Zond (russian: Зонд, lit=probe) was the name given to two distinct series of

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

robotic spacecraft A robotic spacecraft is an uncrewed spacecraft, usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe. Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather ...

launched between 1964 and 1970. The first series, based on the 3MV planetary probe, was intended to gather information about nearby planets. The second series of test spacecraft was intended as a precursor to remote-controlled robotic circumlunar loop flights, using a stripped-down variant of

Soyuz spacecraft Soyuz () is a series of spacecraft which has been in service since the 1960s, having made more than 140 flights. It was designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now Energia). The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecr ...

, consisting of the service and descent modules, but lacking the orbital module. Two tortoises and other lifeforms aboard Zond 5 were the first terrestrial organisms to travel around the Moon and return to Earth.

Missions based on the 3MV planetary probe

The first three missions were based on the model 3MV planetary probe, intended to explore

Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus (like Mercury) appears in Earth's sky never f ...

and

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin at ...

. After two failures, Zond 3 was sent on a test mission, becoming the second spacecraft to photograph the far side of the Moon (after Luna 3). It then continued out to the orbit of Mars in order to test telemetry and spacecraft systems.

Circumlunar missions

The missions

Zond 4 Zond 4, part of the Soviet Zond program and an uncrewed version of Soyuz 7K-L1 crewed Moon-flyby spacecraft, was one of the first Soviet experiments towards crewed circumlunar spaceflight. It was launched to test the spaceworthiness of the ne ...

through

Zond 8 Zond 8, also known as L-1 No.14, was the last in the series of circumlunar spacecraft, a member of the Soviet Zond program, designed to rehearse a piloted circumlunar flight, an uncrewed version of Soyuz 7K-L1 crewed circumlunar flight spacecr ...

were test flights for the Soviet Moonshot during the Moon race. The

Soyuz 7K-L1 The Soyuz 7K-L1 "Zond" spacecraft was designed to launch men from the Earth to circle the Moon without going into lunar orbit in the context of the Soviet crewed Moon-flyby program in the Moon race. It was based on the Soyuz 7K-OK. Several ...

(also mentioned just as L1) spacecraft was used for the Moon-aimed missions, stripped down to make it possible to launch around the Moon from the Earth. They were launched on the Proton rocket which was just powerful enough to send the Zond on a free return trajectory around the Moon without going into lunar orbit (the same kind of path flown by

Apollo 13 Apollo 13 (April 1117, 1970) was the seventh crewed mission in the Apollo space program and the third meant to land on the Moon. The craft was launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 11, 1970, but the lunar landing was aborted aft ...

in its emergency abort). With minor modification, Zond was capable of carrying two

cosmonauts An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek (), meaning 'star', and (), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft. Although generally ...

. In the beginning, there were serious reliability problems with both the new Proton rocket and the similarly new Soyuz spacecraft, but the test flights pressed ahead with some glitches. The majority of test flights from 1967 to 1970 (

) showed problems during re-entry. The Zond spacecraft made only uncrewed automatic flights. Four of these suffered malfunctions that would have injured or killed any crew. Instrumentation flown on these missions gathered data on

micrometeor A micrometeoroid is a tiny meteoroid: a small particle of rock in space, usually weighing less than a gram. A micrometeorite is such a particle that survives passage through Earth's atmosphere and reaches Earth's surface. The term "micrometeor ...

flux, solar and

cosmic ray Cosmic rays are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Solar System in our own ...

magnetic field A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to ...

s, radio emissions, and solar wind. Many photographs were taken and biological payloads were also flown.

Timetable

3MV planetary probe based missions

* Zond 1 ** Launched 2 April 1964 ** Communications lost 14 May 1964 ** Venus flyby 14 July 1964 * Zond 2 ** Launched 30 November 1964 ** Communications lost May 1965 ** Mars flyby 6 August 1965 * Zond 3 ** Launched 18 July 1965 ** Lunar Flyby 20 July 1965 ** Communications lost 3 March 1966

Soyuz 7K-L1/L1S test missions

* Kosmos 146 ** Launched 10 March 1967 ** Prototype Soyuz 7K-L1P launched by Proton into planned highly elliptical Earth orbit. * Kosmos 154 ** Launched 8 April 1967 ** Prototype Soyuz 7K-L1P launched by Proton and failed to go into a planned translunar trajectory. * Zond 1967A ** Launched 28 September 1967 ** Fell off course 60 seconds after launch. Escape tower took the Zond capsule safely away. The rocket crashed 65 km downrange. ** Attempted Lunar flyby * Zond 1967B ** Launched 22 November 1967 ** Second stage failure. The Zond capsule was safely recovered. The rocket crashed 300 km downrange. ** Attempted Lunar flyby *

** Launched 2 March 1968 ** Study of remote regions of circumterrestrial space, development of new on-board systems and units of space stations. ** Returned to Earth 7 March 1968 – Self destruct system automatically blew up the capsule at 10 to 15 km altitude, 180–200 km off the African coast at Guinea. * Zond 1968A ** Launched 23 April 1968 ** Second stage failed 260 seconds after launch. ** Attempted Lunar flyby *

Zond 1968B Zond program (Зонд; Russian for "probe") was a Soviet robotic spacecraft program launched between 1964 and 1970, using two spacecraft series, one for interplanetary exploration, and the other for lunar exploration. Program details The pro ...

(Zond 7K-L1 s/n 8L) ** Launched 21 July 1968 ** Block D stage exploded on the pad, killing three people. * Zond 5 ** Launched 15 September 1968 ** Circumlunar 18 September 1968 ** Returned to Earth 21 September 1968 ** A biological payload of two Russian tortoises, wine flies, meal worms, plants, seeds, bacteria, and other living matter was included in the flight and were the first Earth lifeforms to travel around the Moon and return safely. ** The first spacecraft to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth. * Zond 6 ** Launched 10 November 1968 ** Circumlunar 14 November 1968 ** Returned to Earth 17 November 1968 *

Zond 1969A Zond program (Зонд; Russian for "probe") was a Soviet robotic spacecraft program launched between 1964 and 1970, using two spacecraft series, one for interplanetary exploration, and the other for lunar exploration. Program details The pro ...

** Launched 20 January 1969 ** Stage two shut down 25 seconds early. Automatic flight abort. The capsule was safely recovered. ** Attempted Lunar flyby * Zond L1S-1 ** Launched 21 February 1969 ** First stage failure. The capsule escape system fired 70 seconds after launch. The capsule was recovered. ** Attempted Lunar orbiter and N1 rocket test * Zond L1S-2 ** Launched 3 July 1969 ** First stage failure. The Zond capsule was recovered. ** Attempted Lunar orbiter and N1 rocket test *

Zond 7 Zond 7, a formal member of the Soviet Zond program and unmanned version of Soyuz 7K-L1 manned Moon-flyby spacecraft, the first truly successful test of L1, was launched towards the Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. I ...

** Launched 7 August 1969 ** Lunar flyby 11 August 1969 ** Returned to Earth 14 August 1969 *

** Launched 20 October 1970 ** Lunar flyby 24 October 1970 ** Returned to Earth 27 October 1970 * '' Zond 9'' ** Planned but cancelled. Planned for July 1969, carrying a crew of

Pavel Popovich Pavel Romanovich Popovich (russian: Па́вел Рома́нович Попо́вич, uk, Павло Романович Попович, Pavlo Romanovych Popovych) (5 October 1930 – 29 September 2009) was a Soviet cosmonaut. Popovich was the ...

and Vitali Sevastyanov, but never flew. * ''

Zond 10 Zond 8, also known as L-1 No.14, was the last in the series of circumlunar spacecraft, a member of the Soviet Zond program, designed to rehearse a piloted circumlunar flight, an uncrewed version of Soyuz 7K-L1 crewed circumlunar flight spacecra ...

'' ** Planned but cancelled

Photos

File:ZOND.jpg, Circumlunar Zond spacecraft en route to the Moon. Artist's impression

References

Very detailed information about the Soyuz 7K-L1 used in Zond 4-8

{{URSS space probes Missions to the Moon Soviet lunar program