Telugu grammar

The first treatise on Telugu grammar ( te, వ్యాకరణం ''vyākaraṇam''), the ''Andhra Sabda Chintamani'' (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర శబ్ద చింతామణి ''Āndhra śabda cintāmaṇi'') was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya, who is considered the first poet (''ādikavi'') and grammarian of the Telugu language, in the 11th century CE. After Nannayya, Atharvana and Ahobala composed the sutras, the vartikas and the bhashyam.

In the 19th century, Paravastu Chinnaya Suri wrote a simplified work on Telugu grammar called '' Bāla Vyākaraṇam'' (''lit.'' Children's grammar), borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya, in Telugu.

According to Nannayya, language without 'Niyama' or the language which does not adhere to Vyākaranam is called Grāmya (''lit'' of the village) or Apabhraṃśa, is unfit for literary usage. All literary texts in Telugu follow the Vyākaraṇam.

Inflection

Telugu is more inflected than other literary Dravidian languages. Telugu nouns are inflected for number (singular, plural), gender (masculine and non-masculine) and grammatical case (nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative, and vocative).

Gender

Telugu has three genders:
* masculine (purusha liṅgamu),
* feminine (strī liṅgamu),
* neuter (napunsaka liṅgamu).

In Telugu the occurrence of the suffix (–ḍu) almost always encodes masculine gender. For example:
* tammuḍu (younger brother),
* mukhyuḍu (important man),
* Rāmuḍu ( Rāma),
* nāyakuḍu (leader).

However, there are nouns that do not end in (-ḍu) that belong to the masculine class.For example:
* annayya (elder brother),
* māmayya (uncle).

Most of the words ending in ''-ḍu'' are borrowings from Sanskrit words ending in ''-a'', and therefore the feminine forms of these words are equivalent to the Sanskrit words.

Sometimes, a word ending in ''-ḍu'' is feminized by adding the suffix ''-ālu'' to the root. The -a ending of the root becomes -''ur''. This phenomenon is known as the ''rugāgama sandhi''.

Neuter-gendered words usually contain the suffix -''amu.'' This suffix descends from the Old Telugu suffix -''ambu'' and is increasingly losing the final -u to become -''aṁ.'' These neuter words are often borrowed from Sanskrit neuter-gendered words ending in -''a, -am, -i,'' or -''u.'' The final -''a'' usually becomes -''amu,'' and the final -''u'' becomes -''uvu.''

However, Telugu sometimes uses the same forms for singular feminine and neuter genders – the third person pronoun (అది ) is used to refer to animals and objects.

Number (''vachanam'')

Anything with quantity one is singular (''ekavachanam'').
Anything more than one in number is called plural (''bahuvachanam''), as in English.

In Telugu the plural is also used to as an honorific. Some nouns are always plural and some are always singular. For example, water (''neellu'') is always plural.

God (''bhagavantudu''), sun (''suryudu''), earth (''bhūmi''), and moon (''chandrudu'') are always singular form.

Case (విభక్తి ''vibhakti'')

Telugu has eight cases.

Word order

Telugu word order is relatively free, and nouns are inflected for case. However, the
most common word order tends to be SOV ( subject–object–verb).

Punctuation

Telugu uses single and double vertical bars to indicate a comma and a full stop. However modern Telugu uses punctuation marks which are borrowed from English.

Sandhi or joining

Sandhi is the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words.

Telugu sandhis can be divided into native ones and those derived from Sanskrit ones.

Sanskrit Sandhis

These sandhis usually take place when the two words undergoing Sandhi are words borrowed from Sanskrit.

Savarṇadīrghasandhi (Vowel lengthening)

The ''savarṇadīrgha sandhi,'' from Sanskrit ''savarṇa '''same sound' and ''dīrgha long', this sandhi takes place when the first word ends in the same vowel that the second word starts with. The two vowels join to form one long vowel.

Guṇasandhi (Vowel raising)

The ''guṇasandhi'' takes place when a word final -''a'' is followed by either -''i, -u'' or -''r̥.'' The sandhi yields -''ē, -ō'' and -''ar'' respectively. -''ē, -ō'' and -''ar'' are collectively called the ''guṇa''s, hence the name.

Vr̥ddhisandhi (Diphthongization)

The ''vr̥ddhisandhi,'' from Sanskrit ''vr̥ddhi-,'' 'growth', takes place when a word final -''a'' is followed by -''ē'' or -''ai, -ō'' or ''-au'', and -''ar'' or -''ār'', and yields ''-ai, -au'' and -''ār'' respectively. ''-ai, -au'' and -''ār'' are collectively called the ''vr̥ddhi''s, hence the name.

Yaṇādēśasandhi (Glide insertion)

The ''yaṇādēśasandhi'' takes place when word final -''i, -u'' or -''r̥'' is followed by a non-similar vowel. The sandhi yields either -''y-, -v-'' or ''-r-'' respectively. These are known as the ''yaṇā''s.

Native sandhis

These sandhis usually occur when one or both of the words is a native Telugu word, or is a Sanskrit borrowing that is treated as such (ex. ''iṣṭamu'').

Akārasandhi (Elision of a)

This sandhi occurs when a word final -''a'' is followed by any vowel. The word final -''a'' is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.

Ikārasandhi

This sandhi occurs when a word final -''i'' is followed by any vowel. The word final -''i'' is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.

Ukārasandhi

This sandhi occurs when a word final -''u'' is followed by any vowel. The word final -''u'' is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.

Trikasandhi

One of the most complicated of the sandhis, the ''trikasandhi'' is of two forms:

# When a final -''ā -ī'' or ''-ē'' is followed by a non-clustured consonant, the vowel is shortened, and the unclustered consonant is geminated.
# When the word ''mūḍu'' (three) is followed by a consonant, the word-final -''ḍu'' is eliminated. This triggers the first rule of the ''trikasandhi,'' and the now-word-final ''-ū'' is shortened, and the following consonant is geminated. When the consonant is ''l-'', sometimes it is geminated to -''ḷḷ''- instead.

Āmrēḍitasandhi

This sandhi deals with repeated words, i.e., pairs of same words. This sandhi forms some of the most used irregular-looking words in the language. It has three rules:

# When a vowel-initial word is repeated, the final vowel of the first word is eliminated.
# Word final forms of ''ka'' (''ka, ki, ku, ke,'' etc.) of the first word are eliminated and the first rule is applied.
# The ''andādi'' words (''anduku, iggulu, tumuru, tuniyalu'', etc.) when compounded lead to irregular forms.

Dviruktaṭakārasandhi

Sometimes regarded as a form of the ''āmrēḍitasandhi'', the dviruktaṭakārasandhi occurs when ''kaḍādi'' (''kaḍa, naḍuma, madhyāhnamu, bayalu,'' etc.) words are compounded. A ''dviruktaṭakāra,'' a geminated -''ṭṭ''- forms from this sandhi, hence the name.

Gasaḍadavādēśasandhi

*Trika Sandhi.
* Dugagama Sandhi.
* Saraladesha Sandhi
* Gasadadavadesha Sandhi.
* Rugagama Sandhi.
* Yadagama Sandhi.
* Prathametara Vibhakti Sandhi.
* Uchadadi sandhi.

Samasam or nominal compounds

Samasam or samasa occurs with various structures, but morphologically speaking they are essentially the same: each noun (or adjective) is in its (weak) stem form, with only the final element receiving case inflection.

Some of the Telugu samasams are:
* Tatpuruṣa Samasam.
** ''Prathama tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Dvitiya tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Trutiya tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Chaturthi tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Panchami tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Shashti tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Saptami tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Nai tatpurusha samasam''
* Karmadhāraya Samasam.
** ''Viśeshana purwapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Viśeshana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Viśeshana ubhayapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Upamana purvapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Upamana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Avadharana purvapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Sambhavana purvapada karmadharaya samasam''
* Dvigu Samasam.
* Dvandva Samasam.
* Bahuvrīhi Samasam.
* Amredita Samasam.
* Avyayībhāva Samasam

Alankaram or ornamentation

Telugu Alankaram is a figure of speech which means ornaments or embellishments which are used to enhance the beauty of the poems. There are two types of Alankarams, 'Shabdalankaram' which primarily focuses on Sound and 'Arthalamkaram' which focuses on meaning. These two alankarams are further broken down in to different categories.
shabdalankaras are 6 types where as there are nearly 30 to 40 types in ardhalankaras.
* ''Shabdalankaram''
** ''Vruttyanuprasa''
** ''Chekanuprasa''
** ''Latanuprasa''
** ''antyanuprasa''
** ''Yamakam''
** ''Mukta pada grastam''
* ''Arthalamkaram''
** ''Upamanaalankaram''
** ''Utprekshaalankaram''
** ''Rupakaalankaram''
** ''Shleshalankaram''
** ''Arthantaranyaasam''
** ''Atishayokti''
** ''Drushtantam''
** ''Swabhavokti''
** ''vyajastu''
** ''virodhi''
** ''vishamamu''
** ''parikaramu''
** ''branti madala''
** ''kramalam''

Chandassu or Telugu prosody

Metrical poetry in Telugu is called 'Chandassu' or 'Chandas'. ya-maa-taa-raa-ja-bhaa-na-sa-la-gam is called the chandassu chakram. Utpalamala, Champakamala, Mattebha vikreeditham, Sardoola Vikreeditham, Kanda, Aata veladi, Theta geethi, Sragdhara, Bhujangaprayata, etc. are some metrics used in Telugu poetry.

Prakruti and Vikruti

Telugu has many Tatsama words. They are called Prakruti, which are equivalent to Sanskrit words. The equivalent colloquial words are called Vikruti, which means distorted. However, Prakruti is only used as a medium of instruction in educational institutions, offices etc.

For example:

See also

* Telugu language
* Telugu literature
* Telugu people
* Telugu development
* Satavahana Dynasty
* Sanskrit grammar
* Sanskrit pronouns and determiners

References

{{Language grammars

Telugu language
Dravidian grammars