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Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a
Ray-finned fishes occur in many variant forms. The main features of typical ray-finned fish are shown in the adjacent diagram. The swim bladder is the more derived structure.
Ray-finned fishes have many different types of scales; but all
In nearly all ray-finned fish, the sexes are separate, and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid. Development then proceeds with a free-swimming larval stage. However other patterns of
Actinopterygii is divided into the classes 
class
Class or The Class may refer to:
Common uses not otherwise categorized
* Class (biology), a taxonomic rank
* Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects
* Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differentl ...
of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate
Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () (chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with c ...
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
.
The ray-finned fish
Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of ...
es are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines (rays), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii
Sarcopterygii (; ) — sometimes considered synonymous with Crossopterygii () — is a taxon (traditionally a class or subclass) of the bony fishes known as the lobe-finned fishes. The group Tetrapoda, a mostly terrestrial superclass includi ...
(lobe-finned fish). These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles).
By species count, actinopterygians dominate the vertebrate
Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () (chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with c ...
s, and they constitute nearly 99% of the over 30,000 species of fish. They are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Extant species can range in size from ''Paedocypris
''Paedocypris'' is a genus of tiny cyprinid fish found in swamps and streams on the Southeast Asian islands of Borneo, Sumatra and Bintan.
''Paedocypris progenetica'' has been claimed to be the one of smallest known species of fish in the world ...
'', at , to the massive ocean sunfish
The ocean sunfish or common mola (''Mola mola'') is one of the largest bony fish in the world. It was misidentified as the heaviest bony fish, which was actually a different species, ''Mola alexandrini''. Adults typically weigh between . The spe ...
, at , and the long-bodied oarfish
Oarfish are huge, greatly elongated, pelagic lampriform fish belonging to the small family Regalecidae. Found in areas spanning from temperate ocean zones to tropical ones, yet rarely seen, the oarfish family contains three species in two gene ...
, at . The vast majority of Actinopterygii (~99%) are teleost
Teleostei (; Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ), is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, containing 96% of all extant species of fish. Tele ...
s.
Characteristics
Ray-finned fishes occur in many variant forms. The main features of typical ray-finned fish are shown in the adjacent diagram. The swim bladder is the more derived structure.
Ray-finned fishes have many different types of scales; but all teleost
Teleostei (; Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ), is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, containing 96% of all extant species of fish. Tele ...
s have leptoid scales. The outer part of these scales fan out with bony ridges, while the inner part is crossed with fibrous connective tissue. Leptoid scales are thinner and more transparent than other types of scales, and lack the hardened enamel or dentine-like layers found in the scales of many other fish. Unlike ganoid scales, which are found in non-teleost actinopterygians, new scales are added in concentric layers as the fish grows.
Ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes sometimes possesses lungs used for aerial respiration. Only bichirs retain ventrally budding lungs.
Body shapes and fin arrangements
Ray-finned fish vary in size and shape, in their feeding specializations, and in the number and arrangement of their ray-fins.Reproduction
In nearly all ray-finned fish, the sexes are separate, and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid. Development then proceeds with a free-swimming larval stage. However other patterns of ontogeny
Ontogeny (also ontogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism (both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adult. The term can also be used to refer to the s ...
exist, with one of the commonest being sequential hermaphroditism
Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular, ...
. In most cases this involves protogyny
Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular, ...
, fish starting life as females and converting to males at some stage, triggered by some internal or external factor. Protandry
Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular, ...
, where a fish converts from male to female, is much less common than protogyny.
Most families use external
External may refer to:
* External (mathematics), a concept in abstract algebra
* Externality
In economics, an externality or external cost is an indirect cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party' ...
rather than internal fertilization
Internal fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm cell during sexual reproduction inside the female body. Internal fertilization, unlike its counterpart, external fertilization, brings more control to the female with reproduction. For inte ...
. Of the oviparous teleosts, most (79%) do not provide parental care. Viviparity
Among animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the parent. This is opposed to oviparity which is a reproductive mode in which females lay developing eggs that complete their development and hatch externally from the ...
, ovoviviparity, or some form of parental care for eggs, whether by the male, the female, or both parents is seen in a significant fraction (21%) of the 422 teleost families; no care is likely the ancestral condition. The oldest case of viviparity in ray-finned fish is found in Middle Triassic
In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between Ma and ...
species of '' Saurichthys''. Viviparity is relatively rare and is found in about 6% of living teleost species; male care is far more common than female care. Male territoriality "preadapts" a species for evolving male parental care.
There are a few examples of fish that self-fertilise. The mangrove rivulus
The mangrove killifish or mangrove rivulus, ''Kryptolebias marmoratus'' ( syn. ''Rivulus marmoratus''), is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae. It lives in brackish and marine waters (less frequently in fresh water) along the coasts ...
is an amphibious, simultaneous hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and spawn and having internal fertilisation. This mode of reproduction may be related to the fish's habit of spending long periods out of water in the mangrove forests it inhabits. Males are occasionally produced at temperatures below and can fertilise eggs that are then spawned by the female. This maintains genetic variability in a species that is otherwise highly inbred.
Classification and fossil record
Actinopterygii is divided into the classes Cladistia
Cladistia is a clade of bony fishes whose only living members are the bichirs. Their major synapomorphies are a heterocercal tail in which the dorsal fin has independent rays, and a posteriorly elongated parasphenoid.
Cladistia are the earliest ...
and Actinopteri
Actinopteri is the sister group of Cladistia in the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish).
Dating back to the Permian period, the Actinopteri comprise the Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish) and the Neopterygii (bowfin, gars, and teleos ...
. The latter comprises the subclasses Chondrostei
Chondrostei is a group of non-neopterygian ray-finned fish, while the term originally referred to a paraphyletic group of all non-neopterygian ray-finned fish, it was redefined by Patterson in 1982 to be a clade comprising the Acipenseriformes (w ...
and Neopterygii
Neopterygii (from Greek νέος ''neos'' 'new' and πτέρυξ ''pteryx'' 'fin') is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant ...
. The Neopterygii
Neopterygii (from Greek νέος ''neos'' 'new' and πτέρυξ ''pteryx'' 'fin') is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant ...
, in turn, is divided into the infraclasses Holostei
Holostei is a group of ray-finned bony fish. It is divided into two major clades, the Halecomorphi, represented by a single living species, the bowfin ('' Amia calva''), as well as the Ginglymodi, the sole living representatives being the gars ...
and Teleostei
Teleostei (; Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ), is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, containing 96% of all extant species of fish. Te ...
. During the Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era ( ), also called the Age of Reptiles, the Age of Conifers, and colloquially as the Age of the Dinosaurs is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretace ...
(Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Year#Abbreviations yr and ya, Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 ...
, Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of ...
, Cretaceous) and Cenozoic the teleosts in particular evolution of fish#Post Devonian, diversified widely. As a result, 96% of living fish species are teleosts (40% of all fish species belong to the teleost subgroup Acanthomorpha), while all other groups of actinopterygians represent depauperate lineages.
The classification of ray-finned fishes can be summarized as follows:
* Cladistia, which include bichirs and reedfish
* Actinopteri, which include:
** Chondrostei, which include Acipenseriformes (paddlefishes and sturgeons)
** Neopterygii, which include:
***Teleostei (most living fishes)
***Holostei, which include:
****Lepisosteiformes (gars)
****Amiiformes (bowfin)
The cladogram below shows the main clades of living actinopterygians and their evolutionary relationships to other extant taxon, extant groups of fishes and the four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods). The latter include mostly terrestrial species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
but also groups that became Secondarily aquatic tetrapods, secondarily aquatic (e.g. Cetacea, Whales and Dolphins). Tetrapods Evolution of tetrapods, evolved from a group of bony fish during the Devonian period (geology), period. Approximate Divergent evolution, divergence dates for the different actinopterygian clades (in myr, millions of years, mya) are from Near et al., 2012.
The polypterids (bichirs and reedfish) are the Sister group, sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) are the sister lineage of Neopterygii, and Holostei (bowfin and gars) are the sister lineage of teleosts. The Elopomorpha (eels and tarpons) appear to be the most Basal (phylogenetics), basal teleosts.
The earliest known fossil actinopterygian is ''Andreolepis hedei'', dating back 420 million years (Late Silurian), remains of which have been found in Russia, Sweden, and Estonia. Crown group actinopterygians most likely originated near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. The earliest fossil relatives of modern teleosts are from the Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Year#Abbreviations yr and ya, Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 ...
period (geology), period (''Prohalecites'', ''Pholidophorus''), although it is suspected that teleosts originated already during the Paleozoic era (geology), Era.
Taxonomy
The listing below is a summary of all extinct (indicated by a dagger (mark), dagger, †) and living groups of Actinopterygii with their respective taxonomic rank. The Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy follows Www.deepfin.org, Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes with notes when this differs from Nelson, ITIS and FishBase and extinct groups from Van der Laan 2016 and Xu 2021. * Order †?Asarotiformes Schaeffer 1968 * Order †?Discordichthyiformes Minikh 1998 * Order †?Paphosisciformes Grogan & Lund 2015 * Order †?Scanilepiformes Selezneya 1985 * Order †Cheirolepidiformes Kazantseva-Selezneva 1977 * Order †Paramblypteriformes Heyler 1969 * Order †Rhadinichthyiformes * Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay 1902 * Order †Tarrasiiformes sensu Lund & Poplin 2002 * Order †Ptycholepiformes Andrews et al. 1967 * Order †Haplolepidiformes Westoll 1944 * Order †Aeduelliformes Heyler 1969 * Order †Platysomiformes Aldinger 1937 * Order †Dorypteriformes Cope 1871 * Order †Eurynotiformes Sallan & Coates 2013 * ClassCladistia
Cladistia is a clade of bony fishes whose only living members are the bichirs. Their major synapomorphies are a heterocercal tail in which the dorsal fin has independent rays, and a posteriorly elongated parasphenoid.
Cladistia are the earliest ...
Pander 1860
** Order †Guildayichthyiformes Lund 2000
** Order Polypteriformes Bleeker 1859 (bichirs and reedfishes)
* Class Actinopteri
Actinopteri is the sister group of Cladistia in the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish).
Dating back to the Permian period, the Actinopteri comprise the Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish) and the Neopterygii (bowfin, gars, and teleos ...
Cope 1972 s.s.
** Order †Elonichthyiformes Kazantseva-Selezneva 1977
** Order †Phanerorhynchiformes
** Order †Bobasatraniiformes Berg 1940
** Order †Saurichthyiformes Aldinger 1937
** Subclass Chondrostei
Chondrostei is a group of non-neopterygian ray-finned fish, while the term originally referred to a paraphyletic group of all non-neopterygian ray-finned fish, it was redefined by Patterson in 1982 to be a clade comprising the Acipenseriformes (w ...
Müller, 1844
*** Order †Birgeria, Birgeriiformes Heyler 1969
*** Order †Chondrosteiformes Aldinger, 1937
*** Order Acipenseriformes Berg 1940 (includes sturgeons and paddlefishes)
** Subclass Neopterygii
Neopterygii (from Greek νέος ''neos'' 'new' and πτέρυξ ''pteryx'' 'fin') is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant ...
Regan 1923 sensu Xu & Wu 2012
*** Order †Pholidopleuriformes Berg 1937
***Order †Redfieldiiformes Berg 1940
***Order †Platysiagiformes Brough 1939
***Order †Polzbergiiformes Griffith 1977
***Order †Perleidiformes Berg 1937
***Order †Louwoichthyiformes Xu 2021
*** Order †Peltopleuriformes Lehman 1966
*** Order †Luganoiiformes Lehman 1958
*** Order †Pycnodontiformes Berg 1937
*** Infraclass Holostei
Holostei is a group of ray-finned bony fish. It is divided into two major clades, the Halecomorphi, represented by a single living species, the bowfin ('' Amia calva''), as well as the Ginglymodi, the sole living representatives being the gars ...
Müller 1844
**** Division Halecomorphi Cope 1872 sensu Grande & Bemis 1998
***** Order †Parasemionotiformes Lehman 1966
***** Order †Ionoscopiformes Grande & Bemis 1998
***** Order Amiiformes Huxley 1861 sensu Grande & Bemis 1998 (bowfins)
**** Division Ginglymodi Cope 1871
***** Order †Dapediiformes Thies & Waschkewitz 2015
***** Order †Semionotiformes Arambourg & Bertin 1958
***** Order Lepisosteiformes Hay 1929 (gars)
*** Clade Teleosteomorpha Arratia 2000 sensu Arratia 2013
**** Order †Prohaleciteiformes Arratia 2017
**** Division Aspidorhynchei Nelson, Grand & Wilson 2016
***** Order †Aspidorhynchiformes Bleeker 1859
***** Order †Pachycormiformes Berg 1937
**** Infraclass Teleostei
Teleostei (; Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ), is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, containing 96% of all extant species of fish. Te ...
Müller 1844 sensu Arratia 2013
***** Order †?Araripichthyiformes
***** Order †?Ligulelliiformes Taverne 2011
***** Order †?Tselfatiiformes Nelson 1994
***** Order †Pholidophoriformes Berg 1940
***** Order †Dorsetichthyiformes Nelson, Grand & Wilson 2016
***** Order †Leptolepidiformes
***** Order †Crossognathiformes Taverne 1989
***** Order †Ichthyodectiformes Bardeck & Sprinkle 1969
***** Teleocephala de Pinna 1996 s.s.
******Megacohort Elopocephalai Patterson 1977 sensu Arratia 1999 (Elopomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966)
******* Order Elopiformes Gosline 1960 (ladyfishes and tarpon)
******* Order Albuliformes Greenwood et al. 1966 sensu Forey et al. 1996 (bonefishes)
******* Order Notacanthiformes Goodrich 1909 (halosaurs and spiny eels)
******* Order Anguilliformes Jarocki 1822 sensu Goodrich 1909 (true eels)
****** Megacohort Osteoglossocephalai sensu Arratia 1999
*******Supercohort Osteoglossocephala sensu Arratia 1999 (Osteoglossomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966)
******** Order †Lycopteriformes Chang & Chou 1977
******** Order Hiodontiformes McAllister 1968 sensu Taverne 1979 (mooneye and goldeye)
******** Order Osteoglossiformes Regan 1909 sensu Zhang 2004 (bony-tongued fishes)
******* Supercohort Clupeocephala Patterson & Rosen 1977 sensu Arratia 2010
********Cohort Otomorpha Wiley & Johnson 2010 (Otocephala; Ostarioclupeomorpha)
********* Subcohort Clupei Wiley & Johnson 2010 (Clupeomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966)
********** Order †Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982
********** Order Clupeiformes Bleeker 1859 (herrings and anchovy, anchovies)
********* Subcohort Alepocephali
********** Order Alepocephaliformes Marshall 1962
********* Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl 1885
********** Section Anotophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885
*********** Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
*********** Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909 (milkfishes)
********** Section Otophysa Garstang 1931
*********** Order Cypriniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Goodrich 1909 (Barb (fish), barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, Loach (fish), loaches, minnows, rasboras)
*********** Order Characiformes Goodrich 1909 (characins, pencilfishes, Freshwater hatchetfish, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras, Golden dorado, dourado / golden (genus ''Salminus'') and Piaractus mesopotamicus, pacu)
*********** Order Gymnotiformes Berg 1940 (electric eels and knifefish (disambiguation), knifefishes)
*********** Order Siluriformes Cuvier 1817 sensu Hay 1929 (catfishes)
******** Cohort Euteleosteomorpha (Greenwood et al. 1966) (Euteleostei Greenwood 1967 sensu Johnson & Patterson 1996)
*********Subcohort Lepidogalaxii
********** Lepidogalaxiiformes Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, salamanderfish)
********* Subcohort Protacanthopterygii Greenwood et al. 1966 sensu Johnson & Patterson 1996
********** Order Argentiniformes (barreleyes and slickheads) (formerly in Osmeriformes)
********** Order Galaxiiformes
********** Order Salmoniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Nelson 1994 (salmon and trout)
********** Order Esociformes Bleeker 1859 (esox, pike)
********* Subcohort Stomiati
********** Order Osmeriformes (Smelt (fish), smelts)
********** Order Stomiatiformes Regan 1909 (bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes)
********* Subcohort Neoteleostei Nelson 1969
**********Infracohort Ateleopodia
*********** Order Ateleopodiformes (jellynose fish)
********** Infracohort Eurypterygia Rosen 1973
***********Section Aulopa [Cyclosquamata Rosen 1973]
************ Order Aulopiformes Rosen 1973 (Bombay duck and lancetfishes)
*********** Section Ctenosquamata Rosen 1973
************Subsection Myctophata [Scopelomorpha]
************* Order Myctophiformes Regan 1911 (lanternfishes)
************ Subsection Acanthomorpha Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
*************Division Lampridacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 [Lampridomorpha; Lampripterygii]
************** Order Lampriformes Regan 1909 (oarfish
Oarfish are huge, greatly elongated, pelagic lampriform fish belonging to the small family Regalecidae. Found in areas spanning from temperate ocean zones to tropical ones, yet rarely seen, the oarfish family contains three species in two gene ...
, opah and ribbonfishes)
************* Division Paracanthomorphacea sensu Grande et al. 2013 (Paracanthopterygii Greenwood 1937)
************** Order Percopsiformes Berg 1937 (Amblyopsidae, cavefishes and trout-perches)
************** Order †Sphenocephaliformes Rosen & Patterson 1969
************** Order Zeiformes Regan 1909 (dory (fish), dories)
************** Order Stylephoriformes Miya et al. 2007
************** Order Gadiformes Goodrich 1909 (cods)
************* Division Polymixiacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Polymyxiomorpha; Polymixiipterygii)
************** Order †Pattersonichthyiformes Gaudant 1976
************** Order †Ctenothrissiformes Berg 1937
************** Order Polymixiiformes Lowe 1838 (beardfishes)
************* Division Euacanthomorphacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Euacanthomorpha sensu Johnson & Patterson 1993; Acanthopterygii Gouan 1770 sensu])
**************Subdivision Berycimorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
*************** Order Beryciformes (fangtooths and pineconefishes) (incl. Stephanoberyciformes; Cetomimiformes)
************** Subdivision Holocentrimorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
*************** Order Holocentriformes (Soldierfishes)
************** Subdivision Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Percomorpha sensu Miya et al. 2003; Acanthopteri)
***************Series Ophidiimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
**************** Order Ophidiiformes (pearlfishes)
*************** Series Batrachoidimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
**************** Order Batrachoidiformes (Batrachoididae, toadfishes)
*************** Series Gobiomopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
**************** Order Kurtiformes(Nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes)
**************** Order Gobiiformes(Sleepers and gobies)
*************** Series Scombrimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
**************** Order Syngnathiformes (Seahorse (fish), seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnardsIn Nelson and ITIS, Syngnathiformes is placed as the suborder Syngnathoidei of the order Gasterosteiformes.)
**************** Order Scombriformes (Tunas and (mackerels)
*************** Series Carangimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
**************** Subseries Anabantaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014
***************** Order Synbranchiformes (swamp eels)
***************** Order Anabantiformes (Labyrinthici) (gouramies, Snakehead (fish), snakeheads, )
**************** Subseries Carangaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014
***************** Carangaria incertae sedis
***************** Order Istiophoriformes Betancur-Rodriguez 2013 (Marlins, swordfishes, billfishes)
***************** Order Carangiformes (Jack mackerels, pompanos)
***************** Order Pleuronectiformes Bleeker 1859 (flatfishes)
**************** Subseries Ovalentaria Smith & Near 2012 (Stiassnyiformes sensu Li et al. 2009)
***************** Ovalentaria incertae sedis
***************** Order Cichliformes Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Cichlids, Convict blenny, leaf fishes)
***************** Order Atheriniformes Rosen 1964 (Silverside (fish), silversides and rainbowfishes)
***************** Order Cyprinodontiformes Berg 1940 (live-bearing aquarium fish, livebearers, killifishes)
***************** Order Beloniformes Berg 1940 (flyingfishes and ricefishes)
***************** Order Mugiliformes Berg 1940 (mullet (fish), mullets)
***************** Order Blenniiformes Springer 1993 (Blennies)
***************** Order Gobiesociformes Gill 1872 (Clingfishes)
*************** Series Eupercaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014 (Percomorpharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013)
****************Eupercaria incertae sedis
**************** Order Gerreiformes (Mojarras)
**************** Order Labriformes (Wrasses and Parrotfishes)
**************** Order Caproiformes (Caproidae, Boarfishes)
**************** Order Lophiiformes Garman 1899 (Anglerfishes)
**************** Order Tetraodontiformes Regan 1929 (Filefishes and pufferfish)
**************** Order Centrarchiformes Bleeker 1859 (Centrarchidae, Sunfishes and mandarin fishes)
****************Order Gasterosteiformes (Sticklebacks and relatives)
****************Order Scorpaeniformes (Pterois, Lionfishes and relatives)
**************** Order Perciformes Bleeker 1859
References
External links
* * {{Authority control Ray-finned fish, Ray-finned fishes Fish classes Silurian bony fish Extant Silurian first appearances