} The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary

rivers of Europe This article lists the principal rivers of Europe with their main tributaries. Scope The border of Europe and Asia is here defined as from the Kara Sea, along the Ural Mountains and Ural River to the Caspian Sea. While the crest of the Cauca ...

, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk,

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

, before flowing through

Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...

and

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...

to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth- longest river in Europe, after the

Volga The Volga (; russian: Во́лга, a=Ru-Волга.ogg, p=ˈvoɫɡə) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catch ...

Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...

, and Ural rivers. It is approximately long, with a

drainage basin A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, ...

of . In antiquity, the river was part of the

Amber Road The Amber Road was an ancient trade route for the transfer of amber from coastal areas of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Prehistoric trade routes between Northern and Southern Europe were defined by the amber trade. ...

trade routes. During the Ruin in the later 17th century, the area was contested between the

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of ...

and

, dividing Ukraine into areas described by its right and left banks. During the

Soviet period The history of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (USSR) reflects a period of change for both Russia and the world. Though the terms "Soviet Russia" and "Soviet Union" often are synonymous in everyday speech (either acknowledging the dominanc ...

, the river became noted for its major hydroelectric dams and large reservoirs. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster occurred on the Pripyat, immediately above that tributary's confluence with the Dnieper. The Dnieper is an important navigable

waterway A waterway is any navigable body of water. Broad distinctions are useful to avoid ambiguity, and disambiguation will be of varying importance depending on the nuance of the equivalent word in other languages. A first distinction is necessary ...

for the economy of Ukraine and is connected by the Dnieper–Bug Canal to other waterways in Europe. During the

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. A ...

, certain segments of the river form a defensive line between territory controlled by Russians and Ukrainians.

Names

In English, "Dnieper" derives from the Russian pronunciation and "Dnipro" from the Ukrainian. The initial D in Dnieper is generally silent, although it may be sounded: or . The English pronunciation of Dnipro is . The name varies slightly in the local Slavic languages of the three countries through which it flows: * be, Дняпро, translit=Dnyapro, , or , * rus, Днепр, r=Dnepr, p=ˈdⁿʲepr; formerly spelled * uk, Дніпро, translit=Dnipro, ; poetic ; formerly , , or older (, ) These names are all cognate, deriving from Old East Slavic (''Dŭněprŭ''). The origin of this name is disputed but generally derived from either Sarmatian * ("Farther River") in parallel with the Dniester ("Nearer River") or from Scythian * ("Deep River") in reference to its lack of fords, from which was also derived the Late Antique name of the river, (). Another Scythian language name of the Dnipro was , meaning "having broad space," from which were derived: *the Graeco-Roman name of the river, ( ;

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

: ). This name was connected to the Graeco-Roman name of the

river, (

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic pe ...

: ;

: ), which was derived from Scythian , meaning "Broad." **From was derived the river's poetic Latin name, *the Huns' name for the river, , from Scythian , "Broad." During the period of Old Great Bulgaria, it was known as Buri-Chai and, under the

Kievan Rus' Kievan Rusʹ, also known as Kyivan Rusʹ ( orv, , Rusĭ, or , , ; Old Norse: ''Garðaríki''), was a state in Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas o ...

it was known as Славу́тич (''Slavútytch''), a name still used poetically in Ukrainian due to the influence of the Old East Slavic epic ''

The Tale of Igor's Campaign ''The Tale of Igor's Campaign'' ( orv, Слово о пълкѹ Игоревѣ, translit=Slovo o pŭlku Igorevě) is an anonymous epic poem written in the Old East Slavic language. The title is occasionally translated as ''The Tale of the Campai ...

'' and its modern adaptations on Ukrainian literature. This usage also lent its name to the city of Slavutych, founded in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 to house displaced workers. The Kipchak Turks called it the ''Uzeu'', the Crimean Tatars the ''Özü'', and modern Turks the ''Özü'' or ''Özi''.

Geography

The total length of the river is variously given as or , of which are within Russia, are within

, and are within

. Its basin covers , of which are within Ukraine, are within Belarus. The source of the Dnieper is the sedge bogs (Akseninsky Mokh) of the Valdai Hills in central Russia, at an elevation of . For of its length, it serves as the border between Belarus and Ukraine. Its estuary, or liman, used to be defended by the strong fortress of Ochakiv. The southernmost point in Belarus is on the Dnieper to the south of

Kamaryn Kamaryn is a village in the Brahin district of Belarus, near the Ukrainian town of Pripyat. Its population in 2017 was 1,777. It experienced heavy nuclear fallout during the Chernobyl disaster. Geography Kamaryn is on the Dnieper } The ...

in Brahin Raion.

Tributaries of the Dnieper

The Dnieper has many

tributaries A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drain ...

(up to 32,000) with 89 being rivers of 100+ km.Splendid Dnieper. There is no straighter river

Ukrinform The National News Agency of Ukraine ( uk, Українське національне інформаційне агентство), or Ukrinform ( uk, Укрінформ), is a state information and news agency, and international broadcaster of ...

. 4 July 2015 The main ones are, from its source to its mouth, with left (L) or right (R) bank indicated: Muromian-map

* Vyazma (L) * Vop (R) * Khmost (R) *

Myareya The Myareya ( be, Мярэя), alternative transliteration ''Miareja'', official transliteration or Mereya (russian: Мерея) is a river in Belarus and Russia. It is a left tributary of the Dnieper } The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . i ...

(L) * Drut (R) * Berezina (R) * Sozh (L) * Pripyat (R) * Teteriv (R) * Irpin (R) * Desna (L) *

Stuhna The Stuhna (), or Stugna, is a minor river in Ukraine, a right tributary of Dnieper River. Its length is 68 km. The river was mentioned in the '' Tale of Igor's Campaign'' and was a place of the Battle of the Stuhna River. Cities located o ...

(R) *

Trubizh The Trubizh (, russian: Трубе́ж) is a river entirely located in Ukraine, a left tributary of Dnieper. It falls into the Dnieper's Kaniv Reservoir (named after Kaniv). It is long, and has a drainage basin of .Ros (R) * Tiasmyn (R) *

Supii The Supii () is a river in Ukraine, 130 km in length, a left tributary of the Dnieper. The Supii finds its source in Nizhyn Raion, Chernihiv Oblast Chernihiv Oblast ( uk, Черні́гівська о́бласть, translit=Chernihivsk ...

(L) * Sula (L) * Psyol (L) * Vorskla (L) *

Oril The Oril () is a river in Ukraine, a left tributary of the river Dnieper. It is long and its basin area is .� ...

(L) * Samara (L) * Konka (L) *

Bilozerka Bilozerka ( uk, Білозе́рка, ) is an urban-type settlement in Kherson Raion, Kherson Oblast, southern Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Bilozerka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It has a population of Adm ...

(L) *

Bazavluk The Bazavluk () is a river in Ukraine and a right tributary of the Dnieper. It is long and its basin area is . It is shallow and dries up frequently. References {{Ukraine-river-stub Rivers of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast ...

(R) * Inhulets (R) Many small direct tributaries also exist, such as, in the Kyiv area, the Syrets (right bank) in the north of the city, the historically significant

Lybid The Lybid ( uk, Либідь) is a small river in Kyiv, Ukraine. A right tributary of the Dnieper, it flows within the "Right Bank" (original) part of the city, just to the west of the historic center. The Lybid has played an important role in ...

(right bank) passing west of the centre, and the Borshahivka (right bank) to the south. The water resources of the Dnieper basin compose around 80% of the total for all Ukraine.

Rapids

The

Dnieper Rapids The Dnieper Rapids ( uk, Дніпрові пороги, ) are the historical rapids on the Dnieper river in Ukraine, composed of outcrops of granites, gneisses and other types of bedrock of the Ukrainian Shield. The rapids began below the present ...

were part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, first mentioned in the Kyiv Chronicle. The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century. On the Dnieper the Varangians had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads. Along this middle flow of the Dnieper, there were 9 major rapids (although some sources cite a fewer number of them), obstructing almost the whole width of the river, about 30 to 40 smaller rapids, obstructing only part of the river, and about 60 islands and islets. After the Dnieper hydroelectric station was built in 1932, they were inundated by Dnieper Reservoir.

Canals

There are a number of canals connected to the Dnieper: *The Dnieper– Donbas Canal; *The Dnieper–

Kryvyi Rih Kryvyi Rih ( uk, Криви́й Ріг , lit. "Curved Bend" or "Crooked Horn"), also known as Krivoy Rog (Russian: Кривой Рог) is the largest city in central Ukraine, the 7th most populous city in Ukraine and the 2nd largest by area. Kr ...

Canal; *The Kakhovka Canal (southeast of the Kherson region); *The Krasnoznamianka Irrigation System in the southwest of the Kherson region; *The North Crimean Canal—will largely solve the water problem of the peninsula, especially in the arid northern and eastern

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a p ...

; *The Inhulets Irrigation System.

Fauna

The river is part of the quagga mussel's native range. The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world, where it has become an invasive species.

Delta

The city of Kherson lies near to the Dnieper delta.

Ecology

Nowadays the Dnieper River suffers from anthropogenic influence resulting in numerous emissions of pollutants. The Dnieper is close to the Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps (near Kamianske) and susceptible to leakage of its radioactive waste. The river is also close to the

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP; ; ), is a nuclear power plant undergoing decommissioning. ChNPP is located near the abandoned city of Pripyat in northern Ukraine northwest of the city of Chernobyl, from the Belarus–Ukraine border ...

( Chernobyl Exclusion Zone) which is located next to the mouth of the Pripyat River.

Navigation

Almost of the river is navigable (to the city of Dorogobuzh). The Dnieper is important for

transportation Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land ( rail and road), water, cable, pipelin ...

in the economy of Ukraine. Its reservoirs have large ship locks, allowing vessels of up to access as far as the port of

Kyiv Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Ky ...

, and thus are an important transportation corridor. The river is used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers

and Dnieper have had a growing market in recent decades. Upstream from Kyiv, the Dnieper receives the water of the Pripyat River. This navigable river connects to the Dnieper-Bug canal, the link with the Bug River. Historically, a connection with the Western European waterways was possible, but a weir without any ship lock near the town of Brest, Belarus, has interrupted this international waterway. Poor political relations between Western Europe and Belarus mean there is little likelihood of reopening this waterway in the near future. River navigation is interrupted each year by freezing and severe winter storms.

Reservoirs and hydroelectric power

From the mouth of the Pripyat River to the

Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station The Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station is a run-of-river power plant on the Dnieper River in Nova Kakhovka, Ukraine. Nova Kakhovka is a port city located on the reservoir's southern bank. The primary purposes of the dam are hydroelectric power gener ...

, there are six sets of dams and

hydroelectric station Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies one sixth of the world's electricity, almost 4500 TWh in 2020, which is more than all other renewable sources combined and ...

s, which produce 10% of Ukraine's electricity. The first constructed was the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (or DniproHES) near Zaporizhzhia, built between 1927 and 1932 with an output of 558 MW. It was destroyed during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

, but was rebuilt in 1948 with an output of 750 MW.

Regions and cities

Regions

File:Днепр код Кијева.jpg, The Dnieper River in

, Ukraine File:Dorogobuzh.jpg, The Dnieper River in Dorogobuzh,

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...

, before 1917 File:Dnieper River from Kryukivs'kyi bridge in Kremenchuk, Ukraine.jpg, The Dnieper River in Kremenchuk, Ukraine File:Above Dnieper river video from helicopter - 2004.ogv, thumbtime=25, The Dnieper river in Ukraine from a

helicopter A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These attribu ...

, 2004

Cities

Major cities, over 100,000 in population, are in bold script. Cities and towns located on the Dnieper are listed in order from the river's source (in Russia) to its mouth (in Ukraine): Arheimar, a capital of the

Goths The Goths ( got, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, translit=''Gutþiuda''; la, Gothi, grc-gre, Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Euro ...

, was located on the Dnieper, according to the Hervarar saga.

In the arts

Literature

The River Dnieper has been a subject of chapter X of a story by Nikolai Gogol ''

A Terrible Vengeance "A Terrible Vengeance" (russian: Страшная месть, Strashnaya mest') is a short Gothic horror story written by Russian author Nikolai Gogol. It was published in the second volume of his first short story collection, ''Evenings on a Fa ...

'' (1831, published in 1832 as a part of the '' Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka'' short stories collection). It is considered as a classical example of description of the nature in Russian literature. The river was also described in the works of Taras Shevchenko. In the adventure novel '' The Long Ships'' (also translated ''Red Orm''), set during the

Viking Age The Viking Age () was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America. It followed the Migration Period and the Germ ...

, a

Scania Scania, also known by its native name of Skåne (, ), is the southernmost of the historical provinces (''landskap'') of Sweden. Located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland, the province is roughly conterminous with Skån ...

n chieftain travels to the Dnieper Rapids to retrieve a treasure hidden there by his brother, encountering many difficulties. The novel was very popular in Sweden and is one of few to depict a Viking voyage to eastern Europe.

Visual arts

The River Dnieper has been a subject for artists, great and minor, over the centuries. Major artists with works based on the Dnieper are Arkhip Kuindzhi and Ivan Aivazovsky.

Films

The River Dnieper makes an appearance in the 1964 Hungarian drama film ''The Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man'' (based on the novel of the same name by Mór Jókai), where it appears when two characters are leaving

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

but get attacked by wolves. In 1983, the concert program "Song of the Dnieper" from the "Victory Salute" series was released, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the city of Kiev from the German fascist invaders. The program includes songs by Soviet composers, Ukrainian folk songs, and dances performed by the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District led by A. Pustovalov,

P. Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble Pavlo Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble ( uk, Національний заслужений академічний ансамбль танцю України імені Павла Вірського; also referred to simply as Virsky) is ...

, Kyiv Bandurist Capella, the Military Band of the Headquarters of the Kiev Military District led by A. Kuzmenko, singers Anatoliy Mokrenko,

Lyudmila Zykina Lyudmila Georgievna Zykina (russian: link=no, Людми́ла Гео́ргиевна Зы́кина; 10 June 1929 – 1 July 2009) was a national folk singer of Russia. She was born in Moscow and joined the Pyatnitsky Choir in 1947. Her surn ...

, Anatoliy Solovianenko, Dmytro Hnatyuk,

Mykola Hnatyuk Mykola Vasylyovych Hnatyuk or Mykola Vasyliovych Hnatiuk ( uk, Микола Васильович Гнатюк; born 14 September 1952) is a Soviet, Ukrainian singer, popular in the early 1980s. In 1979 he won the Grand Prix at the Dresden Pop ...

. Filming on the battlefield, streets and squares of Kiev. Scriptwriter - Victor Meerovsky. Directed by Victor Cherkasov. Operator - Alexander Platonov. The 2018 film ''

Volcano A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates ...

'' was filmed at the river in Beryslav, Kherson Oblast.

Music

In 1941,

Mark Fradkin Mark Grigoryevich Fradkin (Марк Григорьевич Фрадкин, May 4, 1914 – April 4, 1990) was a Soviet composer, author of numerous popular songs (many of which were co-written with poet Yevgeny Dolmatovsky) and musical scores ...

wrote "Song of the Dnieper" to the words of Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.

Image gallery

File:Plersch-Odjazd Katarzyny II z Kaniowa w 1787 roku.jpg, ''

Catherine II , en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes , house = , father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp , birth_date = , birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anhal ...

leaving Kaniów in 1787'' by Johann Gottlieb Plersch File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 001.jpg, ''Dnieper'' by Arkhip Kuindzhi, 1881 File:Arkhip Kuindzhi - Ночь на Днепре - Google Art Project.jpg, '' Moonlit Night on the Dnieper'' by Arkhip Kuindzhi, 1882 File:Aivazovsky Ice on Dnipro.jpg, ''Ice in the Dnieper'' by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1872 StanislawskiJan.DnieprSzafirowy.1904.ws.jpg, ''Sapphire Dnieper'' by Jan Stanisławski, 1904

Popular culture

* The river is one of the symbols of the Ukrainian nation and is mentioned in the national anthem of Ukraine. * There are several names that connect the name of the river with Ukraine: Overdnieper Ukraine,

Right-bank Ukraine Right-bank Ukraine ( uk , Правобережна Україна, ''Pravoberezhna Ukrayina''; russian: Правобережная Украина, ''Pravoberezhnaya Ukraina''; pl, Prawobrzeżna Ukraina, sk, Pravobrežná Ukrajina, hu, Jobb p ...

Left-bank Ukraine Left-bank Ukraine ( uk, Лівобережна Україна, translit=Livoberezhna Ukrayina; russian: Левобережная Украина, translit=Levoberezhnaya Ukraina; pl, Lewobrzeżna Ukraina) is a historic name of the part of Ukrain ...

, and others. Some of the cities on its banks — Dnipro,

Dniprorudne Dniprorudne ( uk, Дніпрору́дне, ; russian: Днепрорудное) is a city in Vasylivka Raion of Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine. The population is History Dniprorudne has had city status since 1970.Днепрорудное // � ...

, Kamianka-Dniprovska — are named after the river. * The

Zaporozhian Cossacks The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Zaporozhian Cossack Army, Zaporozhian Host, (, or uk, Військо Запорізьке, translit=Viisko Zaporizke, translit-std=ungegn, label=none) or simply Zaporozhians ( uk, Запорожці, translit=Zaporoz ...

lived on the lower Dnieper and their name refers to their location "beyond the rapids". * The

folk metal Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for exam ...

band

Turisas Turisas is a Finnish metal band from Hämeenlinna. They were founded in 1997 by Mathias Nygård and Jussi Wickström, and named after an ancient Finnish god of war. Turisas are a folk metal band, incorporating elements of power metal and s ...

have a song called "The Dnieper Rapids" on their 2007 album ''

The Varangian Way ''The Varangian Way'' is the second full-length album by the Finnish folk metal band Turisas, released on May 27, 2007 through Century Media. It is a concept album that tells the story of a group of Scandinavians traveling the river routes of m ...

''.

Notes

References and footnotes

External links

* *

Volodymyr Kubijovyč Volodymyr Kubijovyč, also spelled Kubiiovych or Kubiyovych ( uk, Володи́мир Миха́йлович Кубійо́вич, translit=Volodymyr Mykhailovych Kubiiovych; 23 September 1900, Nowy Sącz, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – 2 ...

, Ivan Teslia
Dnieper River
at th
''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''

Site about Dnieper
��objects over the river, photos, facts

"Комсомольская правда" об угрозах плотины Киевской ГЭС и водохранилища
(''tr. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" about the threats of the dam of the Kyiv hydroelectric power station and the reservoir"'')
"Аргументы и факты" о реальных угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС
(''tr. ""Arguments and Facts" about the real threats of the dam of the Kyiv reservoir and hydroelectric power station"'')
"Известия" о проблематике плотины Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС
(''tr. ""Izvestia" about the problems of the dam of the Kyiv reservoir and hydroelectric power station"'')

(''tr. "UNIAN expert on the threats of the Kyiv reservoir dam"'') {{Authority control Border rivers Belarus–Russia border Belarus–Ukraine border Ottoman Empire–Russian Empire border Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth–Russian Empire border International rivers of Europe Ramsar sites in Belarus Rivers of Belarus Rivers of Cherkasy Oblast Rivers of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Rivers of Gomel Region Rivers of Kherson Oblast Rivers of Kyiv Rivers of Mogilev Region Rivers of Poltava Oblast Rivers of Smolensk Oblast Rivers of Vitebsk Region Rivers of Zaporizhzhia Oblast