification systems using alternating current (AC) at are used worldwide, especially for high-speed rail. It is usually supplied at the standard utility frequency (typically 50 or 60Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The dev ...

. Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai occupy no more than 7.1% of the Indian Railways 20819.3-km network, but account for 53.2% of all railway passengers. In some cities of India, the opening of

rapid transit systems These lists of rapid transit systems are sorted by the type of system: * List of tram and light rail transit systems * List of town tramway systems * Medium-capacity rail transport system * List of premetro systems * List of metro systems * List of ...

has led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.

Systems in Development

Regional rail

Regional Rapid Transit systems in India are

passenger A passenger (also abbreviated as pax) is a person who travels in a vehicle, but does not bear any responsibility for the tasks required for that vehicle to arrive at its destination or otherwise operate the vehicle, and is not a steward. Th ...

rail Rail or rails may refer to: Rail transport *Rail transport and related matters *Rail (rail transport) or railway lines, the running surface of a railway Arts and media Film * ''Rails'' (film), a 1929 Italian film by Mario Camerini * ''Rail'' ( ...

services that operate beyond the limits of

urban area An urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities ...

s, and either connect similarly-sized cities, or metropolitan cities and surrounding towns/cities, outside at the outer rim of a suburban belt. The following list excludes

Passenger Train A passenger train is a train used to transport people along a railroad line. These trains may consist of unpowered passenger railroad cars (also known as coaches or carriages) hauled by one or more locomotives, or may be self-propelled; self p ...

services provided by

Systems in Development

Monorail

The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014, is the first operational

system used for rapid transit in independent India. Many other Indian cities had planned monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, but after the Mumbai monorail failed with multiple issues, other cities are reconsidering the plan and may go ahead with much efficient and proven modes of transport such as the Light rail transit system.

Systems in Development

Abandoned Systems

Light rail

Light rail transit (LRT) or popularly known as Metrolite in India, is a form of urban rail transit characterized by a combination of

and

systems. It usually operates at a higher capacity than trams, and often on an exclusive

similar to rapid transit. Several tier-2 cities in India have opted it since it is a cheap and efficient mode of urban transit which serves for a lower demand. This list excludes

Trolleybus A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tramin the 1910s and 1920sJoyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). ''British Trolleybus Systems'', pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing. .or trol ...

or 'Metro Neo' systems which do not use rails.

Tram

In addition to trains,

s were introduced in many cities in the late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The

is currently the only tram system in the country.

Systems in development

Abandoned Systems

National common mobility card

The National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) is a card issued by government of India which enables citizens to pay multiple kinds of transport charges like Metro, bus etc., across the country. To ensure a seamless travel across urban rail and various other transportation systems the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) came out with the National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) Program. The Union Ministry of Urban Affairs have been working on it since 2006, when it was envisaged as part of the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP). This will help in higher digital payments penetration, savings on closed loop card lifecycle management cost and reduced operating cost. The rich data insights may be used by operators for business intelligence leading to efficient operation. NCMC's new ecosystem will further help government in digitization of low value payments and reduced cost for the entire ecosystem. As of 2021, only two metro systems in the country have been equipped with NCMC, namely

and Bengaluru's

Namma Metro Namma Metro ("Our Metro" in Kannada), also known as Bengaluru Metro, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Bengaluru, India. Upon its inauguration, it became the first underground metro system in South India. Namma Metro has a mix of u ...

Manufacturing

There are multiple metro manufacturers in India, Under the

Make in India Make in India is an initiative by the Government of India to create and encourage companies to develop, manufacture and assemble products made in India and incentivize dedicated investments into manufacturing. The policy approach was to crea ...

program, 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.

Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)

BEML BEML Limited, formerly Bharat Earth Movers Limited, is an Indian Public Sector Undertaking, headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It manufactures a variety of heavy equipment, such as that used for earth moving, railways, transport an ...

is a

Bengaluru Bangalore (), officially Bengaluru (), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than and a metropolitan population of around , making it the third most populous city and fifth most ...

-based

Public Sector Undertaking A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a government entity which is established or nationalised by the ''national government'' or ''provincial government'' by an executive order or an act of legislation in order to earn profit for the government ...

company that manufactures mining equipment, heavy engineering as well as metro rail coaches. It also manufacturers EMU train sets for suburban railway.

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

* 70x4=280 coaches (Year- 2001, Type- RS1 Broad Gauge)(In partnership with Mitsubishi and MELCO) * 8 coaches (Year- 2008, Type- RS1 Broad Gauge) (To upgrade four 4car trains to 6car trains) * 8x6=48 coaches + 88 coaches Total 136 (Year- 2011, Type- RS1 Broad Gauge)(To upgrade 4car trains to 6 car trains) * 81x6=486 coaches (Year- 2013, Type- RS10 Standard Gauge)(These trains are jointly developed by Hyundai Rotum and BEML. They are capable of Unmanned Train Operations. 120 of these 486 coaches were imported directly from

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...

and remaining 366 coaches were made in BEML's plant in

) * 96 coaches (Year- 2015, Type- RS1 Broad Gauge)(To upgrade 6car trains to 8 car trains) * 80 coaches (Type- RS1 Broad Gauge)(To upgrade 6car trains to 8 car trains) Total - 966 coaches (600 BG and 366 SG)

Mumbai Metro

* 63x6=378 coaches (red and yellow lines) * 21x6=126 coaches (red and yellow lines, additional order) * 12x6=72 coaches (red and yellow lines, additional order) Total - 576 coaches

Namma Metro Namma Metro ("Our Metro" in Kannada), also known as Bengaluru Metro, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Bengaluru, India. Upon its inauguration, it became the first underground metro system in South India. Namma Metro has a mix of u ...

* 50x3=150 coaches. (Phase 1) (In partnership with Hyundai Rotum) * 50x3=150 coaches (upgrading of previous 3 coach trains to 6 coach trains) Total - 300 coaches

Jaipur Metro The Jaipur Metro(Hindi: जयपुर मेट्रो) is a rapid transit system in the city of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Construction on the mostly elevated part of the first line, called Phase 1A, comprising of route from Mansarovar ...

* 10x4=40 coaches

Kolkata Metro The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. , it has two operational lines, a line from Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash and a line from Salt Lake Sector V to Sealdah, for a total of . Four ...

* 14x6=84 coaches (green line) * 3x6=18 coaches (green line, additional order) Total - 102 coaches

Bombardier India (Acquired by Alstom)

Bombardier (Now, Alstom ) built a £26m factory in

Savli Savli is a village near Vadodara, Gujarat in Western India. It is located near one of the Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation centres, which includes companies such as Nirma Chemical, Bombardier Transportation (now acquired by Alstom) ...

Gujarat Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the ninth ...

. Production at Savli began in June 2009. Bombardier was acquired by Alstom on 29 January 2021.

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

* 43x4=172 + 42x6=252 Total 424 coaches (Year- 2007, Type- RS2 Broad Gauge) * 114 coaches(Year- 2010, Type- RS2 Broad Gauge) * 76 coaches (Year- 2011, Type- RS2 Broad Gauge) (To upgrade 4/6 car trains to 6/8 car trains) * 162 coaches (Year- 2015, Type- RS2 Broad Gauge) (To upgrade 6 car trains to 8 car trains) * 40 coaches (Year- 2019, Type- RS2 Broad Gauge) (To upgrade 6 car trains to 8 car trains) Total - 816 coaches (BG)

Agra Metro Agra Metro is an under-construction rapid transit network in Agra, the fourth largest city in the Indian state of the Uttar Pradesh. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) was submitted in 2014 and cleared by the Uttar Pradesh government cabinet in ...

* 29x3=87 coaches

Kanpur Metro The Kanpur Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The metro is owned and operated by the Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC). The feasibility study for the project was done by RITES in June 2015. ...

* 38x3=114 coaches

Mumbai Metro

* 39x6=234 coaches (green line) UPDATE- Alstom terminated the contract in 2022

Meerut Metro The Meerut Metro ( hi, मेरठ मेट्रो) was a proposed rapid transit system in the city of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. The feasibility study of the project was completed by RITES Rail India Technical and Economic Service Lim ...

* 10x3=30 coaches (These trains are the same as Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor but of 3 coach configuration)

Alstom India

In 2013,

Alstom Alstom SA is a French multinational corporation, multinational rolling stock manufacturer operating worldwide in rail transport markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the A ...

built a factory in Sri City,

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...

. The 156-acre plant will be used to supply trains to cities in India and abroad. It also provides signalling & telecommunications systems.

Chennai Metro The Chennai Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is the 4th longest metro system In india. The system commenced service in 2015 after partially opening the first phase of the project. The network c ...

* 42x4=168 coaches (Phase 1) * 10x4=40 coaches (Phase 1 extension) * 26x3=78 coaches (Phase 2 - line 4) Total - 286 coaches

Kochi Metro

* 25x3=75 coaches

Lucknow Metro Lucknow Metro is a rapid transit system serving the largest city and the capital of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. Construction of the line begun on 27 September 2014 with the stretch from to Charbagh Railway Station which began its commercial op ...

* 20x4=80 coaches

Mumbai Metro

* 31x8=248 coaches (aqua line)

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

* 52x6=312 coaches (Year-2022, RS-17 type, to be used on pink, magenta and silver line)

Indore Metro The Indore Metro is a rapid transit system which is under construction for the city of Indore, India. The total system consists of 11 corridors (lines) covering a distance of . This project will cost approximately . The cost per km will be 182 ...

* 25x3=75 coaches (Phase 1)

Bhopal Metro The Bhoj Metro (also known as the Bhopal Metro) is an under construction rapid transit system intended to serve the city of Bhopal, India, the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The total system consists of 6 corridors covering a di ...

* 27x3=81 coaches (Phase 1)

Hyundai Rotem

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

* 49x4=196 coaches (Year- 2007, Type- RS3 Standard Gauge) (Since Hyundai Rotum does not have a factory in India, they used BEML's plant to complete the order on transfer of technology agreement) * 27x6=162 coaches (Year- 2013, Type- RS3 Standard Gauge)(Since Hyundai Rotum does not have a factory in India, they used BEML's plant to complete the order on transfer of technology agreement) * 81x6=486 coaches (Year- 2013, Type- RS10 Standard Gauge)(These trains are jointly developed by Hyundai Rotum and BEML. They are capable of Unmanned Train Operations. 120 of these 486 coaches were imported directly from

and remaining 366 coaches were made in BEML's plant in

) Total - 478 coaches (SG)

Ahmedabad Metro Ahmedabad Metro is a rapid transit system for the cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar in Gujarat state of India. The Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited was established in February 2010 and the long Phase–1 of the project was approved ...

* 32x3=96 coaches (Phase 1)

Namma Metro Namma Metro ("Our Metro" in Kannada), also known as Bengaluru Metro, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Bengaluru, India. Upon its inauguration, it became the first underground metro system in South India. Namma Metro has a mix of u ...

* 50x3=150 coaches. (Phase 1) (In partnership with BEML)

Hyderabad Metro The Hyderabad Metro is a rapid transit system, serving the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is the second longest operational metro network in India after the Delhi Metro (285 stations) with 57 stations and the lines are arranged in a ...

* 57x3=171 coaches (Phase 1)(Since Hyundai Rotum does not have a factory in India, most trains were made in BEML's factory on transfer of technology agreement, some were imported directly from South Korea)

Integral Coach Factory (ICF)

Integral Coach Factory Integral Coach Factory (ICF) is a manufacturer of rail coaches located in Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1955 and is owned and operated by the Indian Railways. It is located in Perambur, in the suburbs of Chennai. T ...

s the largest rolling stock for Indian Railways..

Kolkata Metro The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. , it has two operational lines, a line from Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash and a line from Salt Lake Sector V to Sealdah, for a total of . Four ...

* 18x6=108 coaches (Medha series for blue line) * 8x6=48 coaches (for blue line) * 38x6=228 coaches (for purple line and orange line) * 12x6=72 coaches (for yellow line) Total - 456 coaches

Titagarh Firem

Titagarh Firema Titagarh Wagons Limited is an Indian shipbuilder, defense, railway wagon manufacturer headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal. The company manufactures coaches for the Indian Railways, bailey bridges, and mining equipment. A subsidiary, Titagarh ...

Titagarh Titagarh is a city and a municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is close to Kolkata and also a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Geography Location Tita ...

-based Rolling stock manufacturing company. It is part of a Titagarh Group. They operate a factory in the Indian state of West Bengal

* 36x6= 216 (34 out of these 36 trains will be made in India in partnership with CRRC(winner of the contract) via transfer of technology agreement. 2 will be directly imported from China)

Pune Metro Pune Metro is a mass rapid transit system serving the city of Pune, India. The system comprises 3 lines with a combined length of 54.58 km, of which 12 km on two lines are operational as of March 2022. The 16.59-km Purple line from PCMC B ...

* 34x3= 102 coaches (phase 1)

Medha Servo Drives Pvt Ltd

In 2017, Medha Servo Drives planned to invest 8,000 million for metro rail coach factory in

Telangana Telangana (; , ) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of and 35 ...

. In February 2022 the factory was inaugurated and became the largest private rail coach factory in India. * In 2021, it got a contract to supply 10 rakes for Mumbai Monorail worth 590

crore A crore (; abbreviated cr) denotes ten million (10,000,000 or 107 in scientific notation) and is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system. It is written as 1,00,00,000 with the local 2,2,3 style of digit group separators (one lakh is eq ...

INR.

CRRC

* 36x6=216 coaches (Phase 2) (2 trains will be directly imported from China and remaining 34 will e made by Titagarh Wagons under transfer of technology agreement)

Rapid Metro Gurgaon Rapid Metro Gurgaon is a light metro system serving the city of Gurgaon, Haryana, India. Rapid Metro connects the commercial areas of Gurgaon, and acts as a feeder link to the Delhi Metro with an interchange with its Yellow Line at Sikanderp ...

* 12x3=36 coaches (Contract awarded to Siemens but subcontracted to CRRC )

Kolkata Metro The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. , it has two operational lines, a line from Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash and a line from Salt Lake Sector V to Sealdah, for a total of . Four ...

* 14x6=84 coaches (Dalian series for Orange line)

Mumbai Metro

* 16x4= 48 coaches (Blue line / line 1)

Nagpur Metro Nagpur Metro is a rapid transit system for the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. It is estimated to cost . In February 2014, the Government of Maharashtra gave approval for the Metro Project, while the Government of India's Ministry of Urban ...

* 23x3=69 coaches (phase 1)

Noida Metro

* 19x4= 76 coaches (Phase 1 aqua line)

Navi Mumbai Metro The Navi Mumbai Metro is a rapid transit system under construction in the Indian city of Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. The planning and construction of the Navi Mumbai Metro is being overseen by the City and Industrial Development Corporation (C ...

* 8x3=24 coaches (Line 1)

Legislation

The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to former Minister of Urban Development

Kamal Nath Kamal Nath (born 18 November 1946) is an Indian politician who served as the 18th Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh for approximately 15 months and resigned after a political crisis. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legi ...

, "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts." Construction of metros in India is governed by the centrally enacted ''The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978'' which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith. Operation and maintenance of metros are governed by ''The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002''. Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of ''The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009''. The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India. Initially, state governments attempted to implement metro rail projects through various Tramways Act. However, the Commissioner of Railways Safety (CRS), who operates under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is tasked with providing safety certification for metro rail projects. The CRS refused safety certification unless the projects were implemented under a Metro Act enacted by the state government and published in

The Gazette of India ''The Gazette of India'' is a public journal and an authorised legal document of the Government of India, published weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. As a public journal, the ''Gazette'' prints offi ...

Research Design and Standards Organization The Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO) is an ISO 9001 research and development organisation under the Ministry of Railways of government of India, which functions as a technical adviser and consultant to the Railway Board, the Zonal ...

(RDSO), another railway entity, also refused certification to projects not implemented under the criteria. Subsequently, several state governments have enacted their own Metro Acts.

Notes

References

{{Indian Railways Transport in India Tram transport in India

Terminology

Non-rail based urban transit

History

Early history

Metro

Monorail

Rapid transit

Implementation

Track gauge

List of systems

Systems in Development

Abandoned Systems

List of lines

Suburban rail

Systems in Development

Regional rail

Systems in Development

Monorail

Systems in Development

Abandoned Systems

Light rail

Tram

Systems in development

Abandoned Systems

National common mobility card

Manufacturing

Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

Mumbai Metro

Namma Metro Namma Metro ("Our Metro" in Kannada), also known as Bengaluru Metro, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Bengaluru, India. Upon its inauguration, it became the first underground metro system in South India. Namma Metro has a mix of u ...

Jaipur Metro The Jaipur Metro(Hindi: जयपुर मेट्रो) is a rapid transit system in the city of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Construction on the mostly elevated part of the first line, called Phase 1A, comprising of route from Mansarovar ...

Kolkata Metro The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. , it has two operational lines, a line from Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash and a line from Salt Lake Sector V to Sealdah, for a total of . Four ...

Bombardier India (Acquired by Alstom)

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

Agra Metro Agra Metro is an under-construction rapid transit network in Agra, the fourth largest city in the Indian state of the Uttar Pradesh. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) was submitted in 2014 and cleared by the Uttar Pradesh government cabinet in ...

Kanpur Metro The Kanpur Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The metro is owned and operated by the Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC). The feasibility study for the project was done by RITES in June 2015. ...

Mumbai Metro

Meerut Metro The Meerut Metro ( hi, मेरठ मेट्रो) was a proposed rapid transit system in the city of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. The feasibility study of the project was completed by RITES Rail India Technical and Economic Service Lim ...

Alstom India

Chennai Metro The Chennai Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is the 4th longest metro system In india. The system commenced service in 2015 after partially opening the first phase of the project. The network c ...

Kochi Metro

Lucknow Metro Lucknow Metro is a rapid transit system serving the largest city and the capital of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. Construction of the line begun on 27 September 2014 with the stretch from to Charbagh Railway Station which began its commercial op ...

Mumbai Metro

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

Indore Metro The Indore Metro is a rapid transit system which is under construction for the city of Indore, India. The total system consists of 11 corridors (lines) covering a distance of . This project will cost approximately . The cost per km will be 182 ...

Bhopal Metro The Bhoj Metro (also known as the Bhopal Metro) is an under construction rapid transit system intended to serve the city of Bhopal, India, the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The total system consists of 6 corridors covering a di ...

Hyundai Rotem

Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colou ...

Ahmedabad Metro Ahmedabad Metro is a rapid transit system for the cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar in Gujarat state of India. The Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited was established in February 2010 and the long Phase–1 of the project was approved ...

Namma Metro Namma Metro ("Our Metro" in Kannada), also known as Bengaluru Metro, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Bengaluru, India. Upon its inauguration, it became the first underground metro system in South India. Namma Metro has a mix of u ...

Hyderabad Metro The Hyderabad Metro is a rapid transit system, serving the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is the second longest operational metro network in India after the Delhi Metro (285 stations) with 57 stations and the lines are arranged in a ...

Integral Coach Factory (ICF)

Kolkata Metro The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. , it has two operational lines, a line from Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash and a line from Salt Lake Sector V to Sealdah, for a total of . Four ...

Titagarh Firem

Pune Metro Pune Metro is a mass rapid transit system serving the city of Pune, India. The system comprises 3 lines with a combined length of 54.58 km, of which 12 km on two lines are operational as of March 2022. The 16.59-km Purple line from PCMC B ...

Medha Servo Drives Pvt Ltd

CRRC

Rapid Metro Gurgaon Rapid Metro Gurgaon is a light metro system serving the city of Gurgaon, Haryana, India. Rapid Metro connects the commercial areas of Gurgaon, and acts as a feeder link to the Delhi Metro with an interchange with its Yellow Line at Sikanderp ...

Kolkata Metro The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. , it has two operational lines, a line from Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash and a line from Salt Lake Sector V to Sealdah, for a total of . Four ...

Mumbai Metro

Nagpur Metro Nagpur Metro is a rapid transit system for the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. It is estimated to cost . In February 2014, the Government of Maharashtra gave approval for the Metro Project, while the Government of India's Ministry of Urban ...

Noida Metro

Navi Mumbai Metro The Navi Mumbai Metro is a rapid transit system under construction in the Indian city of Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. The planning and construction of the Navi Mumbai Metro is being overseen by the City and Industrial Development Corporation (C ...

Legislation

See also

Notes

References